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BOSTON 
JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY, 
CONTAINING 
PAPERS AND COMMUNICATIONS 
TOP TO THE 
. BOSTON SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY, - Mi 


1845-7. 


PUBLISHED BY THEIR DIRECTION. 


VOL. V. 


MISSOURI 
BOTANICAL 
GARDEN. 
BOSTON: 


CHARLES C. LITTLE AND JAMES BROWN. 
| MDCCCXLVII. : 


pos 
ES atl 

Mon 
CS 


i 


CONTENTS. 


P 
Art. l. Nature of the Strata, and Geographical Distribution of the Organic E 


Remains in the Older Formations of the United States. By James Hatt. 

Art. II. Descriptions of the Fishes of the Ohio River and its Penis 
By Jaren P. Kirtianp, M. D. (Continued from Vol. IV. pag 

Arr. I. A Mapes pd of the North American Histeroides. "ir ^ Lr 
Conte, F. L. S. &c. 

Arr. IV. E dé Ösd of Uranium i in the Bori Locality at Kako; 
N.H. By J. E. TzscHEMACH 


-—- 


T. V. Description A a New seat of alii. By Lisis s R. Ginn 8, 


Professór of Math d Chemistry in the College of Charleston, S. C. 
Art. VI. Further accounts of some of the Birds of Yucatan. By SAMUEL 
Nc Jr. M. 


VIL. A furt ié Enumeration € of some Alpine id odi ition of. New 
, A.M. 93 


ea qst By Epwanp TUCKER 

Art. VIII. Characters of some new inicr and Species of Plants of the N at- 
ural Order gone from the "ied Mountains and Upper California. d 
Asa Gray, M. D 

Arr. IX. D ipt f Six North denote Cikicen: By Faxon Babe 
a D., F. R. and L. S. iiec si Member of the Socie 

T. X. S attem d to prove that Cottus cognatus of Richardson, el 

viscosus of Haldeman, and Ura nidea ae of D an are one species, 
and are Pliers “ai Cottus m of Linneus. By w.O “Ayres, Ens Hart- 
ford, C 


116 


AnT. XI. Dust ofa Spenmact Whale, aia three oisi Ceteostaa: By 
J. B. S M-p 137 


S. JACKSON 


Art. XII. Musci of Hii REEE AA By join Lévis Rosera, 
A.A.S 172 


AnT. XIII. E ER aid Fija of ü ieii of the United — 
By Nicuoras MARCELLUS vens Hr erg em tinued from 
Ex IV.p.896.) . 

. XIV. Descriptions d d some Tom and Interesting Insects, inhabiting 
=e United States. By Joun L. Lz Con 

ART. Plante Lindheimeriane ; an Missile of the Piani Ésilecied 
dk te, and distributed to snbueribets, by F. Lindheimer, with Remarks 


one tions of New m es, &c. By GzoncE ENGELMANN and AsA 
à 2 


Aar. XVI Presciption of ‘ie Fishes of Lake Erie, the Ohio CE ART their 


<. XVIL Daa of Marine Shells, inhabiting 
the Coast of the Unitec States. ttn Philadelphia. 


189 


203 


ibutaries. By Janzp P. Kirt M. D. (Continued from p. 32.) 265 
"lost of Fossil Fon 


vi Contents. 


Page. 
z Art. XIX. Em of Shells from the Coast of Africa. zd AUGUSTUS 
290 


A. Govrp, M. 


AnT-XX. E on Meloesetus viisa, Natt. (Echinocactus, Torr. and 
CHER. 293 


Gr.) By J. E. Tescuem 


Arr. Lm Notice of "- um of Lingtstuls. By juried odiis 
M.D 294 


ART. XXIL, Notices of New ana of P Secs, ma TRA for 
297 


uniting several supposed distinct Species. By Francis Arc > 
Arrt. XXIII An Account of Two PERR A Trains of i ie Erratic 


Blocks, in Berkshire, Mass, with an Attempt at an Explanation of the Phe- 


nomena. d Prof. Henry D. Rogers and Prof. WirLrAw B. RoGER 

AnT. XXIV. Descriptions bd the Fishes of Lake Erie, the Ohio River, and 
their Tributaries. ByJarep P. Kinttanp, M.D. (Concluded from p. 276) 

Art. XXV. Anatomical Desi of the Animal of Littorina ms ME 
Lam. By Josern Leip 

ArT. EL Notice of a new Gouns of Plants of the Order azine By 
Asa G 


By Nicnotas MancELLvs Hentz, Tuscaloosa, Alabama. 


310 


330 


8 
Arr, hyn esce and Pures of the Trdiekies of the United Staten. 
352 


Arr. VII. On the dies Meuse of America. By J. E. Tae 
MACHER 370 


Arr. XXIX. Notice of ds Geological Position of the iden dt de Cas- 
toroides. Quest. By . James Ha LLL, Esq., one of the New York Mte 


"An ‘Audtocical DOCU of the same. By JEFFRIES Wenas N, M: D, 
Prof. Anat. and Phys. in Med. Dep. of Hampden and Sydney College. 


ArT. XXX. ON in Sand nim the Sahara Desert. T Joun Ba- 
402 


con, Jr. M 


AnT. XXXI. poate ini Mineralogical Fragments, By C. 7. lide 
M.D 405 


ArT. XXXIL On the Habits of Baltic Secale. From a velis uira 
D: 412 


to Dr. Storer. By J. B. FoasvTu, M. 


Art. XXXIII. Description of S eren vereris (ose-throatd Tanager) 
By SAMvEL Casor, e M.D 


Gorilla, a New Species of Orang from the Gaboon sane by Thomas S 
Savage, M. D., Corresp. Memb. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist deme dina the 
same. By JEFFRIES t— M. D. pee Prof. Anat. in Harvard Uni 
versity. ; 
Aut. XXXV. Desi ptions it Pies of the Kedidss of the United — 
- MancELLUS HENTZ ee ma. scien 
V.p 


- hah Description and Analysis of three Minerals "€ Lake See 
S aue By J. D. Waits 
erae "The x (its inept a Rasorial seul nota a Rapacius 
Bird. By Samven Cazor, M. 


490 


* 


. 443 
Art xxxvi Dissection of Scy brevipi jeune By s. Keenan, 
E ri 


* E & d é L^ 
| = & de co e * s 
"n = ag a ¥ E i 
oe & P á 
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& à Bo STO Me | 


-JOURNAL T NATURAL. HISTORY. 


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" OLUME V.— NO.*I id | 
LI. M d i VO UM. ~— NO Ly 
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: k ; LJ a d 
x 1 ^ JANUARY, 19%. g 
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$ 
| NATURE OF THE STRATA, AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION 
| OF THE ORGANIC REMAINS IN aee FORMATIONS OF THE et. 
iue UNITED STATES. By James Harr. Read bi Aie Association of Ameri- E. 
1 can ieee and Bperelists, at their Fourth anual Meeting, held int A 
| bany, Ani , 1843. ho S * : 
Tür. investigati on ks ofa sedimentary dep reveals to us 
t ni conditions the bed of the formerly existing. , and 


is ata 


nts, rhage history an Fite ate. (oe 
eae ich Ee. the — 


thickness of strata in one dit 


? ^ do others more Or less distant. "Tie d irs, per- * pt 
river, As this means. spread widely oer 
ibited by myriads of living 


T TA $ — $ * " uo 


* 


E & ; 
3 Hall on the Strata and Organic Remains ài 
A : 
v. "The present Gulf Stream carries ard, we know not how 


many miles, the mud and other detritus furnished by, the Am- 
azon; the Mississippi and other streams, and the lighter mate- 
rials are often stranded®on the north-west coast of Scotland. 
At the same time the solid substances have doubtless formed a 
deposit upon the bed of the ocean over a large part of Ecu 
it has traversed. Thousands of living shells are‘annually cov- 
. ered by the sudden deluges of mud near the shores; while - 
=" those at a greater distance live more quietly, or are perhaps | 
able to escape from this overwhelming destruction. š 
E + The,scenes how enacted in our present oceans, have bii 
the same through successive periods in remote ages, though 
perhaps under different circumstances. We know, however, 
Pa our deposits of sand and M pak to some extent also 
the caleareous oot ve been derived from certain sources, 
nd that they have beer pread in like manner over the bot- 
om, enveloping the living forms thereon. It is evident that 
the comparative thick or tenuity of a deposit, and the 
T or finer Aes its particles, indicate its proximity 
= to the source, përhaps the ‘shore of a continent, or perhaps a . 


Te OO doin A Ld 


A linanite peaks, near-to, or above the surface of the water. - 
The presence of pebbles often points conclusively to the prox- 

$i imity of J ands. while a finely comminuted p is idence : 
of greater distance from shore. c 
Under these circumstances we may expect that. the living 4 
beings, tating the bed of this ocean, v would vary in dait 
ter, not only upon different kinds of Pat different p 


. distances from land, and at differen depths o of wale im e. 
: I have met with no essay upon the ge phical dinbi : 
tion of fossils in the older rocks ; and the few facts here and - 
E gleaned, serve rather to stimulate ttai to satisfy curio- . - 
y It has been a favorite opinion of many, and frequently 
PU that the condition of this. ancient ocean was uniform, © 
and vi i moderate; and that the uniformity of organic — 
Products affords proof of the same. Without pretending: tore- - 
fute any r theories or to establish general Eu for me 


* 


w | ofs the Older Forge. of the United States. 3 


whole continent, or for the whole globe, I shall merely oferta ~: 
few facts which have fallen under my own observation, and 
this with the hope of calling the attention of other observers to 
-the subject, and aid in deciding the true cause and amount of 
variation in palzozoic characters when examined over wide 
districts. We shall doubtless be led, eventually, to see in all 
these changes the influences of depths of water, distance 
from, or proximity to land, and the influence of the nature E 
of that deposit which formed the bed of the ocean, on which 
the animals lived. Every one of these “causes, and perhaps : 
other minor ones, have influenced the present character and = 
condition of our older fossiliferous deposits. All these circum- 
stances influence the Organic, roductions of our presentocean, 
whatever may be the . te; and we have every proof 

at the same causes operated i in this ancient sea; where, 

although¥lepth and temperature may have been more anit i 
yet these could not have been paramount to all other influ- 
ences: 

These rocks, which are generally k known by the terms “of 
Cambrian, Silurian and Devonian Systems, and to which we e 
have, in New York, applied the term New Yonk Sverrw are 

known. to be of great extent in this country. The rei arche 


"m 


F 


- | very p development, the P range, AE 
paratively co d condition of these rocks in our country, 
| p an opportunity Qe i ee ipa ppdition of- T A 


n 


ib teria Waa adopted to iishal, since at that time the 


divided i into Cambrian, Silurian and Devonian, all of which are p evidently on one men 
in this country; ni also well ascertained that the Camb m 7 
fore known, is, to a g extent, if not gei — of dy We abel t 

. of the Silurian period. — at : 


* 
di - 


5 


E Hall on the Strata and Organic Remains - 


reefs, can be satisfactorily determined by the organic contents 
of the strata. 
I bave, in other connections,' lcd to point out the 


comparative developments of the different strata extending 


from the valley of the Hudson to the Mississippi River. Hav- 
ing travelled over this ground, I am acquainted, for the most 
part, with the variations in lithological and paleontological 


i eS i oe 


characters. I have also profited largely by the labors of the — 


western geologists ; and I may here again acknowledge my ob- 


ligations to Dr. Locke, Dr. Owen, Dr. Houghton, and other — 


ile i who have freely communicated to me information . 


ncerning the west. 
In this investigation we will first consider the changes in 


f. 


lithological character which these strata undergo in a westerly 


direction, as well as their greater or less development. 


. The lower rocks which the section on the Hudson valley ex- 1 
hibits and which are well developed in several parts of New | 
York, are only seen at: few points within the range of my - 

ations westward. - ne of these is at Frankfort, Ky., and — 
in n the neighborhood of that place; and the same strata, accord- - 


ing to the observations of Dr. Owen, appear upon the Mis- 
sissippi at Prairie du Chien and about the moni of Wis 
consin River. is 


At Frankfort, Ky., it is EROS 4 to say what is the com- 
parative development of the Potsdam sandstone and calciferous - | 
sandrock, but the succeeding limestones bear the same charac- | i 


ter as those of New York, and contain the same fossils. 

Upon the Mississippi, Dr. Owen has represented a sandet 
below the limestones which are the ëifuivalent of the birdseye 
and Trenton limestone. This ne holds the place, 
"and is probably the continuation of the two lower rocks of the 
inten, as seen in New York. — — 


_ 1 See section across the country from New York to the Mississippi River, Trans- 
actions Association of American Geologists and Naturalists, Vol. * P late | 
Iso, Report 


on the Geology of the 4th District, N. Y. Geol. 


E 


" 
of the Older Formations of the United States. — 5 


The same fossils which typify these limestones in New York 
are likewise found in Kentucky and near the mouth of the Wis- 
consin River. The large Orthocerus, and some other shells from 
the latter place cannot be distinguished from those of New York, 
and if we may credit the observations, made many hundred 
miles to the northward of this place, similar fossils are equally 
typical of the strata. In this instance, therefore, we find a 
uniform composition or material over an extensively wide area, 
with little apparent difference in the degree of development, 
and the same association of organic remains. In this instance, 
therefore, we are forced to admit a very uniform condition in 
the depth and character of bottom of this primeval ocean. 

What facts would appear from an examination farther south 
and west we cannot infer, but we already know that there is 
sufficient width from north to south to disprove any inference 
that this great east and west extent was merely the margin of 
an ocean. The strata extend northward from New York far 
into Canada, and from the eastern part of that province stretch 
westward over a great breadth of country on the north of Lake 
Ontario. Again they appear in an isolated patch in Kentucky 
and in Tennessee; while in Virginia and Pennsylvania, as 
shown from the Reports of Professors W. B. and H. D. Rogers, 
they form a broad belt upon the eastern margin of the sedi- 
mentary formations, thus proving uniform conditions over this 
wide ocean. Many species of fossils, which in New York are 
regarded as typical of the lower limestones, are found both 


i.m Pennsylvania and Virginia, accompanying the same strata. 


= » The next group which we have to consider, occurs in. New 


.. the line of section westward we find these rocks ario in 
. Ohio, but with some change in their lithological features. The 
prevailing character here, and also in Indiana, Kentucky, and 

on the praes s River above Dubuque, is that of a calcareous 


aggregation of strata, with interstratified marl, and more rarely 
T impure pii e, The whole of this group, together with the 


6 Hall on the Strata and Organic Remains 


inferior calcareous strata, has received, in the Ohio reports, the — 
name of BLUE Limestone. The thickness of the deposit is ap- - 
parently less than in New York; the arenaceous matter has | 
nearly disappeared, while the argillaceous portion is much di- 
minished, and instead of shaly slate, is, for the most part, an . 
incoherent marl, or soft shale. Calcareous matter at the same 
time has greatly increased, so that from forming scarcely an 
important feature at the east, it is the predominating material. — 
We are now to inquire what changes, during the period of this — 
deposit, occurred in the organic beings inhabiting the ocean — 
bed. : 
In New York, shells of the Dimyaria, as Modiola, Cypri- - 
cardia, and Nucula, with Pterinea, are the prevailing forms ; ‘ 
while the Brachiopoda, with the exception of two or three spe- — 
cies, are rare. In Kentucky, Ohio and Indiana, the Brachiopo- — 
da, in the forms of Atrypa, Delthyris, Orthis and Strophomena : 
abound, to the almost entire exclusion of the predominating 
genera of New York. Itis true that the fossils characteristic — 
of the same strata in New York are found, but would by no - 
means be considered the typical fossils of the rock at the west. | 
Cyrtolites ornatus, Pterinea carinata, and one or two Modi- 
ola-like fossils, which are the reliable forms with us, are found — 
associated with a far greater proportion of Strophomena, Or- - 
this, Delthyris, Atrypa, being in fact the least prominent fos- 
sils of the group. ie 
The same character of strata, just noticed, holds good upon 
the Mississippi River, and the same folsils are found as in 


Strophomena are usually the only New York fossils of tl 
group at the west, which attract notice. - per 

. Corals and Crinoidea, are infinitely more abundant in this 
group throughout all western localities than in New York. 
These are probably dependent upon, and in some degree a 
source of, the great predominance of calcareous matter. - The 
‘Crustacea have greatly increased in numbers over those of the 
same group in New York, though the species there con 


= 


of the Older Formations of the United States. T 


are continued, with several others. Among the new species are 
two of the genus Isotelus, which differ essentially from the 
species of that genus in the Trenton limestone. At the same 
time, however, the species of the genus occurring in the Tren- 
ton limestone in New York, and which are rarely or never 
known in the Hudson River Group, are quite abundant in this 
position, at the west. In this instance, their continuation to a 
higher position, seems due to an increased proportion of cal- 
careous matter, and perhaps also to other more favorable con- 
ditions. The dark and highly calcareous mud of the Trenton 
limestone, appears to have been the favorite resort of these 
animals in New York, while as the deposit became more purely 
argillaceous, they disappeared. At the west, on the other 
hand, this deposition of calcareous mud continued almost to 
the close of the period. 

Of the Shawangunk, or Oneida conglomerate, we have 
little or no knowledge in the west, the only representative of 
this rock and the Medina sandstone being some impure 
sandy strata at the termination of the group last described. 
These, at all the localities examined, consist of gray calcareous 
sandstone, with anadmixture of green shaly matter in spots, 
giving to the rock in some places a speckled appearance. 
Since fossils are few in these rocks, even in New York, it may 
be passed without further notice for the present object. 

à The Clinton Group in New York is one of the most varia- 
ble assemblages of materials of any known group. In some 
. . places it consists of a large development of shales and thin 
— flagstones, sandstones and conglomerates, with oólitic iron ore, 
and a small proportion of carbonate of lime. In other places 
consists of an almost equal development of shale and lime- 
_ stone with iron ore, and again the shale or iron ore have nearly 
: or entirely disappeared. — 

At the west, this group appears to be scarcely separable from 
the limestone above, and consists almost wholly of calcareous 
matter. One of the most characteristic fossils of this group 
in New York is the Pentamerus oblongus, which, however, in 


8 Hall oa the Strata and Organic Remains. 


that State, is scarcely foünd to the west of the Genesee River. 
In Ohio, Indiana, and even in the "Territory of Iowa, on the 
west side of the Mississippi River, this fossil abounds, but often 
so associated with calcareous strata as apparently to be a fossil 
of the next group; and I am by no means quite satisfied that 
it does not ascend into the Niagara Limestone. This fact 
proves conclusively that the Pentamerus oblongus lived in 
great numbers in the central part of New York, while over an 
immense area, between this point and the western part of Ohio 
and the Peninsula of Upper Canada, it did not exist. At the - 
same time fragments of Crinoidea, apparently identical with 
those of the Clinton Group in New York, occur in various 
places in Ohio and in the same position. 

The Niagara Group consists of a shale and limestone, and is 
one of the most interesting groups in the State of New York. 
The shale is highly fossiliferous, containing corals, crinoidea, 
shells and trilobites, while the limestone abounds in corals, 
almost to the exclusion of all other forms. | 

This group, at the west, appears asa great mass of limestone, - 
the shale, so characteristic of itin New York, having entirely — 
disappeared. The fossils of the limestone at the west are also - 
corals, with few of any other character. The fossils of the shale | 
are consequently absent over all the great tract of country occu- - 
pied by the States of Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, Illinois, Wis- 
consin and Iowa. 3 

There is here evidence of a vast augmentation of calcare- - 
ous matter in a westerly direction ; for this group, which, in - 
the centre of New York, is but a Pus feet in thickness, gradu- - 
ally increases in that direction until, at Niagara Falls, it is about - 
two hundred and fifty feet, including the shale ; while a at the * 
west it has acquired a. thickness little less than one thot : 

feet. Sam it will also be remembered, is mally limestones, 


Adis ditio k may require qualification, for I have recently seen es 
Crinoidean from E Ee is known in New York only in the — he 
; NM Group. June 3d : 


of the Older Formations of the sbinited States. 9 


with the exception of nodules and iei layers of chert, 
which increases in proportion as we advance westward. 

The Onondaga Salt Group, which in New York, at the point 
of its greatest development is about one thousand feet thick, has 
greatly diminished at the west, and in all situations where I have 
examined it, is but an insignificant mass. It retains, it is true, 
the essential characters of the same in New York, but from 
being destitute of fossils is of less interest than many of the 
other rocks, and of little consequence for illustrating the pre- 
sent subject. 

Helderberg Limestones. Succeeding to the Salt Group we 
have an extensive series of limestones which are well developed 
at the Helderberg and Schoharie. These are highly fossiliferous, 
abounding in the Brachiopoda, Cephalopoda, Trilobites, Crin- 
oidea, Corals, &c. We are greatly indebted to my friend 
John Gebhard, Jr. for the extensive knowledge we. possess of 
those fossils, and to him,more than to all others, is due the 
credit of bringing to light the numerous and beautiful collec- 
tions of the organic remains of that region. 

These limestones, except the two upper ones, all disappear 
before reaching the western limits of New York. The two 
higher divisions of the series are well developed in Ohio, 
Indiana, and Kentucky, and réappear on the Mississippi River. 
"The general character of the rock remains the same, and the - 
fossils are identical, proving that throughout this. wide range 
of country the condition of the ocean bed was uniform, and 
the character of its inhabitants the same. Specimens, collect- 
. ed in Ohio, in Indiana, or Kentucky, can scarcely be 


guished from those of the Helderberg ; the color of the mass, 


Lis true, is somewhat lighter, but otherwise thore i is no percep- 


difference 
: The E eohi selenurus and a species et Calymene 
(C. crassimarginata) seem to be quite as characteristic at the 
west and south-west as in New York. It is true that some of 


the New York fossils Sea els at the west, and it is also true 


A421 


2 thet other nak Still, the occurrence 


10 Hall on the Strata and Organic Remains 


of the same species of Trilobites, Strophomena, Orthis, Del- 
thyris and Atrypa, while the nature of the deposit is unchang- 
ed, proves a condition in nowise essentially differing from the 
same period in New York. 

With the limestones, just described, terminate all the impor- 
tant calcareous formations of New York. 

The Marcellus Shales and Hamilton Group, consisting of . 
shales and shaly sandstones, succeed the limestone, forming an. 
important part of the series in New York. The thickness of 
the whole is scarcely less than one thousand feet, and it pro- 
bably contains more individual fossils than all the rocks and. 
groups below this point. 

In the eastern part of the State these formations consist of 
dark or black slaty shales, and dark or olive-greenish sandy 
shales, and impure sandstones ; towards the west the are- 
naceous matter diminishes, and there is a great increase of 
mud; and finally, in western New York, the whole con- 
sists of an immense development of grayish blue shales still 
. abounding in fossils. Farther west, as in Ohio, Indiana and 
Illinois, the lower member of this great group, consisting of 
black shale alone, is visible, having diminished from one 
thousand feet in thickness to one hundred or even fifty feet, in 
some places. The same group, from being highly fossiliferous, 
asin New York, has become apparently non-fossiliferous in 
its western extension, though in Obio a few species do occur." 

This group also furnishes one of the most interesting and 
instructive examples of the gradual change in lithological cha- 
racters and final disappearance of fossils, of any in the system. - 

As just remarked, the prevailing character of the mass in 
eastern New York is that of a sandy shale. The most nume- 
rous fossils in this part of the Stateare of the Cypricardia and 
. Modiola-like forms, with Nucula, and large numbers of Avicula ; 

the pe ores, as Delthyris, Orthis, &c., are in the minii 


ü $ De Clapp ai Dr Owen, Ga 
Die H E Nea tye he h di d fossils in this shale near th 


of the Older Formations of the United States. 11 


except in a few instances, and even here they do not bear the 
marks of great perfection. Although one or two species appear 
in great numbers, they do not acquire that perfect development 
of form which they do farther west; as for example, Delthyris 
mucronata. As we go westward, however the Avicula, Cypri- 
cardia, &c., gradually diminish in numbers and the Brachi- 
opoda become far more numerous in species and abundant as 
individuals. 

This group, therefore, at the two extremes of the State, pre- 
sentsa very different lithological character, and an association of 
fossils so unlike, when the most common forms are considered, 
that they would scarcely be recognized as the same. In the 
western part of the State there seems to bea larger proportion 
of caleareous mud, and there are also immense numbers of 
corals which are not common in the eastern part of the State. 

"The lithological changes, here enumerated, are strictly in 
accordance with the common laws relating to mechanical de- 
posits. Ifthe source of this great group was in the east or 
south-east, the sandy matter would first fall to the bottom of 
the ocean in its transport, the fine mud would remain longer 
suspended, and its greatest development would only occur 
after the sandy deposit had begun to diminish; and such pre- 

‘cisely we find to be the actual condition. "The sandy matter 
diminishes, the finer particles only continue to be transported, 
and there becomes a gradually increasing admixture of finer 
mud. At length the finer siliceous portions are almost lost, 
. and finally too, the soft mud itself has all sunk to the bolt 
and the ocean beyond is clear — a deep blue sea. 
Now ìt is very natural to inquire (when we are able to ‘ace 
le almost uninterruptedly over more than a thousand 
i üfide-of extent, which must have been covered by an ocean,) 
what were the conditions of its bed? In what direction was 
the continent that bounded it, or theislands which raised them- 
selves above its surface? And what evidence have we, if any, 
of increasing depth. as we recede from that ancient shore ? i 
From the facts before. us it would appear, both from the na- 


19 Hall on the Strata and Organic Remains 


ture and condition of the organic remains, that a greater depth - 
and a more quiet state of the waters prevailed in a westerly di- 
rection. The increased number of the Brachiopoda, and their 
more perfect development, are strong facts in favor of this view, 
while the great numbers of Cypricardia and Avicula in the east- 
ern part of the State, upon the sandy mud, prove a more shal- - 
low sea and greater proximity toland. In truth, the nature and - 
condition of the deposits, with all circumstances attending them, — 
alone, proves clearly the increasing depth of water and distance — 
from shore as we progress westward. The nature of the or- - 
ganic remains proves them to have been influenced both by - 
distance from shore, depth of water, and nature of the sediment. - 
With the exception of a thin bed of limestone, all the suc- - 
ceeding deposits, as far as the Old Red Sandstone, may, for the | 
present purpose, be considered as one group, which includes | 
the Genesee slate, Portage and Chemung Groups. | 
This series consists of shales and alternations of their onal : 
layers, and flagstones, with more rarely thick-bedded sand- ! 
stones. The lower portion is mostly shale, while the arenaceous 
matter increases toward the upper part. Their calcareous 
bands sometimes occur, and these are often entirely compa 
of organic remains. : 
Towards the west there isa gradual increase of shale and a 
constant diminution i in thickness of the whole mass. In the 


mostly unlike those of the group below, though several of the 
same species are known to occur. The diminution in thick 
ness, which takes place within the State of New York, is accot 

panied by a decrease in the number of fossils. 


sils is perceptible as we proceed westward, namely, the incre a 
of the forms of Brachiopoda over those of Cypricardia, Avicul 
7 fe, or the ae and Monomyaria. True it is, howevé 


Nes MP 1 


the condition of the ocean which are accor 


of the Older Formations of the United States. 13 


panied by changes in the organic remains. We sometimes find a 
series of strata where the Delthyris, Atrypa, and Orthis abound ; 
and again, above or below this point may be a series where few : 
of these forms are seen, while the strata are crowded with 
Avicula, Cypricardia, and Modiola, with perhaps a few Stro- 
phomena. Large numbers of Fucoides appear in this group, 
which continue for a long distance east and west, and are of 
essential service in recognizing certain portions. 

As we pass into Ohio, this group, which in its greatest exten- 
sion in New York is scarcely less than two thousand feet thick, 
has diminished to four hundred or five hundred feet. Here we 
find a few of the prevailing forms of Delthyris, Strophomena 
and Atrypa, while others are exceedingly rare. Still farther 
west, in Indiana, the mass may be said to be almost non-fossil- 
iferous, scarcely any fossils being noticed throughout its whole 
thickness. From its constant decrease m thickness in a west- 
erly direction, it doubtless entirely or very nearly disappears 
from thinning out, in the vicinity of the Mississippi River. 

This group must be considered the termination of the rocks 
of the New York system, which attain a greater development 
in this part of our country than perhaps in any other part of 
the world. 

The facts show that in all the calcareous formations where 
there is uniformity of composition, there is little change in 
organic remains over wide areas. Again when we find a change 
in the lithological character of strata, there is a corresponding 
change in organic contents. This is fully illustrated in the 
2 Hudson River Group and some of the higher rocks. The gra- 

dual change in mechanical deposits at different distances from 
heir source is also attended by a change in the nature of the 

ssils, as exhibited in the Hamilton and Chemung Groups. 

L ing a view of the great area between metamorphic 
ranges on the east and the Mississippi River, we find that dur- 
ing the period elapsing from. the commencement of fossil- 
iferous deposits to th Hudson River Group, 


5 which may be termed. the am era in organization, 


E 


14 Hall on the Strata and Organic Remains 


there is evidence of a higher degree of vitality over the west- 
ern portion than in the eastern. The number of species and 
individuals greatly predominated over those of New York, par- 
ticularly towards the close of the period. 

When we come to the second period, which includes the 
great calcareous deposits, we find that organization was more 
fully developed in that portion now the State of New York, 
than at any other known point to the west or south-west. As 
proof of this, we need only point to the beautiful series of 
fossils from the Niagara Group, and the lower part of the 
Helderberg limestones, few of which are known beyond this — 
State. 35 
In the third division, which includes all the rocks of the 
system above the limestones of the Helderberg, we find 
even a greater difference between New York and the south : 
and west. 

In this series we have more forms than in all the rocks | 
below, while the individuals of many species can only be ~ 
enumerated by myriads. The sea emphatically teemed with — 
life; and if vitality gives pleasure, then the sea was filled - 
with happy existences, which flourished in full vigor, and in : 
the greatest perfection. 

- Look, however, at the great portion of that ancient ocean bed z 
occupied by Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Kentucky and Illinois, - 
and over the far west beyond the Mississippi. From the pe- — 
riod of the final deposition of the Helderberg limestones to the — 
commencement of the carboniferous era, this vast expanse was "T. 
comparative solitude. Instead of the busy multitude throng: e 
ing every part of the sea farther east, this was cold, dark, and 
deep ; presenting no beautiful corals, nor the still more beauti: 
ful and singular Crinoideans, and with but few of the shells of — 
the eastern waters, it more resembled a primeval sea, where 3 
vitality had but just assumed its place among the laws of na- _ 
We here learn that our most fossiliferous strata may, at one - 
extreme, be destitute of these characters, or that these forms 


of the Older Formations of the United States. 15 


. maybe so extremely rare, that they cannot be relied upon. 
We can thus easily perceive how these strata, when in prox- 
imity to hypogene or metamorphic rocks, and where the supe- 
rior connexion is obscure, may be mistaken for the older slates, 
reliance being placed upon the presence or absence of organic 
remains. 

‘Such were the different conditions of this wide expanse of 
ocean during the period which elapsed from the commencement 
of organization to the period when this system of rocks termi- 

. mated. We must now be prepared for even greater changes 

. in this ocean, both in its organic contents and in the compara- 
tive conditions between its eastern and western extremes. 

. Succeeding what we have denominated the Chemung 

_ Group, we find in New York a considerable deyelopment of 

: red sandstones, greenish and red shales and gray sandstones 

with conglomerates. The whole series constitutes the equiv- 

. alent of the Old Red Sandstone of Europe. This series is 

| distinguished from the rocks below, not only by its different 

» lithological character, but by its organic remains, which clearly 

. Mentify it with the formation just named. 

— . Its greatest thickness may be about two thousand feet in the 

5 eastern part of New York and in Pennsylvania, but it thins rap- 

idly westward, and in New York, can scarcely be identified be- 

Yond the Genesee River. Here is the most rapid thinning out of 

‘Vast thickness of strata which, so far as we know, do not réap- 

pear ina westerly direction. The organic remains consist of 

few shells, unlike those below, with an immense number of. s 

ates and fragments of the bones of fishes. In this rock within 

le State of New York, no species of the Brachiopoda have | 
been found ; the only fossils, besides the scales and bones of 

_ ‘shes, being a shell allied to Cypricardia and great nambers of 

. Vegetable remains, a ea 

___ Succeeding the Old Red Sandstone is a coarse conglomer- 

5 made up of white quartz, pebbles and coarse sand. 

Now after the thinning out of the former rock, this conglom- 

Tests upon the rocks of the Chemung Group. This is- 

^c 


4 


16 Hall on the Strata and Organic Remains 


seen throughout the whole of western New York and in Ohio, 
as far as the western limit of the Alleghany Coal Basin. After 
taking up the same line of observation where these rocks re- 
appear in Indiana, we find the following arrangement. 

The rocks of the Chemung Group are succeeded by fine, 
gray argillaceous sandstone, which contains intercalated beds 
of oólitic limestone, with fossils entirely different from any at — 
the east. ‘This sandstone passes upwards and is succeeded by — 
a limestone differing essentially from any limestone below it, - 
and holding a place which presents no rock of this kind at the 
east. Succeeding this limestone we have the same conglom- - 
erate, which in New York, some parts of Pennsylvania, and in 
the eastern part of Ohio, rests upon the Chemung Group. 

During one period in the eastern part of this ocean, while | 
the Old Red Sandstone was being deposited, there is apparently 
no equivalent deposit in the west, unless the gray sandstone and — 
oölitic limestone are its Si Should this prove to be - 
true, on farther examination, (and I have lalsdiyubt of it) : 
then we have a more gradual passage and int of 
produets in the passage of the Old Red, or even from the ibo. 3 
mung Group of New York to the Carboniferous period than — 
from the Chemung to the Old Red as it appears in New York. — 

Again, in the western part of this ocean, was accumulated 4 
that immense deposit of limestone, occupying so much of the — 
Mississippi valley, during which period there was no deposi- : 
tion of importance at the east, and during both these periods a 
large portion of surface appears to have received no deposit _ 
at all. 5 

We have, then, the lower inne of the Great Coal Foe 
mation resting in one place upon the Chemung Group, again — 
upon the Old Red Sa ndstone , and finally upon the Limestone, - 
which underlies the great cond basin of Illinois. What may — 
have been all the operating influences it is perhaps ee 3 
to say, but such are some of the facts. * 

- It will be perceived that, with a single exception, all the- 
mechanical deposits diminish in a — Seeiee while |. 


AED. Ls 


of the Older Formations of the United pt 17 


the caleareous or chemical deposits i increase in A same di- 
rection. * 

The origin, therefore, of the deposits of sand and mud has 
been at the east, while circumstances more favorable to the 
production of corals and the formation -of calcareous matter, 
have existed at the west. 

i We also find that dependent upon, or neni with these 
operating influences, have been the character, degree of devel- 
opment, and number of organic forms which inhabited the 

. ocean. We find that all those. forms which flourished most 
. Upon, or were dependent upon, a calcareous bottom, increase 
ina wonderful degree toward the west, while those affecting 
sandy or muddy bottoms, are more abundant at the east, be- 
i coming nearly or entirely lost at the west. The aer cu 
stages are marked by admixtures of the two kinds of forms, and 
"d — abundance of forms which flourish in calcareous 
The speculations in regard to the conditions of this ancient 
. ocean during these periods, Id occupy too much time at 
. Present, and we can only hastily glance at some conclusions. 
Si okts evident, from the fact that these calcareous deposits are 
.. often succeeded by immense mechanical depositions i in the form 
_ of mud and sand, that the condition of the ocean bed changed 
u intervals. The growth of corals would only take place at 
. €ertain depths, and below this they would all perish. Now it 
. Would seem that the bed of the ocean was subject to oscillations, 
i by Which in one place, covered with corals and calcareous mat- 
fer, itsank down and allowed an immense deposition of sand and. 
mud to accumulate ; and again, this deposit ceasing, the bed 
pt of the Ocean gradually returned to the condition in which it 
` again Supported a growth of corals a. ad -their accompanying or- 
. ganic forms. ‘The thinning out therefore of a calcareous de- : 
cmd. pe a condition of the ocean unfit for supporting 
: : which were the principal agents in giving origin 
| those immense calcareous deposits of our country. Such 
? may infer was its ec much of the eastern por- 
VOL. y. — enh ex Q 


> 


i sted: in the bed of this ancient sea, and such some of the - 


‘strata over portions of country which can be examined con- . 


‘and from intermixture of mechanical deposits as well as other | 


" Le f Ba 
18 Hall on the Strata and ganie Remains 


tion of this c tinent, during the | mo of the a lime- 

ne beds of the Mississippi valley. 
LA New York we find every one of our limestone formations 
succeeded by a deposit of mud, which would put an end to all | 
growth in the corals, t times it it appears that this mud 
was rapidly accumulat 

This immense ocean was evidently margined on the east by 
a continent which supplied all the detritus. forming the me- 
chanical deposits; perhaps by the influx of mighty rivers, - 
bringing down mud and sand ; that during some periods there _ 
was a cessation of these ‘deposits, and at the same time the — 
calcareous formations were preserved, with their infinite variety i 
of organic forms. The influence of these mud deposits and — 
turbid waters did not however, extend throughout the whole D, 
area ; and beyond their reach, the corals of various kinds, the 1 
Guides, and many other beautiful forms flourished in secu- 
rity, while iey were prevented from extending TONS their 
. Such sails appear to havilibeon 1 the collditions which ex- 3 


causes which have influenced the distribution of organic re- 
mains, over its bed, during the period of the Silurian or 
New York system. 

If we find such changes in the nature and condition of the 


eiae agat. 


tinuously, what may we not expect should we undertake to 
compare rocks of the same age when separated by three thou- 
sand miles of ocean? It is very plain, that all mechanical de- — 
posits must essentially change, when traced over such great i 
us deposits, , also, whether supplied from — 

Orals, must essentially change in devel- 
opment or condition, both fra inequalities in the ocean be bed, 


a 


causes. Since, also, we find a considerable variation in th 
aspect and contour of the same o of Rei at. Vene 


A. E p 
& E ? 


bre Older Formations of T ed 


that.an equal, if not rei difforerice ftam tle ‘normal type’ 
may exist upon the two sides of the Atlantic. 4 
It is very clear that we are not to expect perfect identity ih 
T - formations at distant points, but it is ET plain, that there 
is such a general similarity that, by t of organic remains, 
we are able to decide with certainty t 16 approximate age and 
* position of any stratum ; the greater or less proportion of 
calcareous matter must, at all periods, have operated in a very 
essential manner upon the development of the corals and 
__ testacea, as we have abundant evidence in the examples cited. 
_ It is, therefore, of the first importance that the lithological 
: Deere, be studied in connection with the organic remains, 
i in order to enable one to form a correct jüdgment, in relation 
identity in the age and position of strata. We have already 
inte d to an important case of this -kind where the aug- 
ntation of calcareous matter at the west, during the period 
Of the Hudson River Group, has caused a continuation of the 
* ionii of the Trenton Limestone in great numbers, almost en- 
: z tirely to the close of that period. It is doubtless, in a great 
. degree, owing to such differences in lithological characters, 
. nd the consequent rest ng of peculiar organic forms, 


however, which have heretofore attended this comparison are 
* becoming less, and we confidently believe that when we shall 
. become bulis: acquainted with the geographical distribution 
of organic remains, and their dependence upon the lithological — 


one as the type, refusing to notice the intermediate 
i unite not only the two, but the four nominal species 


oe of the strata, we shall find little oe in x Harno 


* 


> of the same age to th pest and ^. e nir- The result ] 


Nore. — 
E in 18 13, some oot A d of compa 
organic forms in the older > strata of ‘New York, and those 


l species which, 
ize, and somewhat in — 
ici in fact identical ; and that 
in nearly all cases, the west erand ipi ie individuals 
have acquired a much greater development than those in New — 
York, Thus the same species is known by different names in - 
New York and Ohio, and even in Ohio and Kentucky the old _ 
and young of the Same species are known by different names. | 
Within the past few. months I have also had an opportunit y E 
of , Wenn a collection of fossils from Eastern Canada w 
those of New York and the. west. This lection : 
ingly submitted to my cdi gan, 
cial Geolo 


n either in the Sifurian System of Mr. Murchison or by’ Captai ^ 
“Portlock, im his report on the county of Londonderry, and- 
“parts of Tyrone and Formae Several forms figured by | 
the latter, ate identical with species und in the Hudsol River | 
G : ; 


essential importance in prihatos to light the » Bceting tii 
and in.developing this most interesting 1 important subje 
were! Distribution of nem emains in. a k 


ass of the Ohio river. 6 
ge. E3 ; 


: Ed chrysops. names, nd - Venim p. 22. se 
© multiline Le Sueur: Cuv. et Valenc., Hist. Nat. des Pois. t. iii. p. 488. 
c js. t. lii 488. 


Labrar multilineatu vs Cur. et Valenc. Hist: Nat 


eae E 


lindrie; PW compressed d É 


| length of the fish ; vum jaw prom- 


edge, with a mémbranous expansion extending between the 

two spines, the superior less prominent. The posterior and — d 
inferior edge of the preoperculum serrated. Eyes large, con- y 
ex and full. Trides es a golden‘ se E Mouth large. and 
2 rue asperous, from numerous minu! 6 


à Body regularly oval; | abdomen full and round ; un a 
2. straight, slightly influenced by the curvature = 


FER the interstitial me ne of 


sal fins two, disti Aen ; the Mite » d t 


d 


IX 31 


E 4 m en 
PEat7e6:! 


Lo €* Sé 
Edi fhe Ohio 


sz | 
Dine; silvery add iridescent, "b several indue brown or - 


x blue stripes extending the whole length of the fish. Throat 
and abdomen white. Dorsal, caudal, and anal fins dusky, . 
bluish, or sometimes livid. Pectorals ue with ined 
„lines extending alon 
Habitat. ome, E rie, rare 

D. 9— 1-4; C. 16 3; m RE | 

tarni I haveing: with but three specimens taken 
in the Ohio River. They were more dusky colored, and had — 
shorter and more acutely | lobed tails than those in Lake Erie, - 
where the species, is very abundant. This fish | readily takes © 
the baited hook, and is much esteemed for eating. Lesueur 
> dm) his species in the Wabash River, and sent it t 
France under the na Lof Perca apg. s spt fict 
name is retained by. Cuvier in his * SE 
Poissons,” _. The specimens we have s 

udinal stripes as that descr 


n * kj 
ah à s 
PLATIROSTRA. Le Sueur. - n 


P. edentula. Le Sueur. "The Toothless Spoonbill. 


Platirostra edentula. be Sueur. J. A. N. S el. p. 2 

t PR 5 ape Tongs Expedition. a 

D. us = "ue Kirtland, Rep on Zool. of Ohio 

y ai Ta Dekay’s Rep. on the Fishes of N. prb he. 
Plate VII. Fig. 2. 


. This fish An a few instances wandered up the Ohio River, | 
~ but ! have never nal so fortunate as to obtain a view. of A 


b3 * 4 z $ e T | 


- and snout covered with long osseous plates, Poi are radiated, 
and interlocked at their extremities: these are in pairs, "m 
. on the head, and about six other pairs along the snout. d 
Ween the extremities are other smaller plates so as to fill the 
j eam The orbiculars. are strong, forming the base of tl ni 
snout, and extend to about half its length. Both its sides i 
Micipica - with Small stellifori n 
€ each other, and present the a 43 
_ tion, supporting the membranous skin of the snout. Eyes 
. small, oblong, above the articulation of the upper jaw ; nostrils 
© small, ; double, one above the other, in front. of the eyes, but a " 
a little more elevated. Jaws equal, without teeth, maxillar and ? 


Nm close together, and;in length equal. s " 1 


v ane and narrow ; ien oi of the mouth 


LÀ 


2 


i operculum, which articulate with each other. ii "n skin 
E supports all these bones, expanding and attenuating to a point’ ® 

3 eer, almost to the end of the pectoral fin, and covering 

. the wide branchial aperture on each side. - 

|. "Branchie large: ah. arcs have two rows of T 

bristles, in close connexion, directed towards the front. 

s defend a broad membranous expansion, that accomp: 

the interior centre of each arc, between the bristles, the 

the membranes being furnished with small and very 
ca rtilaginous laminze, and behind the arcs is a 

membrane, to support the g^ str 


emities, - e sliðulder bones a 
s : 


Aso 


VOR $& = i á * : 4 
= S À , t 
t 24 ~ Fishes of the Ohio i 


wards the eyes, towards ihe silos 3 in front of the preopercu- ` 
1 lum, across the neck, extends on each side of the back, begin- 

ning to decline a little in front of the dorsal fin, and terminates | 
at the tail. In its whole length are to be seen minute ramifi-- 
straight and curved, more or E distant from each 


"Length from the end of the at to that Of the tail three 
. feet ten inches... Snout, from its extremity to the p twelve — 
i inches hw and three inches wide. | 

| P. 26; D. 58; V. 40—50; A. 56; C. uma : 

: Dr s sicot was mm up jum a pe Res 4 

men, the colors are not portrayed. We copy therefore the — 
` following from the Appendix to Major Long’s expedition to — 
sthe ‘source of St. Peter's River, &c., ronan by Mr. Say. 1 
Credo is from life. 
lor above livid brown, imas ito body, but. with d 

j| k h spots placed in circles or ovals on the head " 

as dne as the gill opening, on the upper part and sides o 4 

st about the eyes and on the unwrinkled part of we ! 

wegill-ec ver ; ^ ig the upper jaw, and on the wrinkled part of 

" wu with abbreviated lines of small blackish spots; | 

. «belly white, with a few spots on the middle ; ; fi : 


ns dusky, pec- | 
torals and ventrals white before and. behind; gill-covers capa- 


or broadly united beneath, and each iad. tapering 
to a somewhat obtuse point, which nearly attains to 1e 
E line of the anterior origin of the ventral fins; on the up 


Ese 


beneath the termination of the d i 
endo four | feet eight i ; 


ET OU E - 2 


* and its Tributaries. r. . 295 n 
$ Rostrum, from the anterior ioiii of the eye to the tip, 
fourteen and a half inches. 
“ In the gills of this fish were several lamprey eels (Petro- 
ae» of a small species.. The paddle-fish is frequentl 
* to leap out of the water in the manner of the sturg 
They spw to a somewhat larger size than the measure abo i 
| Fecorded." i" ET 
P^ - Observations. I am indebted to Dr. B. p. Brown, Presi- 
dent of the Western Academy of Natural Sct att a 
= Louis, f the accompanying sketch. Drs. King and Engel* > 
. man, of that city, inform me that.this fish inhabits the large 
lakes on the American bottoms which are connected with LA 
. Mississippi River. One specimen which Dr. Engelman ex- © 
4 MM, Weighed seventy-nine pounds; and another, t i i 


The color above was deis earls black, LI to green- - 

ish gray ; below grayish wille; flesh oily, ‘taste isagreeable. te 
D length seventy inches; length of the shovel “sixteen 4 
_and a half inches ; sgreadth, one fourth of the distance from 
We ip; four i inches; breadth of the tail, twelve inches. TU 
« bilobed , Semicigcular ; lobes-equ al. $. | 
this fish is undoubtedly confounded by the faber, pe 
Jh io with the Polyodon folium. ` 


| b y : 
EU s * AcipENsER. Lin. 


j Plata Raf. * The Shovel-n ! 


a — 
26 e Fishes of the Ohio 


Body pentagonal, — Dorsal scales 15, -— 
| and spinous. Lateral scales 40 serrated, abdominal scales 11, - 
d similar. Dorsal-fin trapezoidal; caudal very long, the upper — 

lobe scaly above, and with a long, filiform, terminal procesai 
Length from onë to eight feet. a 
| Color. Head and body nem brownish, ean pure white. 
‘Hab. Ohio River at Cincinnati. > 
D. d inferior lobe 18, superior 60; A. 14, V. 90; 1 
“e POMS wo 
! , Observations. The form of the head and snout of this sin- 
Kr. lar fish, resembles somewhat that of the scoop-shovel, and . 8 
j p originates its common name. It is taken in considerable — 
© numbers in the vicinity of Cincinnati during mer and - 
“autumn, and is often exposed for sale in the silts: The ; 
“flesh is e; ble, though not much esteemed. The most com- - 
mont observer will at once distinguish it from the other speciés 4 à 
of the ge Beni un S - t pute ue EN ^ 


: eni * E3 Leuciscus. Klein. 
how * 

T cL e AER .Raf. The common Shiner of Ohio. 
© og Rutilus plagyrus. Raf. Ichthyol. Ohio, p: 50. : 
)& "E Plate VIII. Fig. 9. ds 
E. Head obtuse ; nose slightly truncated ; mouth diagon 
T dw Eve peso 
Body com p A eae 2i. nf 
* carinated; b 
: . length of 1he | : 
s Color. Olivaceous F b brown on the be and head. i 
a r d silvery on the sides, and operculum ; all 

cen: ;—8 brown she extends fron the base 


| * i 
* and its Tibutariess 27 4 


$- Ho. Every permanent stream in the State of Ohio. 
W9; C20: À.9. V.9. P.15-2 99 r 
Observations. Some døubt exists, whether this is the P * 
is of Mr. Rafinesque, yet it is so Goin in every western 
* m, that he could not have overlooked it, and proba 
had it in. view when hé made out his description, as it is noticed — 
. "inder no other name that I can discover. His description 
is not, however, satisfactory. Our specimens arë furnished 
* with diag E a and not vertical mouths; the color of the fiasis æ 
Ld te and not olivaceous ; alid: the number of rays im 
- the candal-fin is not the same as inthis. 


* 


& 


| & id Luxus. Raf. 
EX * 
; L. Kentuckiensis. Raf. The Kentucky Shige e 


B. d Sarih Kentuckiensis. neque Ichthyol. Ohiensis, p. 48. 
= I. Rep. 2 the eom of one Camplogue, p. 169. á 


Plate VIII. EN 3. >$ 


"Head rather small and coud, smooth i rides, pm * 
studded with minute tubereles on its upper surface in A i: 
"males. Jaws équal, eyes circular and large. © ge 
ly fusiform, compressed laterally, the back iab P 

e Lateral-line —— 


* 


98 Fishes of the Ohio 
which are of a faint blue, that fades into silvery White on the 
abdomen. 
J Length from three to five inches, 
Hab. Mahoning River. . RI 
D.8;.C. 99; d. 8; P. 12. d 


5. DOeesitli. The ted and dorsal fins were not red in 
-specimens I examined, as they are described to be, by - 
Rafine and the anal fin contained 8 rays, instead of 7, the i 
~ number. le. mentions, still I have no doubt we both had the . 
* due species in view. It can hardly be mistaken for aapi 
T otherpunless it is the Luxilus compressus. The colorgof the - 1 
fins, the size of the scales, and fuller form of the body will at | 
& oncé distinguish it. + í 
. * 
» d» oa 3 
1" 9 Cenrraronus. Cuv. 


TE. >? Rise ud Le guod The Black Bass. 
il | ae Maie gs TUS TN laris. ape Ichth. NER 30, 31. 


i 


3 d Raf. Ichthyol. Ohiensis, p. 3 
R ES ichla fi 1. Le Sueur. Journ. Mead: font: Sciences, vol. CENE 316. 
e 3 " Kirtland, Report on the Zoology of Ohio, p 
e Ohiensis. fe Sueur. Journ. Acad. Nat t. Sciences, 6 ii. * 218. 


Q ^ - Plate IX. Fig. 1. "ode 


This species has been so well described by Le Sueur, t 
we E substitute his account for our own, 
| Fourteen or fifteen transverse 


upwards than the posterior one. 

* * Description. 
& 

two extremities, 


4 and its Tributaries. ; 29 ; Í 


» teriorly, intermaxillary long and narrow ; teeth very small, 
numerous, pointed, curved, and serrated in the manner of a 
card, on the jaws, palate and extremity of the vomer ; inferior * 
E hardly-longer than the : superior jaw, mandible strong, en- ; 

ged spoon-shaped ; eye small and réussi iris white, brown 
and red; pupil small, and of a deep color; dorsal fin high, | 
rounded behind, arcuated before, and very low at its junc- 

d tion with the soft part, the spinous rays imbricated and re- 

_ lined into the longitudinal cavity of the back ; anal rounded, 

^ shorter than the soft parts of the dorsal, with three spinous 
rays anteriorly ; ; pectorals moderate, rounded , thoracics trun- r3 
cated, hardly longer than the pectorals, distant from the anals, E 
and arm ith a strong spinous ray ; caudal slightly emar- © 
ginate, lobes rounded, sid seventeen principal rays, including _ | 

~ the lateral flat ones, beyond which are eight smaller ones; a 

E scales rounded, not denticulated, sub-irregularly placed, large : 

r x the sides, smaller on the back, small upon the back of the 

neck, very small under the belly, throat andcheek, and a little $ " 

rger on the preoperculum, and sub-operculum ; there are 

also very small ones between the rays of the mur caudal * 

fins; general color "brownish-olivaceous, deep and fuliginous 

“Upon the back, lighter on the sides, the middle of the scales 

browned with a black margin; anal fin greenish ; posterior 

E part of the dorsal and the caudal violaceous, abdomen aud 

iind bluish and violaceous. The thirteen, fourteen, and 


h many olivaceous oro lateral line is ur dulated 
| The color d. in the dying d it is then 


ae 


a 


find in the ‘lagoons about our rivers and the lake, any 


| Bass at a certain stage of growth. 


30 Fishes of the Ohio — .—. 4 


gonus Artedi, Le Sueur, vol. i. part 2, p. 231,) itgis salted, to 
preserve it till sold. They are taken at all seasons of the 
year, by the seine and hook and line. We observed them at 
Erie in the month of July, 1816, and at Buffalo, at which 


latter place we captured many with the seine. A variety oc- | 
curred at Lake George; of which the specimens appeared to 


us to have the lower jaw more advanced. The —— 
name them Black Bass. 

“B. 6; P. 18— 20; T. 5; D. 10—15; À.3 — 19; C; 
al. 1.4. 

E vation. This species presents such a variety of 
forms, colors and habits, and is so much influenced by age, | 
‘sex, seasons and locality, it is not remarkable thatits varieties — 
should have been described as distinct species. Still I am 


. convineed that the synonymes I have here enumerated em- - 


brace only one true species, and am inclined to add to them - 
the Cichla minima of Le Sueur, as I have never been able to ; 


that answers to his description, except the young of the Black | 


"This species is found universally in our western waters d 
It frequently is taken by hooks, and in seines, and also gives. 
amusement to our marksmen in the spring, when it runs into | 
shallow water for the purpose of spawning. At that time it 
is often shot with rifles. Its flesh resembles in flavor that of. 
the Black Fish (Tautoga Americana, Cuv.) and by many per- 
sons is esteemed as the best fish for the table that our west 
waters afford. s 

The drawing ‘was made E an n unis elonged 
men from Lake Erie. 


Leuciscus. Klein. 


a l- Se der as Esta Storer’s Deu. 


* . — and its Tributaries. 31 


-arated by a longitudinal sulcation ; nose obtuse, somewhat 
conical, projecting beyond the mouth ; nostrils large, on a line 
. With the eye. Eyes oblong-oval; iris silvery, and slightly 
gilt, on inner margin ; pupils black, operculum and preopercu- 
lum smooth, lustre bright silvery. Mouth diagonal, and when 
closed the lower lip is nearly concealed beneath the snout. 
Body elongated, slightly compressed laterally ; back rises 
. rapidly from the head to the dorsal fin, from thence to the tail 
it slopes more gradually and uniformly. Abdomen expands 
- beneath the pectoral fin and then continues of the same size to 
. the vent. It then rapidly diminishes to the tail. Lateral line 
straight, except that near its base it curves as ugh as the 
upper edge of the operculum. 
Dorsal fin elevated, trapezoidal ; caudal elongated, bilobed, 


with the tip of each lobe acute; anal jin falls short of the - 


* dorsal; ventral horizontal, and reaches to the vent; pectoral 
: we nearly horizontal, does not attain to the ventral by 
| an inch. 

_ Length 8 inches. Head 12inch. Tail 15. zt of the 
ý body at the commencement of the dorsal fin ik 
_ Color. Back and upper surface of the body id head oli- 
' *vaceous, sides silvery, and of a brilliant metallic lustre, with a 


nt. Three or four exterior rays of each lobe of the caudal 
» Sometimes milky and opaque, and the intervening — ! 
B5; 0.99: ADs: V9; B. T 


^. I formerly considered it a variety of the R. plugiv 
f. but farther observation has satisfied me that it is a 


4 bowel band extending the whole length of the lateral line. 
Pectoral and ventral fins yellowish, anal white and trans- 


32 Le Conte’s Monography of E 


while the young of the true plagyrus bear a close resemblance - 
to the old. This last species is found in every spring, run and 
rivulet in Ohio, and the former I have never met with except . 
in the waters of the lake, where it is frequently taken in seines 
while fishing for other species. It affords me pleasure to, ded- - 
icate it to my friend D. Humphreys Storer, M. D., to whom I 
am indebted for essential aid, and many important suggestions, 
in arranging and describing our western fishes. 


Art. HI. —A MONOGRAPHY OF THE NORTH AMERICAN HISTE- | 
ROIDES. By Jonn Le Contes, F. L. 8.; &c. Mur ee g Sept. 10, 1844. 


Tue little attention which has been paid to Entomology in | 
this country, has left the greater portion of our insects entirely - 
unknown ; and we are chiefly indebted to foreigners, for Xx | 
names and descriptions of those with which we are acquainted. — 
The difficulty of ascertaining even these is justly much com- 
plained of ; for nowhere can be found collected together the - 
various works through which they are scattered. In order, as 


ographies of such genera of Coleoptera as may appear molti 
worthy of investigation. Those which contain the greatest 
number of new species, may not always prove the most so; 
therefore, in selecting the family of the Histeroides for the first 
of the series, although the greater part of the species ha 
been long known, it is hoped that it will not prove one of the 
least interesting. 

In the year 1811, when Baron Paykull published his Mo ) 
ocnaPHiA HisrERorpuM, he was able to describe but nin 
& species, of which, he considered about fourteen 
natives of North America. Twenty-six years af 
Count Paiste. in hi 


EI North American Histeroides. 33 


been received from this country. In the following pages sev- 
enty-five species are described ; probably not more than one 
half of what may be hereafter discovered ; for we have seen 
none that inhabit the northern and western parts of the conti- 
nent, the region of the Rocky Mountains, and the country 
beyond them, where all the productions of nature differ $0 rë- 
markably from what are found on the Atlantic coast. One 
species of Saprinus from the Oregon Territory, which we have 
seen, differed remarkably from every other species of the 
genus; it could not be considered as having any strie on the 
elytra. Eleven other species of this genus are said.to have 
been brought from the same country, but not a single Hister. 
Hereafter it ay be necessary to add a supplement to this 
paper, which w M. not fail to do, whenever a sufficient 
number of species shall be collected to render it proper. ` 
In following Mr. Erichson's distribution of this family into 
the genera which he has proposed in Klug's Entomological 
Annual, it isby no means to be understood, that an unqual- 
ified approbation is given to the arrangement of that distin- 
guished naturalist. Many of the generic characters on which 
he seems to place the greatest reliance, are far from being so 
. 8pparent as he supposes; and they frequently bring together 
. Species whose form, or habit, or manners ought to have placed 
. them far from each other. We have not however, attempted 
_ to remove any of these from the genera in which he has placed 
them ; but have been satisfied with pointing out the more ev- 
. Ment discrepancies. dà 


e 


nomenclature, 


the name gi 


à 


34 Le Conte's Monography of E 


possible to ascertain that it had been previously described, or 
even named in any catalogue or private collection. 

As there can be no difficulty hereafter in determining what 
species of this family are known, I invite all those whose atten- 
tion is turned towards the study of Entomology, to communicate 
to us any which may not be noticed in this Monography, 
that they may be hereafter added, with such as we may our- 
selves detect, to a supplement; and we shall be pleased in re- 
turn, to furnish any of which we have duplicates that may be 
wanting in their collections. 


Familia insectorum Coleopterorum cui nomen Histeroidüm 
vel Histeridarum imponitur, characteribus sequentibus facile 
dignoscitur. A 

Antenne angulate sive fracte, scapo elongato, funiculo 
7-articulato, clava 3-articulata, scilicet articulis arcte junctis. 

Maxille cornee, malis plerumque membranaceis, barbatis. 

Labiwm corneum; ligula — obtecta, paraglosss 
membranaceis, porrectis. . 

Palpi omnes filiformes. 

Thorax, lateribus leviter marginatis, antice profunde emar- 
ginatus, postice elytris arcté contiguus. | 

Elytra abdomine breviora, posticé truncata, interdum pauio 
rotundata, margine laterali plus minus inflexo. g 

Abdomen segmentis quinque compositum, obtusum, breve, 
segmenta postrema compressa, superiore et inferiore manifeste 
disjunctis, tertioque superiore margini postico segmentorum 
superiorum a latere solum conjuncto, ita ut extremitates ejus 
inter tertium et quartum penultima segmenta superiora, trian- 
gulum parvum, angustum formant. Pedes posteriores basi 
distantes. 

Corporis forma, insecta heecce variant; rotunda, ovalis, o 
longa, nunc valdé convexa est, nunc tenuis et depressa : in 
excrementis, cadaveribus et fungis putridis nec vitam 

i is m * 


= North American Histeroides. 35 


pauca tinctibus letioribus adornantur. Omnia feré striis 
distincte insculpta sunt in capite, thorace et elytris ; hæ sculp- 
ture tamen, interdum in capite aut in thorace nonnullorum 
cessant; perpauca omnino levia sunt. Stria in fronte im- 
pressa, impressio frontalis vocatur; stri: que thoracis latera 
occupant, strize thoracice laterales ; harum si una solum adest, 
anticé aliorsum tendit, interdum ambiens; si dus, interior 
solum ambit. Elytrorum pagina superior, a margine ad su- 
turam utrinque, septem striis longitudinalibus adornatur, qua- 
rum exteriorem (ad normam Paykullianam) marginalem signo ; 
hec in multis speciebus deest; sex aliarum, quinque prime a 
margine introrsum numerate, dorsales audiunt; sexta vero, 
suture proxima, suturalis. In epipleuris striæ alters: laterales 
conspiciuntur: preeterea in humerum, ad basin elytrorum, 
altera stria brevis et obliqua adest, versus marginem tendens, 
quz humeralis nuncupatur. Pro ratione forme, dispositionis, 
et longitudinis relatives harum striarum, species optime desig- 
nantur 

Omnes hujus familie species, exemplum sequens Ill. Dom. 
Erichson, in tres turmas distribuimus, prout caput retractile 
vel porrectum, et prosternum lobatum vel simplex sit. 

TURMA PRIMA. Caput porrectum. Prosternum simplex, id 
est, sine lobo anteriore: unum hujus turme genus nostras est 
Hololepta. 

TURMA SECUNDA. Caput retractile, et lobo anteriore elon- 
gato prosterni obtectum: hujus turmæ genera sunt Platyso- 
ma, Omalodes, ne Epierus, Tribalus, Dendrophilus, « et 
Paromalus. 

TURMA TERTIA. Capit retractile, prosterni p ei mar- 
gine anteriore obtectum. Saprinus, Teretrius, Plegad 

Onthophilus et Abræus nobiscum inveniuntur. ` 


TURMA. PR 


Corpus planum, valdé depressum M 
. Caput retractile, mandibulis porrectis. - 


ird 


36 Le Conte's Monography of * 


Labium corneum, latum, breve, profundé emarginatum, 
laciniis divergentibus, subacuminatis, 

Ligula cum palpis medio labii lateris inferioris inserta. 

Scrobiculi antennales nulli. 


Genus HOLOLEPTA. PAYKULL. 


Mandibule zquales. 

Mazille sub labio inserte, coriacex, edentule, elongate, 
intus ciliate. 

Ligula bifida. 

Palpi inzquales, articulis cylindraceis. 

Labrum corneum, convexum, subemarginatum. 

Antenne funiculo sensim incrassato, articulis duobus primis 
subzequalibus, clavatis, tertio, quarto -et quinto subrotundis, 
sexto et septimo disciformibus. 

Corpus planum, valde depressum, tenue. | 

Caput, fronte lateribus acuté terminato, super antennarum 
insertionem in dentem parvum prolato. 3 

horax postice leviter bi-emarginatus, angulis posticis pes | 
minus obtusis. 

Prosternum latum, planum, anticé plus minus rotundatum, | 
postice in mucronem obtusé rotundatum porrectum. | 

Elytra posticé obliqué truncata, angulis posterioribus exe 
rioribus rotundatis. 

antic dilatate, 4-dentatæ, spinula basali interiore 
sulco femoris congruo adaptata ; intermedie et posticee late: 
extus suleatw, ille 4-dentate, hæ 3-dentate apparent, phe 
omnium terminales inzquales. 

Tarsi filiformes, graciles, articulis quatuor primis 
setis duabus subtus instructis, quarum una minuta. at 

Abdomen planum, segmento superiore penultimo grandi, 
elytris complanato, ultimo angustissimo, perpendiculari 
eclivi. # 


zs RE LS 


_ Sub cortice arborum emortuarum habitant. 


SÉ 


corpus cute comeo obiectum, mandibule valide 
| |" tri-articulate, articulis longitudine subæqu 


ie North American Histeroides. 37 


bus, duobus primis apice incrassatis, ultimo graciliore, terete. 
Abdominis segmentum ultimum superius, duobus cornibus 
validis; basi unidentatis ; inferius, utrinque bidentatum, dente 
interiore majore. Lines longitudinalis a capite per omnia 
corporis segmenta imprimitur. Larva Hololeptica que in 
Monographia Ill. Baronis Paykullii depingitur, revera cujus- 
dam muscz larva fimicola est. 


1. H. rossurams. Tab. I. Fig. 1. 

d Capite et thorace foveatis ; 9 thorace sub-foveato vel simplici. .Ely- 
tris siriis rudimentalibus. 

$ Hololepta fossularis, Say. 9 Hololepta «equalis, Say. 
Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. Vol. V. 

Habitat sub cortice arborum emortuarum, presertim Robinize 
pseudo-acaciæ. 

Atra, nitidissima. Caput utrinque foveolatum, antennis 
piceis. Thorax leviter marginatus, margine antice ambiente, 
angulo anteriore foveato, interdumque linea longitudinali an- 
tice abbreviata per medium leviter impressa ; lateribus pauci 
punctatis, Elytra striis duabus rudimentalibus basalibus, ex- 
teriore longiore, sulco laterali subintegra, punctata. Sternum 
leve ; prosternum apice non punctatum ; mesosternum apice 
Vix emarginatum. Abdominis segmentum penultimum supe- 
rius læve, lateribus pauci et grossé punctatis; ultimum punc- 
"A tum ; segmenta inferiora, exceptis lateribus, levissima. 

"P o. HDisema. Tab. I. Fig. 2 

- Capite foveato ; thorace d foveato, Q simplici; ferina stris | 
exteriore i integra, rins valde interrupta. icd 
te Hololepta lucida, Dejean Cat. : 

Ee nitidissima. Caput utrinque  foveatum ; “antenna 
cem. Thorax tenui-marginatus, margine ambiente, linea 


is anctatis, Elytra striis duabus, stria exteriore inte- 
ees dilatata, j interiore valdé abbreviata, punetüm oblon- 


NF €" 


38 Le Conte's Monography of $ 


gum basilare referente, punctoque simili apicali, sulco laterali 
punctato, subintegro. „Sternum læve, prosternum apice punc- 
tatum; mesosternum antice non profundè emarginatum. Ab- 
dominis segmentum penultimum superius læve, lateribus grosse 
punctatis. Ultimum punctulatum, segmenta inferiora lateribus 
exceptis, lzvissima. 


TURMA SECUNDA. 


Corpus convexiusculum aut depressum. 

Caput retractile. 

Mazille prope labium insertze. 

Ligula lateri inferiori labii haud procul ab. apice affixa, vix 
unquam labio zqualis. 

Scrobiculi antennales semper adsunt, interdum tamen min- 
ime profundi. 

Tibie anticz dilatate. 

Genus PLATYSOMA. Lzacnu. 

Mandibule exsertz, zquales, dentate. 

Maxille intus barbatz. 

Palpi maxillares articulo tertio secundo paulo longiore, 
quarto vero, secundo duplo longiore. 

Palpi labiales articulo tertio, secundo paulo longiore. 

Labrum triangulare, subdeflexum. 

Labium semicirculare, interdum emarginatum. 

Antenne funiculo sensim incrassato, articulis. obconicis, 
primo longiore, ceteris longitudine æqualibus, capitulo oyali. 

Scrobiculi antennales profundi. 

Thorax postice, recté truncatus aut subrotundatus, angu- 
lis posterioribus rectis. 

Prosternum sub-elevatum, posticé rotundatum, lobo an- 
teriore lato, acuté prominente. 

Mesosternum breve, anticè, profundè et latè ema 

Tibia omnes extus denticulatæ, anteriores angu 
terminalibus inæqualibus, quarum una brevissima, alte 
et valida, © 


W j i 


North American Histeroides. 39 . 


Tarsi subgraciles, subteretes, articulis quatuor primis seta 
inferiore apicali instructis; unguiculi bini æquales. 

Abdomen segmento superiore penultimo plus minus an- 
gusto, ultimoque semicirculari, perpendiculariter declivibus. 

Corpus plus minus depressum, interdum elongatum, aut 
etiam cylindricum. 

Frons concava. 

Species omnes hucusque cognite sub cortice arborum emor- 
tuarum inveniuntur; in quibusdam thorax strià notatur que 
margini contigua est, sed ab angulo anteriore recedit, et postea 
anticé ambit, sive cum margine confluit. 


1, P. Carotinum. Tab. I. Fig. 3. 


Thorace stria marginali. Elytris striis tribus primis dorsalibus integris, 
quarta, quinta et suturali anticé abbreviatis. Tibits anticis 5-dentatis. 

Hister Carolini, Paykull, Monog. Hist.: Hister sordidus, 
Say, loc. cit. supra. 

Habitat sub cortice arborum. 

Nigrum vel piceum, nitidum. Frons sub-concava, linea 
transversali impressa, antennis ferrugineis. Thorax subcon- 
Vexus, stria marginali antice ambiente, angulo anteriore a 
margine satis remota, postea veró margini valdé approximata. 
Elytra subconvexa, striis primis dorsalibus tribus integris, 
equalibus, quarta et quinta paulo poné medium, suturali ad 
medium anticé abbreviatis, interstitiis striarum ad elytrorum 
apicem, puncto oblongo sive striola; marginali nulla, hume- 
rali satis conspicua ; lateralibus quatuor antice profundioribus, 
epipleurse lineato-punctate. Sternum puncticulatum, proster- 
num apice punctatum ; segmenta abdominis inferiora levia, 
et excepto ultimo, lined postica punctata. Tibie e 
9-dentatz, dentibus anterioribus approfiiMe intermediis € 
posticis spinosis. 

totum rufum; unum nec stria aha utrinque 


Ld 


. 40 Le Conte's Monography of x 


9. P. DEPRESSUM. Tab. I. .Fig.4 


Capite et thorace lateribus punctatis. Elytris striis tribus primis dorsali- ; 
bus integris, suturali utrinque abbreviata. Tibiis anticis 4-dentatis. 

Hololepta depressa, Paykull. 

Habitat cum priore. 

Supra nigrum, nitidum, infra piceum. Caput leve, fronte 
concavo, linea transversali impressa. Thorax strià laterali, 
anticé ambiente, angulo anteriore a margine satis remota, 
postice vero margini valdé approximata ; lateribus punctatis. - 
Elytra apice rufo-submarginata, lateribus medio coarctato-im- - 
pressa, striis primis tribus dorsalibus integris, equalibus, prima 
et tertia basi dilatatis, quarta medio, quinta pone medium 
antice abbreviatis, suturali utrinque abbreviata aut nulla, mar- — 
ginali nulla, humerali distincta, lateralibus duabus integris. 
Sternum punctatum; segmenta abdominis inferiora levia, | 
parcé punctata. Pedes picei, tibiis anticis 4-dentatis, denti- 
bus binis anterioribus a ceteris remotiusculis, interm 
3-dentatis, dente apicali bifido, posticis bidentatis. 

- Variat totum piceum. Refert priorem, sed corpus angus- 


tius, et puncta pygidialis grossiora sunt. Etiam in Europa | 
invenitur. 


3. P. rARaALLELUM. Tab.I. Fig. 5. 
Elytra striis dorsalibus omnibus integris, equalibus, suturali antico paulo ; 
abbreviata. : 
Hister parallelus, Say, loc. cit. sup. 
Habitat in provinciis australibus. æ a 
Nigrum, vel nigro-piceum. Caput punctatum, fronte con- 
cavá, linea transversa leviter impressa ; antennis piceis, clavà 
pallidiore. Thorax punctatus, marginatus, margine antice 
non ambiente. Elytra puncticulata, striis punctatis, d 
bus omnibus integris, suturali anticé versus basin” 
abbreviata, marginali obliterata, vix conspicua, hum 
tincta ; lateralibus duabus, superiore anticé lata, | | 
totum subtus punctatum, abdominis segmen 


5 


Noris dsnossenn. Iustertides. 41 


riora grosse punctata. Tibie antice 4-dentate, intermedie 
3-dentatz, postice bi-dentate. 


* 4. P. coarctatum. Tab. Fig. 6 

Elytris striis quatuor integris equalibus, quinta et suturali abbreviatis, 
hae breviore. 

Habitat cum priore. 

Nigro-piceum. ^ Caput punctatum, fronte concava, linea 
transversa. Thorax punctatus, marginatus, margine antice 
ambiente. Elytra puncticulata, striis profundioribus punctatis, 
dorsalibus quatuor primis integris, quinta ante medium abbre- 
viata, punctoque oblongo adverso ad basin ; suturali ad medi- 
um abbreviata, humerali distincta, marginali nulla, lateralibus 
duabus superiore antic? lata, profunda. Corpus totum subtus 
punctatum, abdominis segmenta superiora punctata. Tibie 
antice 4-dentate, intermedie 3-dentate, postice bi-dentate. 

Refert prius, sed corpus angustius et puncta pygidialia mi- 
nora. 


5. P. enacing. Tab. 1. Fig. 7. 

Elytris striis ^ quatuor integris, qualibus, quinta et suturali 
abbreviatis, illa brevior 

Hister y i nd -Say. loc. cit. 

cum priore. 

Piceo-nigrum. Caput. punctatum, fronte concavo; kadi 
transversa, antennis rufis. Thorax punctatus, marginatus, 
margine ambiente. Elytra levia, linea apicali punctorum, - 
stris punctatis, dorsalibus quatuor primis integris, quinta et 
suturali anticé, hac ante medium, illa vero ad medium abbre- 
viatis, marginali nulla, humerali distincta, lateralibus duabus 
Pais anticé lata, profunda. Corpus totum subtus punc- 

abdominis segmenta superiora sparse. punctata. -Pedes 
is anticis 4-dentatis, intermediis 3-dentatis, posticis 


dove ad speciem ET a Paykullio olim datum 


49 Le Conte's Monography of 


6. P. cyzinpricum. Tab. I. Fig. 8. 


Fronte excavato. Thorace stria marginali. Elytris striis quatuor 
dorsalibus et suturali integris. 

Hister cylindricus, Paykull. Cylistus cylindricus, Godet, 
Dejean Cat. 

Habitat cum prioribus. a 

Cylindricum, nigrum, vel rufum. Caput punctatum, fronte 
acute emarginata, valdé excavata, stria transversa nulla; an- 
tennis ferrugineis. Thorax punctatus, marginatus, stria mar- 
ginali profundiuscula, anticé cum margine confluente, et am- 
biente. Elytra puncticulata, stris profundis punctatis, dor- 
salibus quatuor primis cum suturali integris, quinta anticè paulo 
abbreviata, suturali basi extrorsum arcuata, humerali distincta, 
marginali nulla; lateralibus duabus, superiore profundiore. 
Corpus totum subtus punctatum, mesosternum acuté: emargin- 
atum. Abdominis segmenta superiora grosse punctata. Tibiæ 
antice 4-dentatæ, intermedize 3-dentate, posticee 2-dentate, - 
harum duarum dente apicali bifido. 

Species heecce cum sequente ab aliis recedit, forsan revera 
genus distinctum, sicut a Dom. Godet, haud ita pridem habita, 
sed ab Ill. Erichson ad hoc genus relata. Frons subacute lat- _ 
eribus terminatur, et super antennarum insertionem in dentem 
parvum profertur, non solum concavus est, sed etiam profun- - 
dé excavatus, parsque posterior prominet et acute emarginata — 
est. d 
T © P. ATTENUATUM. Tab. I. Fig. 9. * 


Fronte excavato. — Elytris striis dorsalibus quatuor primis et suturali i in- 
tegris, quinta e serie punctorum constituta, 


Habitat cum prioribus. Amicitiæ Dom. Zimmerman insec- 
tum hoc debemus. 3 
.Cylindricum, nigrum vel piceum. Caput 
fronte acuté emarginato, valdé excavato, stria 
nulla ; antennis ferrugineis. Thorax punctatus, ma 
stria i antice cum margine confluente et am 


P 
pe 
DUE . Š 
ai ie 


North American Histeroides. 43 


Elytra inconspicué puncticulata, striis punctatis, dorsalibus 
quatuor primis cum suturali integris, quinta, e serie punctorum 
constituta, post medium anticé abbreviata, suturali basi ex- 
trorsum arcuata, humerali distincta, lateralibus duabus, infe- 
riore vix conspicua. Corpus totum subtus punctatum, ab- 
dominis segmenta superiora punctata. Pedes picei, tibiis 
anticis 4*dentatis, intermediis 3-dentatis, posticis bi-dentatis. 


Genus OMALODES. DEJEAN. 


Mandibule exsertze, equales, subdentate, longitudine caput 
sub-zequantes, 
Marxille intus barbate. 
Palpi maxillares breves, crassi, subcompressi, articulo tertio 
secundo paulo breviore, quarto vero duplo longiore. 
Palpi labiales breves, articulis duobus ultimis equalibus. 
brum parvum, triangulare, apice deflexum. 
Labium semicirculare, emarginatum. 
Antenne, funiculo apice incrassato, articulis subrotundis, 
primo majore, capitulo globoso aut ovali. 
crobiculi antennales angusti, profundi. 
orax postice sub-bi-emarginatus. 
Prosternum sub-elevatum, posticé rotundatum, lobo ante- 
riore quantum recurvo. 
Mesosternum antice sub-emarginatum. 
bie compresse, anteriores dentate, intus ciliate, € 
riores unica serie dentato-spinosz. 
| graciles; anteriores articulis quatuor primis spina 
minima, inferiore, apicali instructis, primo sub-elongato ; En | 
teriores articulis. quatuor primis brevibus, equalibus, extus 
spinis duabus brevissimis, intus quatuor longis instructis. Un- 
guiculi bini equales. 
Abdomen segmento superiore penultimo magno, sexangu- 
ultimo perpendiculari, ovali, parvo, segmento 
penultimo lateribus dilatato. | 
Crassum, convexum. 
De moribus hujus — insectorum nibil certum scimus. 


& * 


Lo 


44 Le Conte's Monography of 


* ]. O. nonzarr. Tab. L Fig. 10. 


Thorace lateribus punctatis, stria margini valdé approximata.  Elytris 
ue: dorsalibus dies uatuor, marginali valde abbreviata, suturali nulla. Tibus 
omnibus 4-dentat 


Habitat ad EE longam Noveboraci. 

Ater, nitidissimus. Caput impressione frontali rotundata, 
profunde et acuté emarginata, emarginatione profunde im- 
pressa, ita ut caput duabus protuberantiis instructum videtur; 
lateribus punctatis; magis vero postice. Thorax lateribus 
punctatis, stria marginali integra, ambiente, angulo anteriore 
a margine satis remota, postea tamen valdé approximata, vix 
distincta. Elytra versus basin dilatata, striis dorsalibus tribus, 
prima integra, posticé leviter impressa, sparse punctata, se- 
cunda subintegra, interdum anticé paulo abbreviata, postice in 
foveam profundam, subrotundam desinente, tertia postice ad 
medium abbreviata, suturali nulla, marginali post medium an- 


tice abbreviata, humerali leviter impressa ; inter striam primam - 


dorsalem et humeralem striola parva; laterali unica. — Corpus 
subtus punctatum, mesosternum vix a poststerno stria separa- 
tum ; abdominis segmentum superius ante-penultimum breve, 


carinatum, penultimum lateribus latè impressis, punctatis. 


Pedes punctati, tibiis omnibus 4-dentatis, dente anticarum 


anteriore emarginato, sive bifido, posteriore minimo. 

Species hec Omalodem Omega, Kirby, huc usque solum in 
Brasilià repertum valde refert; sed mihi donata fuit utpote 
insule longe hujus provincie tüdigek: vir tamen a quo insee- 
tum receptum fuit subdolus erat et insidiosus. Cum s 
Kirbyana collata, satis distincta apparet. 


* 2. O. Hannzrsm. Tab. k Fig. 11. 
Punetatus. Thorace bistriato, striis integris, eaten 4 
striis omnibus integris. T'büs anticis 4-dentatis. 
Habitat in Pennsylvania, a Dom. Harris commu 
Ater, ) opacus, totus supra et subtus punctatissimus. 
im ssion je frontali sub-incurva. Thorax postice : sub-t 


E 


catum. 


North American Histeroides. 45 


emarginatus, striis marginalibus duabus integris, approximatis, 
anticé vero remotioribus, exteriore margine prope confluente, 
interiore antice. ambiente. Elytra, striis omnibus dorsalibus 
integris, quatuor primis per paria approximatis, suturali inte- 
gra; inter secundam et tertiam striam dorsalem altera est, 
brevis et obliqua ; humerali nulla, marginali interrupto dis- 
locata, parte anteriore curvata, satis profunde impressa, pos- 
teriore recta, vix distincta, e punctis majoribus solum constituta, 
laterali unica. Mesosternum et poststernum medio depressum, 
vix stria separatum. Tibie antice 4-dentate, dente anteriore 
emarginato, intermedi et postiez 8-spinoso-dentate. 


Gruus HISTER. Linnzvs. 


Mandibule exserte, vel porrecte, ut plurimum equales. 

Mazille coriacee, intus ciliate, apice acuminate. 

Palpi maxillares articulo primo brevi, secundo tertio duplo 
longiore, quarto elongato, tertio triplo longiore. 

Palpi labiales breves, articulo primo minore, tertio secundo 
duplo longiore. 

Labiwm sub-emarginatum. 

Labrum laté et leviter emarginatum. 

Antenne sub frontis margine inserte, funiculo versus api- 
cem incrassato, articulo primo arcuato, majore, longiore, cum- 
que secundo obconico, ceteris subrotundis, capitulo ovali. 

crobiculi antennales ut plurimum rotundati, plani, pro- 
fundiusculi aut nulli. 

margine posteriore subrotundatus, et (duabus spe- 

ciebus sectionis ultime exceptis) uni-vel bi-striatus. — - 

Prosternum subelevatum, postice aut bie east 


T rie Ne 


Mesosternum ut plurimum emarginatum. 

Tibie compresse, anteriores ut plurimum. extus dentate, 
res extus serie spinularum gemina, omnium spinis 
ina us. 

pe compressi, iris quatuor primis equalibus, setula 
; , quarum exterior brevior et gracilior est. 


46 Le Conte's Monography of 


Unguiculi bini, «quales. 

Abdomen segmento superiore penultimo quinquangulari, | 
declivi, ultimo perpendiculari. 

Corpus crassum, convexum, rotundatum aut ovale 

Genus hecce plurimas comprehendens species, ut labor 
investigationis et determinationis levior sit, in sectionibus 
quinque divideretur; in hac divisione norma Paykulliana 
quodammodo sequitur. 

Insecta hec omnia in cadaveribus, excrementis, et fungis 
putridis habitant. 

$ I. Thorax bistriatus, elytra stria marginali. 

$ IL Thorax bistriatus, elytra stria marginali nulla. 

$ III. Thorax unistriatus, elytra stria marginali. 

$ IV. Thorax unistriatus, elytra stria marginali nulla. 

$ V. Frons concava; Thorax unistriatus aut estriatus, 
prosternum bistriatum, elytra stria marginali nulla. Species 
anomalz, forsan postea genus distinctum efformature. 


$ 1. "Thorax bistriatus, elytra stria marginali. 
1. H. arcvatus. Tab. I. Fig. 12. 
horace striis integris, margine remotis. Elytris maculis duabus mag- - 
nis, aurantiacis. Tõibiżs anticis bi-dentatis. | 
Hister arcuatus, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol. V. part 1- 
Habitat ad maris oras. | 
Ater, nitidus. Caput impressione frontali rotundata. Thorat | 
margine ciliatus, striis integris, margine remotis, interstitio in- 
terdum punctato. Elytra ad basin dilatata, maculis duabus — 
magnis, lunatis, aurantiacis, foveaque transversali utrinque ad ; 
apicem impressa ; stria marginali, tribusque primis dorsalibus » 
integris, quarta ut plurimum obsoleta, vel medio valdé inter- : 
rupta, quinta anticé valdé abbreviata, suturali integra, 

abbreviata ; lateralibus duabus. Prosternum compres- 
sum, medio incurvum, lateribus punctatum ; mesosternum leve, 
 anticé profundé emarginatum. Abdominis segmenta superiora 
JTOSSÈ | punctata, inferiora punctata, medio levia: pleure d 


North American Histeroides. 47 


sutæ et (sicut in omnibus) punctate. Femora magna, ferru- 

| ginea, levia; tibie antice valdé dilatate, exterius vines 
bi-dentatze, dentibus magnis, obtusis, integerrimis. 

Nota. Elytrorum strie, exceptis tribus RV valde variant. 


2. H. merparivs. Tab. II. Fig. 1. 


Thorace striis integris, posticé subcoeuntibus. Elytris striis quatuor 
dorsalibus integris: tibiis anticis 4-dentatis. 

Hister merdarius, Paykull, Monog. Hister. 

Habitat in excrementis bovinis. 

Ater, nitidus. Caput subtilissimé punctatum, impressione 
frontali emarginata. Thorax parum convexus, striis laterali- 
bus integris, posticé subcoeuntibus, exteriore margine approx- 
imata, interiore basi reflexa, interstitio plus minus punctato. 
Elytra paulo infra basin dilatata, striis punctatis, marginali 
tribusque primis dorsalibus integris, quarta interdum anticé 
paulo abbreviata, quinta medio, aut pone medium abbreviata, 
vel solum e duobus punctis constituta, suturali medio abbre- 
viata, laterali unica. Prosternum lateribus parce punctatis, 
mesosternum leve, subemarginatum. Segmenta abdominalia 
inferiora lateribus punctata, anticé medio levia, linea postica 
punctorum; ultimo medio impunctata. Pedes nigri, femori- 
bus punctatis, tibiis valde dilatatis, anticis 4-dentatis, dente 
anteriore trilobo. 


3. H. osrvsarus. Tab: II. Fig. 2. 


Thorace Striis integris, subparallelis, posticé subcoeuntibus, exteriore 
- inflexa, Elytris striis quatuor dorsalibus integris. Lene 
entatis, 


ped obtusatus, Harris, Trans. Nat. Hist. gist of Hart- 
ford, No. I. H. morio, Dej. Cat. 
Habitat in excrementis bovinis. 


m, impressione 
rontali emarginata, Thorax convexus, sábtitiscimi punctu- 
ats, Striis punctatis integris subparallelis, postice subcoeunti- 


48 Le Conte's Monography of 


bus, interiore basi parum reflexa, exteriore vero basi inflexa, | 
interstitio levi. Elytra paulo infra basin dilatata, fovea utrin- 


que ad basin et ad apicem impressa, lineaque transversali 
punctorum apicali, striis punctatis, marginali, tribusque primis 
dorsalibus integris, quarta anticé paulo abbreviata, quinta et 
suturali valde poné medium abbreviatis, suturali tamen paulo 
longiore, laterali unica. Prosternum punctatum, mesosternum 
leve, antice emarginatum. Segmenta abdominalia inferiora 
. punctata, ultimo medio levissimo. Pedes nigri ; tibiis subtus 
punctatis, anticis valde dilatatis, 6-dentatis, dente anteriore 
emarginato, ceteris acutiusculis, duobus inferioribus minutis., 


Interdum adest linea punctorum inter striam marginalem, - 


et primam dorsalem. 


4. H. rwwuwis. Tab. II. Fig. 3 


Thorace stris a margine remotis, sub-equalibus, parallelis. Ælytris 
striis quatuor dorsalibus integris. Ttbiis anticis 4 seu 5-dentatis. i 
Hister immunis, Erichson, Klug’s Jahrbücher, 1. 
. Habitat in excrementis bovinis. 


 Ater,nitidus. Caput impressione frontali rotundata, inter- | 


dum emarginata. Thorax subtiliter punctatus, striis margina- 


libus a margine remotis, parallelis, subsequalibus. Elytra 
stria marginali, tribusque primis dorsalibus integris, quarta 
antice parum abbreviata, quinta et suturali poné medium 


valde abbreviatis, interdum postice ad apicem arcuatim con- 
vexis, laterali unica; linea punctorum inter striam margina- 
lem et primam dorsalem. Prosternum punctatum. „Mesoster- - 
num leve, antice vix emarginatum. Abdomen segmentis 
omnibus grosse punctatis. Pedes picei, tibiis 4 seu 5-den- 
tatis, dentibus parvis. 


5. H. srvercus. Tdi II. Fig. 4. 
Thorace striis subequalibus, margine approximatis, Elytris ee 
tuor dorsalibus integris. — Tiliis anticis 5-dentatis. 
* Hister stygicus, Dej. Cat. 
abitat in provinciis australibus. 


North American Histeroides. 49 


Ater, nitidus. Caput, fronte puncto impresso, impressione 

- frontali rotundata vel sub-pentagona. Thørax, striis margin- 

alibus margine approximatis, parallelis, subaequalibus, exteriore 

paulo breviore. Elytra foveola transversali utrinque ad basin, 

et ad apicem impressa, stria marginali quatuorque primis dor- 

salibus integris, quinta valde poné medium, et suturali ad me- 

dium abbreviatis, laterali unica. Prosternum lateribus puncta- 

tum; mesosternum leve, anticé vix emarginatum ; segmentum 

abdominale primum inferius, exceptis lateribus, levissimum, 
ceteris punctatis. Pedes picei, tibiis anticis 5-dentatis. 


6. H. Hinni. Tab. II. Fig. 5. 

Punetatus, thorace striis equalibus, interstitio angusto.  Elytris striis 
quatuor dorsalibus integris, quinta et suturali abbreviatis. Tibiis anticis 
5-dentatis, 

Hister Harrisii, Th Fauna boreali Americana, Vol. IV. 
H. ambiguus, Dej. Cat 

abitat in ratent bovinis. 

Ater vel brunneus, nitidus, supra et subtus punctatus, 
Caput impressione frontali emarginata. Thorax stris mar- 
ginalibus margine approximatis, qualibus, parallelis, interstitio 
angusto. Elytra impressione parva, transversali, sublunata, 
utrinque ad basin, stria marginali, quatuorque primis 
integris, quinta et suturali abbreviatis, illa medio, hac ante 
medium, lateralibus duabus. Mesosternum antice subprofundé 
emarginatum. Pedes picei, tibiis anticis 5-dentatis, dente 

o minimo. 


7..H. mgPLETvs. Tab. Il. Fig. 6. 


Punetatus, Thorace striis integris, qualibus, interstitio angusto. Ely- 
— striis omnibus dorsalibus integris, quinta antieà incurvata, marginali 
Posticé abbreviata, iiis anticis 5-dentatis. ; 
Hister repletus, Say, MSS. 
Habitat in provinciis borealibus ; e Mus. fon. Horis : 
Piceus, nitidus, subtus pallidior, supra et subtus punctatus, | 
Caput i impressione frontali obtuse emarginata. Thorax striis 
VOL. V, 4 


50 Le Contes Monography of 


marginalibus margine approximatis, integris, interiore postice 


incurvata, interstitio angusto. Elytra striis quatuor primis dor- - 


salibus integris, qualibus, quinta et suturali paulo brevioribus, 
illa anticé incurvata, et interdum posticé cum quarta arcuatim 
conjuncta; lateralibus duabus. Mesosternum antice subpro- 
fundé emarginatum. Pedes picei, tibiis anticis 5-dentatis, 
dente anteriore majore obtuso. 


8. H. nzviezs. Tab. Il. Fig. 7 


Thorace striis subsequalibus.  Elytris stria marginali abbreviata, tribus _ 


dorsalibus integris. —Tibiis anticis inermibus. 

Hister levipes, Germar. H. simplicimanus, Dej. Cat. 

Habitat ubique in stercore bovino. 

Ater, nitidus. Caput impressione frontali rotundata. - Tho- 
rax subciliatus, striis marginalibus subæqualibus, exteriore 
margini approximata, posticè parum abbreviata, interiore in- 


tegra, basi incurvata, quasi rotundato-hamata. Elytra stris. 


tribus primis dorsalibus integris, æqualibus, quarta medio 
valdè 


interrupta, interdum partibus serie punctorum connexis, - 
interdum solum punctum ad apicem et basin, quorum basale - 
i majus et oblongum est, quinta omnino cessat, suturali integra 
ad basin recurva, marginali ante medium abbreviata, laterali- - 
bus duabus. Prosternum puncticulatum, lateribus punctatis ; 
mesosternum lieve, anticé emarginatum. Segmenta abdomina- - 
lia inferiora impunctata, superiore ultimo vix punctato. P -— 


picei, tibiis anticis inermibus. i 
ES 
9. H. rzparus. Tab. II. Fig. 8. il 
Thorace punctato, striis marginalibus inæqualibus.  Elytris striis uibus 
dorsalibus integris. Tibiis anticis 5-dentatis, 
Hister melanarius, Dej.. Cat. 
Habitat ubique in excrementis bovinis. l 
Ater, nitidus. Caput punctatum, impressione frontali emar- d 
ginata. Thorax punctatus, magis ad latera, striis marginali- 
bus inequalibus, interiore basi paulo abbreviata, exteriore mat- 
gine approximata, valdè abbreviata. Elytra striis panetais 


rhe A ee ed te eee 


North American Histeroides. 51 


marginali, tribusque primis dorsalibus integris, tertia interdum 
basi dilatata, quarta propé basin, quinta et. suturali post me- 
dium, illa valdé, abbreviatis; laterali unica. Prosternum 
lateribus punctis paucis ; mesosternum leve, antice leviter emar- 
ginatum.. Segmenta abdominis inferiora punctata, anticé 
levia. Pedes nigri, tibiis anticis 5-dentatis, dentibus parvis, 
anteriore emarginato. 
Nomen Dejeanii specie alteri jamdudum adscitum. 


10. H. punctirer. Tab. II. Fig. 9. 


Thorace punctulato, striis inequalibus.  Ely/ris striis vix punctatis, 
quatuor dorsalibus integris, marginali dislocato-interrupta : zibis anticis. 
5-dentatis. ' i 

Hister punctifer, Paykull, Monog. Hist. 

Habitat in Pennsylvania. ; 

Ater, nitidus, punctulatus. Caput fronte profunde exca- 
vato, impressione frontali rotundata. Thorax striis marginali- 
bus inzequalibus, exteriore margini approximata, medio abbre- 
viata, interiore remota, subintegra. Elytris striis excavatis, 
vix punctatis, quatuor primis dorsalibus, integris, quinta pone 

ium, et suturali ante medium abbreviatis, marginali dislo- - 
cato-interrupta, hoc est, stria ultra elytrorum medium versus 
humerum ascendit, ibique interrupta est, pars anterior vero 
extrorsum curvata, a humero descendit et alteri, aut paulo 
post extremitatem anteriorem jungitur, aut sine junctione ap- 
Propinquans preteriit: lateralibus duabus. Corpus totum 
subtus puncticulatum ; mesosternum emarginatum. Segmentum 
abdominis ultimum superius, utrinque impressum. a. a+ 
ticæ 5-dentatæ, dentibus TIP — arginato, 
ultimo minutissima. Nr o S 


"XI. H. DECISUS. Tab. II. Fig. 10. 


Thorace punctatissimo, striis inequalibus. Elytris striis profundé punc- 
tatis, quatuor primis dorsalibus integris, marginali dislocato-interrupta. 
anticis crenato-denticulatis 


Habitat i in Georgia cadaveribus. 


52 Le Conte’s Monography of 


Ater, nitidus. Caput punctatum, impressione frontali emat- 
ginata. Thorax punctatissimus, striis marginalibus punctatis, 
inæqualibus, exteriore margini approximata, pone medium 
abbreviata, interiore integra. Elytra punctulata, striis pro- 
fundé punctatis, quatuor primis dorsalibus integris, quarta 
tamen reliquis interdum paulo breviore, quinta post medium, 
suturali vero ante medium anticé abbreviatis: marginali dislo- 
cato-interrupta, parte dislocata brevissima, lateralibus duabus. 
Sternum punctatum ; mesosternum antic emarginatum. Seg- 
menta abdominis inferiora punctata. Pedes nigri, tibiis anticis 
crenato-denticulatis. 


. H. asspreviarus. Tab. II. Fig. 11. 


Thorace puncticulato, striis inequalibus.  Elytris striis exaratis, pr% 
fundé punctatis, vri dorsalibus integris, marginali interrupto-dislocato. 
Tibiis anticis 4-den 

icd reat, Fabr., Syst. Eleut. H. striatopunctatus, — 
bee 


rper in psa bovino. | 

` Ater; nitidus. . Caput ‘punctatum, impressione frontali ro- - d 
tundats, aut emarginata, palpis ferrugineis. Thorax punétic- | 
ulatus, striis inzequalibus, exteriore margini approximata, ad | 
medium posticé abbreviata, interiore integra, basi paulo incur- - 
vata. Elytra strüs exaratis, profundé punctatis, quatuor | 
primis dorsalibus integris, quinta pone medium abbreviata, - 
suturali autem antice ante medium, et etiam postice paulo | 
abbreviata, marginali dislocato-interrupta, latéralibus duabus. - 
Prosternum puncticulatum, apice et lateribus peoria mée 
sosternum puncticulatum, anticè emarginatum. Segmenta ab- 
dominis inferiora punctata. Pedes picei, tibiis anticis de : 
tatis, dentibus subobtusis, superiore emarginato. : 


13. H. siripvs. Tab. II. Fig. 12. 


— Thorace puncticulato, striis inzequalibus. Elytris striis exaratis, po 
punetatis, quatuor dorsalibus integris, qute interim. gın 
dislocato-interrupta, Tibiis anticis 4-dentatis CREE 
Hister bifidus, Say, loc. cit. 


North American Histeroides. 53 


Habitat in excrementis et fungis putridis. 

Ater, nitidus. Caput impressione frontali emarginata. 
Thorax puncticulatus, stris inzqualibus, exteriore margini 
approximata, ante medium abbreviata, interiore integra, basi 
paulo incurvata. Elytra stris exaratis, profundé punictatis, 
quatuor primis dorsalibus integris, quinta medio valdé inter- 
rupta, parte anteriore breviore, suturali ante medium abbre- 
viata, marginali dislocato-interrupta, lateralibus duabus, exte- 
riore abbreviata. Prosternum apice punctatum, mesosternum 
anticé emarginatum, puncticulatum. Segmenta abdominis in- 
feriora punctata, primo levi. Pedes picei, tibiis anticis 4-den- 
ticulatis, dente inferiore trifido. 


* 14. H. sprerus. Tab. IIL. Fig. 1. 

Thorace margine postico punctato, striis subeequalibus, interstitio levi. 
LElytris striis tribus integris, quarta et suturali abbreviatis, quinta pené 
obsoleta, marginali dislocato-interrupta ; tibiis anticis 2 seu 3-dentatis. 

Habitat i in Georgia, in excrementis. 

Ater, nitidus. Caput. punctatum, impressione frontali sub- 
integerrima. Thorax margine postico presertim ad latera 
Punctato, striis marginalibus subzqualibus, subintegris, paral- 
lelis, interstitio levi, exteriore postice paulo breviore, margine 
approximata. Elytra fovea transversali utrinque ad apicem 
impressa, striis latis, punctatis, tribus primis dorsalibus inte- 
gris, æqualibus, quarta pone medium, vel ad medium abbre- 
Viata, anticé e punctis constituta, quinta pene obsoleta, ut 
plurimum e punctis paucis, suturali anticé ad medium abbre- 
Viata, marginali dislocato-interrupta, parte superiore 
impressa, antice abbreviata, inferiore pene obsoleta ut pluri 
mum e punctis constituta, lateralibus duabus. Prosternum 
Puncticulatum, mesosternum emarginatum, leve. Segmenta 
abdominis posteriora inferiora levia, lateribus punctatis. Pedes 
Picei, tibiis anticis 3-dentatis, dentibus obtusis. 

Pars dislocata strive marginalis interdum cessat. 


54 Le Conte's Monography of 


* 15. H. curratus. Tab. Ill. Fig. 2 


Thorace stris inequalibus. .Elyiris striis dorsalibus quatuor integris, 
marginali utrinque valdé abbreviata.  Tibüs anticis 3-dentatis, dente an- 


itat in Pennsylvania. Dom. Melsheimer benevole com- 
municavit. 

Ater, nitidus. - Caput pahchetum. impressione. frontali sub- 
rotunda, antice plana. Thorax striis ineequalibus, exteriore 
brevissima, postice valdė abbreviata, interiore integra. — Elytra 
striis quatuor primis dorsalibus integris, quinta et suturali 
antice abbreviatis, illa ad medium, hac vero ante medium, 
marginali brevi, utrinque valdé abbreviata, lateralibus duabus. - 
Prosternum punctatum ; mesosternum emarginatum, lave. Ab- 
dominis segmenta inferiora levia, lateribus punctatis. Pedes 
picei, £ibiis anticis 3-dentatis, dente anteriore emarginato. 


16. H. perurator. Tab. III. Fig. 3. 
© "Thorace stris intequalibus. Elytris stris tribus dorsalibus epi 
quarta et quinta obsoletis, marginali obsoleta. Tibiis anticis 3-dentatis. 
^ Hister depurator, Say, loc. cit. ; H. anthracinus, Dej. Cat. 

. Habitat ubique in fungis putridis, et excremento bovino. 
Ater, nitidus. Caput impressione frontali rotundata. Tho- 
rax stris inequalibus, exteriore margini approximata, medio 
posticè abbreviata, interiore integra; Elytra striis punctatis, 
tribus primis integris, tertia interdum ante medium ; 
abbreviata, quinta et suturali obsoletis, vel solum e punctis 
paucis constitutis, sepe tamen adsunt quinta et suturalis plus 
minus abbreviate, marginali obsoleta, e punctis in lineam 
dispositis constituta, sepe vero cessat; lateralibus tribus. 
istorum apice punctatum ; mesosternum vix emarginatum. 
enta abdominis inferiora, exceptis lateribus, levia. P Hi 
picei, tibiis anticis 3-dentatis, dente inferiore sspe 
Thoracis stri& interdum integre,zequales, et etiam 
postice abbreviate. Species admodum varians. 


bees eat Pe Ma rS dir 


North American Histeroides. 55 


$H. Thorace bistriatus, elytra stria marginali nulla. 


17. H. sirpeLAGraTUS. Tab. III. Fig.4 P 


Thorace striis equalibus. Elytris duabus ue magnis arcuatis ru- 
bris, striis tribus integris. Tidiis anticis bi-dentat 

Hister bi-plagiatus, Dej. Cat. H. bidratt; Lat. 

Habitat iñ provinciis australibus rarius. 

Ater, nitidus. Caput impressione frontali rotundata. Tho- 
rax striis integris, exteriore margini approximata, interiore 
remota. Elytra maculis duabus magnis rubris, striis tribus 
primis dorsalibus integris, quarta pone medium antice abbre- 
Viata, interdum obsoleta, quinta parva aut obsoleta, suturali 
ante medium anticé abbreviata, interdum vix conspicua, late- 
ralibus duabus. — Mesosternum anticé emarginatum. Segmenta 
abdominis inferiora, exceptis primo et ultimo, linea postica 
punctorum. Pedes nigri, tibiis anticis bi-dentatis, dentibus 
magnis. 

18. H. crvmis. Teb IH. Fig. 5. i 

Thorace striis inequalibus. Elytris striis solum tribus, integris. Taf 
anticis edentatis 

Hister cikis, Erichson, in Mus. Berolinensi. 

Habitat in Massachusetts et Pennsylvania a Dom. Melsheim- 
er et Zimmerman receptus. : 
Ater, nitidus. Caput impressione frontali rotundata. Tho- 
Tax striis inæqualibus, exteriore ante medium posticè abbre- 
viata, interiore integra, postice extrorsum tendente. Elytris 
stris solum tribus, integris, suturali nulla, humerali distincta, 

lateralibus duabus, superiore punctata. Sternum læve, meso- 
sternum anticè emarginatum. „Segmenta abdominis inferiora, 
exceptis lateribus, levia. Tibie antice ums: edentatze, paucis 
serraturis parvis superius instructs. 


56 Le Conte's Monography of 


19. H. mpistincrus. Tab. III. Fig. 6 


Thorace stris equalibus. Elytris striis quatuor dorsalibus integris. 
Tibiis anticis 3-dentatis. 

Hister indistinctus, Say, loc. cit. 

s in excrementis, a Dom. Zimmerman benevole 
missu E 
ped nitidus. Caput impressione frontali rotundata. Tho- 
rax striis equalibus, punctatis, exteriore margini approximata. 
Elytra strüs exaratis, profundé punctatis, quatuor primis dor- 
salibus integris, quinta et suturali valdé abbreviatis, interdum 
obsoletis, suturali vero semper evidentiore, lateralibus duabus, 
inferiore punctata. Prosternum punctatum, mesosternum antice 
leviter emarginatum, leve. Segmenta abdominis inferiora . 
posticé lineato-punctata, primo et ultimo levibus. Pedes 
picei, tibiis anticis 3-dentatis, dentibus obtusis, anteriore - 
emarginato. 


20. H. Americanus. Tab. III. Fig. 7. 
ace striis inequalibus. Elytris striis miden dorsalibus EM 
ta basi introrsum versa,  Tibiis anticis 3-den 

Hister Americanus, Paykull. 

Habitat in excrementis bovinis ubique. 

Ater, nitidus. Caput impressione frontali antice transverso- | 
deplanata. Thorax stris marginalibus inzequalibus, exteriore 
margini approximata, ante medium postice abbreviata, inter- 
dum obsoleta, interiore integra. Elytra apice rufo marginata 
striis impunctatis, dorsalibus omnibus integris, quinta ut pluri- 
mum basi introrsum flexa, suturali ut plurimum anticè paulo 
abbreviata, interdum cum quinta dorsali conjuncta, later 
tribus. Prosternum apice punctatum ; mesosternum non emat- 
ginatum. Segmenta abdominis inferiora levia, lateribus punc- 
tatis. Pedes picei; tibiis anticis 3-dentatis, dente anteriore 
emarginato. 

Stria quinta dorsalis interdum non arcuata, et stria exter 


VE CT SEES E IS ME ane EE TERR HET 


NU rp i gii" e ries 


North American Histeroides. 57 


* 21. H. pispar. Tab. III. Fig. 8. 


Thorace striis inequalibus, exteriore brevissima. Elytris striis dorsali- 
bus tribus, cum suturali integris. — Tibiis anticis 3-dentatis. 

Habitat in Georgia rarius. 

Niger, nitidus. Caput impressione frontali emarginata. 
Thorax stris ineequalibus, brevissimis exteriore margini ap- 
proximata, interiore integra. Elytra apice rufo submarginata, 
striis primis dorsalibus tribus, suturalique integris, quarta 
medio valdé interrupta, partibus serie punctorum connexis, 
quinta parva, utrinque abbreviata, interdum obsoleta. Pro- 
sternum apice punctatum ; mesosternum non emarginatum. Seg- 
menta abdominis inferiora levia, lateribus parcè punctatis. 
Pedes picei, tibiis anticis 3-dentatis, dentibus magnis obtusis. 


$ HL Thorax unistriatus, elytra stria marginali. 


22. H. sepecemstriatus. Tab. III. Fig. 9 


Thor orace stria subintegra. Elytris stris quatuor dorsalibus integris, — 
quinta et suturali anticé connexis, stria marginali gemina.  Tibis anticis — 
3-dentatis, el. 


Hur sedecem-striatus, Say, loc. cit. 

Habitat ubique in excrementis. 

Ater, nitidus. Caput impressione frontali rotundata. Tho- 
rax stria marginali subintegra. Elytra apice punctata, striis 
exaratis, profunde punctatis, quatuor primis dorsalibus inte- 
gris, quarta tamen antice paulo breviore, quinta et suturali - 
*equalibus, anticé paulo abbreviatis et arcuatim connexis, stria 
marginali gemina, exteriore integra, interiore abbreviata et 

cum humerali juncta, lateralibus duabus, integris. Proste 
apice et lateribus punctatum ; mesosternum non emarginatum. 
Segmenta abdominis inferiora lævia, et exceptis primo et 
ultimo linea postica punctorum, lateribus punctatis. Pedes 
Picei ; tibiis anticis 3-dentatis, dentibus obtusis, anteriore emar- 
ginato. 


58 Le Conte's Monography of 


* 93. H. cocNaTus. Tab. III. Fig. 10. 


Thorace lateribus punctatis, stria marginali posticé abbreviata. Elytris 
striis quatuor integris, ques et suturali anticé abbreviatis. Tibiis anticis 
5-dentatis 

Habitat Noveboraco. 

Ater, nitidus. Caput impressione frontali emarginata. 
Thorax lateribus punctatis, stria marginali postice paulo ab- 
breviata. Elytra stris quatuor dorsalibus integris, quarta 
tamen ceteris paulo breviore, quinta post medium, et suturali 
medio vel ante medium antice abbreviatis, marginali antice - 
pauló abbreviata, lateralibus duabus, interiore posticé abbre- 
viata. Prosternum punctatum ; mesosternum leve, emargina- 
tum, lateribus punctatis. -Abdominis segmenta inferiora, ex- d 
ceptis primo et ultimo (que levia) punctata. Tibiis anticis | 
5-dentatis. 

Stria dorsalis quarta interdum integra est, et cum suturali | 
arcuatim conjuncta; hzc conjunctio tamen et arcuatio ut | 
plurimum rüdimentales aut obliteratze sunt. | 


* 24. H. wmanRcmNICOLLIS. Tab. III. Fig. 1]. , 


Thorace punctieulato, stria exarata, integra. mar striis dorsalibus | 
tribus, marginalique integris. 7355s anticis 5-denta i 
ister marginicollis, Dej. Cat. | 
Habitat Noveboraco, in stercore bovino. " 
Ater, nitidus. Caput impressione frontali vinadee levis- 
simè emarginata. Thorax puncticulatus, punctis lateralibus | : 
majoribus, stria marginali exarata, integra, margini approxi- "3 
mata. Elytra stria marginali, tribusque primis d l 
integris, quarta et quinta ante medium, et suturali ad medium 
anticè abbreviatis; laterali unica. Prosternum apice puncta- — 
tum ; mesosternum non emarginatum. Segmenta abdominalia 
inferiora (exceptis primo et ultimo) punctata. Tibie antic® 
5-dentatze, dentibus validis, acutis. 
Stria quarta dorsalis, interdum integra. 


North American Histeroides. 59 


25. H. exaratus. Tab. III. Fig. 12. 


Thorace stria integra. Elytris striis tribus integris, reliquis anticé 
paulo abbreviatis, equalibus, quinta et suturali anticé subconnexis. Tibiis 


anticis 3-dentatis. 

Hister exaratus, Dej. Cat. 

Habitat in Georgia et Carolina: 

Niger, nitidus. Caput impressione frontali anticé transyer- 
so-deplanata. Thorax puncticulatus, stria marginali integra. 
Elytris striis tribus primis dorsalibus integris, reliquis cum 
suturali anticé pauld abbreviatis, æqualibus, quinta et sutu- 
rali anticé arcuatim subconnexis, tertia et quarta interdum 
eodem modo posticé junctis ; stria marginali anticé abbreviata, 
€ serie punctorum constituta; humerali levissima, vix con- 
spicua, lateralibus duabus, inferiore antice abbreviata. Pro- 
sternum apice punctatum ; mesosternum non emarginatum. 
Segmenta abdominis inferiora lateribus punctatis. Pedes 
picei ; tibiis anticis 3-dentatis, dente anteriore magno. 

_ Species hæcce optimé hanc familiam cum sequente con- 
jungit. 

. * H s 4 * 
SIV. Thorax unistriatus, elytra stria marginali nulla. 


26. H. sr-macunatus. Tab. IV. Fig. 1. 

: Thorace punetieulato, anticé bi-foveato, stria abbreviata. Elytris postice, 

diagonaliter rubris, striis dorsalibus integris. — Tibiis anticis 4-dentatis. 
ister bi-maculatus, Linné. H. obliquus, Say, loc. cit. 
H. erythopterus, Fabr. til 
itat in excrementis bovinis, in locis sabulosis. weed 
: Ater, nitidus, Caput punctatum, impressione frontali emar- 
ginata. Thorax puncticulatus, foveola subrotunda in angulo 
antico utrinque impressa ; stria marginali a margine remota, 
pone medium abbreviata. Elytra ab angulo feré exteriore 
anteriore, ad angulum interiorem posteriorem diagonaliter 
rubra ; striis omnibus dorsalibus integris, subeequalibus, scilicet 
quarta et quinta reliquis paulo brevioribus, suturali ad me- 
dium antic abbreviata, lateralibus duabus, antic? abbreviatis. 


60 Le Conte's Monography of 


Prosternum apice punctatum ; mesosternum non emargina- 
tum. Segmenta abdominis inferiora, exceptis primo et ultimo, 
punctata. Pedes picei, tibiis anticis 4-dentatis, dentibus ob- 
tusis: Coris anticis ferrugineis. 


$ V. Frons concavus. Thorax unistriatus aut estriatus. 
Prosternum bistriatum, elytra stria marginali nulla. 


91. H. susrorunnus. Tab. IV. Fig. 


Thorace punctato, stria marginali subintegra anticé non ambiente. 
Elytris striis dorsalibus integris, suturali abbreviata. Tis anticis crenato- 
6-dentatis. 


Hister subrotundus, Knoch, Say, loc. cit. Dendrophilus 
granarius, Dej. Cat. ; 

Habitat in stercore bovino. 

Piceus, nitidissimus. Caput punctatum, fronte concavo, 
marginato, impressione nulla; antennæ rufæ, clava picea. 
Thorax punctatus, magis vero lateribus, stria margini approxi- 
mata, ad angulum superius curvata et a margine recedente, 
anticè non ambiente. Elytra posticè angustata, utrinque ad 
"apicem extrorsum rufa, striis dorsalibus integris, suturali ante ; 
medium anticé abbreviata, humerali distincta ; lateralibus dua- 
bus, superiore post medium antice abbreviata, inferiore punc- 
tata. Mesosternum non emarginatum, sed obtusè acuminatum, 
posticè pauci-punctatum. Sr abdominalia inferiora, 
exceptis lateribus, lævia. Pedes rufi, tibiis anticis serrato 
6-dentatis. | 


Variat totus niger, et thorace nigro, elytris rufo-piceis. 


28. H. vernus. Tab. IV. Fig. 3. 
Thorace stria nulla. Elytris punctatis, striis quatuor pr intern 
quinta eum suturali abbreviata. Tibiis anticis serrato 6-dentatis. 
Hister vernus, Say, loc. cit.; Dendrophilus peliciriu, 
Dej. Cat. : 
Habitat i in excrementis, prxsertim in provinciis a 
iger, nitidissimus. Caput punctatum, fronte M 


North American Histeroides. 61 


ginato, concavo, impressione nulla ; antennis rufis, clava fusca. 
Thorax stria nulla, punctatus, magis vero lateribus. | Elytra 
posticé plus minus rufescentia, striis punctatis, quatuor primis 
dorsalibus integris, quinta et suturali anticé medio, vel paulo 
ante medium abbreviatis, humerali distincta, lateralibus dua- 
bus, superiore anticé post medium abbreviata, inferiore integra, 
punctata. Corpus subtus piceum punctulatum. Mesosternum 
non emarginatum, sed obtusé-subacuminatum. Abdominis 
segmenta inferiora lateribus punctata. Pedes picei; tibiis 
anticis serrato-6-dentatis. 


29. H. nanus. Tab. IV. Fig. 4. 


# 


Thorace stria marginali subintegra, anticé non ambiente. Elytris striis 
dorsalibus integris, quinta introrsum arcuata. Tibiis anticis serrato-den- 
tatis. 


Dendrophilus nanus, Dej. Cat. 
abitat ; 
Piceus, nitidus. Caput punctatum, fronte concavo, impres- 
sione nulla; antennis rufis. Thorax punctatus, magis vero 
lateribus, stria margini approximata, ad angulum superius 
curvata et a margine recedente, anticé non ambiente. Elytra 
utrinque ad apicem extrorsum rufa, striis dorsalibus integris, 
quinta basi introrsum arcuata cum suturali conjuncta, suturali 
ut plurimum integra, interdum vero basi paulo abbreviata: 
humerali distincta, lateralibus duabus, superiore post medium 
anticé abbreviata, inferiore integra. Sternum meu. 
Pedes rufi, tibiis anticis subtiliter serratis. 
pecimen nostrum imperfectum et mutilatum. Epierus sit; 
attamen partes quze restant, ad hoc genus religant. ! 


Genus EPIERUS. ERICHSON. 


Mandibule retractz, plan æ. 
“aville mala interiore intus, exteriore-ad apicem solum 


62 Le Conte's Monography of 


Palpi maxillares validi, articulis. primis tribus brevibus, 
quarto elongato-ovali, longo, acuminato. 

Palpi labiales articulo ultimo ovali, crasso. 

Labium apice sub-bi-emarginatum, dente obtuso subpor- 
recto. 

Labrum semicirculare. 

Antenne in frontis margine inserts, funiculi articulo 
primo elongato, obconico, ceteris multo minoribus, zequalibus, 
capitulo ovali compresso. 

Scrobiculi antennales profundi. 

Thorax margine postico rotundato, elytris arcté junctis. 

Prosternum subelevatum, bistriatum, apice truncatum. 

Mesosternum apice subemarginatum. | 

Tibia breves, anguste, anticæ compresse, extus serratie, d 
spinulose, intermedise serie exteriore spinarum, posticze unica 
spinula apicali, spinule terminales omnes subinzequales. : 

Tarsi graciles, articulis quatuor primis seta utrinque subtus - 
instructis, articulo primo secundo breviore. a 

bdomen segmentis duobus superioribus ultimis brevius : 
lis, penultimo subarcuato, oblique declivi, ultimo semicircular, | 
penultimo :equali, pene perpendiculari; segmento inferiori - 
primo latissimo, reliquis multo angustioribus. : 

orpus parvum, ovale, convexum ; capite et thorace esti r 
tis. Elytra striis sex. 

Species omnes hujus generis sub cortice arborum emortui- 
rum vitam degunt. 


l. E. wiGRELLUs. Tab. IV. Fig. 5. 
Punctatus, stris omnibus integris, punctatis, lateralibus tribus : nia 
anticis serratis 

Hister nigrellus, Say, loc. cit. ; Dendrophilus pini 
Dej. Cat. ; Foiea pulicarius, Erichson. 
Habitat ubique. a 
wes Bitidus, Caput punctatum, fronte convexo, impre 
1 antenne rufæ. Thorax punctatus. Elytra pi 


North American Histeroides. 63 


ticulata, striis omnibus integris, punctatis, humerali vix dis- 
tincta, lateralibus tribus exaratis et profunde punctatis. Ster- 
num et epipleure punctate, prosternum striis parallelis, meso- 
sternum leviter emarginatum. Segmenta abdominis superiora 
puncticulata, nitidissima, segmenta inferiora lateribus puncta- 
tis.. Pedes rufi; tibiis anticis subtiliter serratis. 


* 9. E. minor. Tab. IV. Fig. 6. 


Thorace punctato. ^ Elytris punctulatissimis, striis omnibus integris 
punctatis, lateralibus duabus. Tibiis anticis ciliatis. 

Habitat in provinciis australibus. 

Ater, picéus, vel etiam rufus. + Caput punctulatum, fronte 
convexo, impressione nulla, antenne rufee. Thorax puncta- 
tus. Elytra punctulatissima, striis omnibus integris, punctatis, 
humerali vix distincta, lateralibus duabus. Sternum parsque 
epipleurarum superior punctata, prosternum striis parallelis. 
Segmentum abdominis superius ultimum punctatum, segmenta 
inferiora lateribus punctata. Pedes rufi vel nigri, tibiis an- 
ticis crenato-ciliatis. 

A refert, sed duplo minor. 


Genus TRIBALUS.  Enicusow. 


Mandibule retracte, "—— interiore ciliato, dente parvo 
instructo, 
Maxille ambe intus barbate. 
alpi n: uon, articulis primis tribus brevibus, 
ultimo elon 
ium MU iot ae 
m semicirculare, apice subtruncatum. ; 
Antenne prope mandibularum basin insert, arcu vix 
MN primo, vix reliquis majore; ‘capitulo ovali, 
run 
iens antennales profundi. 
aa poses rotundatus, angulis posterioribus acutis. 


Subelevatum, latum, postice truncatum, lobo 
anteriore ore trilobo. | 


64 Le Conte's Monography of 


Pedes longi, recti. 

Tibia antice plane, subgraciles, extüs serrato-spinose, 
spine terminales minutissime, posticæ sub-compresse, serie 
exteriore spinarum parvarum sparsim instructe. 

Tarsi graciles, articulis quatuor primis subtus fasciculato- 
pilosis, posteriores articulo primo reliquis minore. 

bdomen segmento superiore penultimo angusto, plano, 
obliqué-declivi, ultimo majore, semicirculari, perpendiculari. 

Corpus parvum, breve, subquadratum, punctatum. Elytra 
striis rudimentalibus. 

Species unica in Georgia et Carolina invenitur, sub corte 
arborum emortuarum latens. 


* ]. T. Americanus. Tab. IV. Fig. 7. ! 


Punetatissimus ; elytris striis obliteratis ; lateralibus duabus, tibiis iner- 

mibus 

Hemiephesiona, niger, obscurus, punctatissimus, marginatus, | 
| 


oribus, paulo evidentioribus, suturale et marginali nt 
cosi duabus. Tibiis omnibus inermibus. 


Genus DENDROPHILUS, Leacn. 


Mandibule exsertze, breves, late. is 
Maxille mala exteriore apice solum, interiore intus bar 
Ba | 

Palpi maxillares articulo primo minuto, ultimo ae or 
lindrico, subacuminato. 

Palpi labiales breves, articulo primo minutissimo, vix : 
tincto, secundo subobconico, tertio ovato. 

Labrum brevissimum rotundatum. 

Labium breve, rotundatum, subemarginatum. 

~ Antenne articulo secundo majore, longiore, cæ 
quinque sequentibus crassiore, hi parvi, breves et aequales sth 
Octavo duplo latiore, capitulo arcté conjuncto, ita ut 


D 


North American Histeroides. . 65 


lum quadriarticulatum videtur. Capitulum compressum, ovale, 
truncatum. 

Scrobiculi antennales profundi. 

Thorac brevis, postice rotundatus, ip P posterioribus 
acutis, scutellum elongatum. 

doseternum subelevatum, posticé subrotundatum, hbo’ an- 
teriorė breviusculo. 

- Mesosternum latè et profundè emarginatum. 

Pedes breves. 

Tibic late, extus obtusè angulate, apice rotundate, spina 
brevissima exteriore instructe, spines terminales, preter unam 
quæ tibiis anticis inseritur, parvze, breves. 

Tarsi longiusculi, articulo primo longiore. 

Abdomen segmento superiore penultimo angustissimo, ulti- 
mo majusculo perpendiculariter declivi, inferiore primo latis- 
simo, reliquis angustis. 

"pus convexum, crassum, ovale. 
Sub cortice arborum emortuarum habitant. 


1. D. PuwcruLATUs. Tab. IV. Fig. 8. 


Punetatus, Elytris stris dorsalibus duabus primis subintegris, sube- 
qualibus, reliquis abbreviatis, suturali nulla. —T'büs anticis crenatis. 

Hister punctulatus, Mélsheimer, Say, loc. cit. 

Habitat in Pennsylvania rarius. 

Pi iceus, opacus, supra et subtus punctatissimus. Elytra 

i rufo-marginata, striis dorsalibus duabus primis subinte- 

gris, subsequalibus, tertia et quarta inzqualibus, ante medium 
Posticé abbreviatis, quinta valdé postice abbreviata, suturali 
nulla, marginali utrinque abbreviata, humerali vix neta, 
lateralibus duabus, superiore profunda. — Prosternum stris par- 

lis; mesosternum profunde emarginatum Tibiis antic 
a, apice obliqué truncatis. 


66 Le Conte's Monography of 


Genus PAROMALUS. Enricuson. 


Mandibule exserte. 

Antenne articulo secundo longiore, obconico, ceteris brevi- 
bus, :equalibus, capitulo ovali, compresso. 

Scrobiculi antennales lati. 

Thorax postice rotundatus, angulis posterioribus subobtusis, 
elytris vero arcte aptatis. 

Prosternum subelevatum, plus minus postice rotundatum, 
lobo anteriore subdeclinato. 

Tibie anteriores late, subarcuate, spina terminali unica, . 
valida, curvata, posteriores anguste, intermediæ margine ex- 
teriore spinosz, postice spina solitaria apicali. 

Tarsi articulis quatuor primis brevissimis, subcompressis, 
utrinque subtus seta instructis. i: 

Abdomen segmento superiore penultimo angusto, ultimo 
parvo, semicirculari, subfornicato, perpendiculariter declivi, 
inferioribus, primo excepto, angustis. 

Corpus parvum, plus minus depressum, vel planum. 


1. P. mquauis. Tab. IV. Fig. 9. 

Punetatus. Striis omnibus plus minus obsoletis. Tibiis anticis sub- 
4-dentatis. 

Hister equalis, Say, loc. cit. Paromalus complanatus vat; 
Erichson, loc. cit. 

Habitat ubique sub cortice arborum emortuarum. 

Oblongus, niger, nitidus, punctatus. Caput, fronte — 
Thorax tenuiter marginatus, margine anticé non ambiente. T 
Elytra stris dorsalibus ut plurimum duabus, prima utrinque 
abbreviata, interdum medio valdè interrupta, secunda basali 
obliqua, marginali utrinque abbreviata aut nulla, humerali 
distincta, lateralibus duabus integris. Sternum levi 
puncticulatum, prosternum striis parallelis ; mesosternum antioè 

atum. Fen picei, tibiis anticis sub-4-denta 
parvis, acuti 


North American Histeroides. 67° 


* 2. P. arrinis. Tab. IV. Fig. 10. 


Punetatus. Elytris striis dorsalibus, excepta prima, obsoletis. Tibiis 
anticis sub-quadridentatis. . 

Habitat sub cortice arborum emortuarum. Noveboraci 
rarissime. 

Oblongus, niger, nitidus, punctatus. Caput fronte plano. 
Thorax leviter marginatus, margine antic? non ambiente. 
Elytra stria dorsali prima exarata, antice abbreviata, reliquis 
rudimentalibus, basalibus, obliquis, humerali distincta, mar- 
ginali exarata, utrinque abbreviata, lateralibus duabus integris, 
superiore profundiore. Sternum ut in precedente ; prosternum 
stris anticé abbreviatis. Pedes picei, tibiis anticis sub-4-den- 
tatis, dentibus parvis, acutis. 


3. P. pisrRrATUs. Tab. IV. Fig. 11. 


Punctatus, Elytris striis obliteratis, duabus primis abbreviatis, suturali 
evidentiore.  Tijiis anticis dentato-crenatis. 

Paromalus bistriatus, Erichson, loc. cit. 

Habitat sub cortice arborum. 

Niger, ovalis, convexus, punctatus.. Antenne rufæ. Ely- 
fris stris obliteratis, prima dorsali rudimentali, brevissima, 
secunda posticè abbreviata, medio interrupta, versus basin 
reclinata, suturali evidentiore, utrinque abbreviata, marginali 
et humerali nullis, lateralibus duabus, superiore punctata, in- 
feriore leviter impressa, anticè abbreviata. Sternum — 

es rufi, tibiis anticis arcuatis dentato-crenatis. 


de Poran: Tabs Vi Doe 


Punetatus, Elytris stria unica, abbreviata, striis lateralibus integris. 
inis Segmento superiore ultimo levissimé puncticulato. 

P. seminulum, Erichson, loc. cit. SES 
labitat in Carolina, a Dom. Zimmerman benevole missus. 
Niger, nitidus, oblongo-ovalis, convexiusculus, punctatus. 

rufe, clava pallidiore. Elytra stria dorsali unica, 


'68 Le Conte's Monography of 


ante medium postice valdé abbreviata, satis profunde impressa, 
suturali levissima, vix conspicua, utrinque abbreviata, later- 
alibus duabus, integris. Sternum . <Abdominis 
segmentüm superius ultimum levissimé puncticulatum. Pedes 
picei, tibiis dentatis, anticis dilatatis. 


5 P. cowzuNcTUs. Tab. V. Fig. 1. 

Punetatus. .Elyíris striis dorsalibus quatuor integris, quarta cum sutu- 
rali areuatim connexa. Tibiis anticis serratis. 

Hister conjunctus, Say, loc. cit. ; Paromalus pumilio, Erich- 
son, loc. cit. ; Abreus RE, Dej. Cat. 

Habitat in excrementis, præsertim in provinciis australibus. 

Piceus, nitidus, ovalis, convexiusculus, supra et subtus 
punctatus. Caput fronte subconcavo, anticè linea incurva im- 
pressa, antennis rufis, clava obscura, palpis rufis. Thorat 
anticè utrinque impressus, punctatus, punctis lateralibus majo- 
ribus. Elytra posticè rufo-sub-marginata ; striis dorsalibus 
quatuor primis integris, quinta ante medium anticè abbreviata, 
interdum pene obsoleta, quarta cum suturali anticè arcuatin 
conjuncta ( junctura sepe series punctorum) ; marginali post 
medium anticé abbreviata, humerali leviter impressa, latera- 
libus duabus integris, profundiuseulis. — Prosternum striis pat- 
allelis, mesósternum anticé emarginatum. Pedes picei; tibiis 
pallidioribus, anticis serratis, apice paulo angustatis, intermediis 
subcrenatis, posticis arcuatis. i 

Facie et moribus à ceteris differt; an genus revera dis- 
tinctum ? : : 


TURMA TERTIA. 
Caput retractile, fronte anticé abrupte contracta. 
Mazille prope labium inserts. 
Prosternum simplex, hoc est sine lobo anteriore. 
Genus SAPRINUS. Heia: 
ndibule exsertz, breves. 


North American Histeroides. 69 


` Palpi maxillares validiusculi, articulo primo minimo, se- 
cundo obconico, tertio subcylindrico, ultimo éylindrico, duas 
precedentes quante. 

Palpi labiales articulo secundo obconico, tertio longiore, 
oblongo-ovali, apice truncato. 

Labrum breve, in quibusdam emarginatum, in aliis integer- 
rimum. 

Labium parvum, subquadratum, anticé emarginatum. 

Antenne sub frontis margine insert», articulo. secundo 
Majusculo, ceteris minutis, zequalibus, capitulo subgloboso. 

Scrobiculi antennales in prosterni lateribus siti. 

Thorax postice bi-emarginatus, angulis posticis acutis. 

Prosternum elevatum, extans, compressum, striatum. 

Mesosternum antice non emarginatum. 

Pedes ut plurimum longi, validi. 

Tibic anteriores latee, compress, extus, aut dentate, dente 
singulo spina instructo, aut integro margine exteriore spinoso ; 
posteriores compresse, extus serie densa, longa spinarum, 
aliaque ad medium superficiei extern ciliate, inehnee, spinæ 
terminales tibiarum omnium parvæ. 

arsi compressi, articulis quatuor primis subæqualibus, 
extus et subtus seta apicali, intus vero serie setarum in- 
Structis, 

Abdomen segmento superiore penultimo angusto, declivi, 
ultimo mägno, SKIT PENI. inferioribus, excepto 
primo, angustis. = 

orpus crassum, ovale aut rotundatum, plus minu 
tatum. 

Elytra stata; striis.dorsalibus obliquis, suturali si 
tegra, eum dorsali quarta semper arcuatim Lape: stria int 
semper deest, 

Habitant ut plurimum in cadaveribus. - 

In sectiones tres hoe genus dividitur. 

SL Striis lateralibus tribus. pU : 

$ IL. Strits lateralibus duabus, shi lateraliter margina- 

; impressione frontali nulla. 


+ 


70 Le Conte’s Monography of 


§ III. Striis lateralibus duabus, frons lateraliter marginatus, 
linea elevata transversa, impressioneque frontali rotundata, re- 
curva. 


a 
A 


$ 1. Striis lateralibus tribus. 


1. S. rorunpatus. Tab. V. Fig. 2 


Piceus, Gon punctatus. Elytris striis dorsalibus et süturali posticé 
abbreviatis. Třibiis anticis crenatis. 

Hister rotundatus, Fabr., Syst. El. ; Dendrophilus rotunda- 
tus, Dej. Cat. 

Habitat in Pennsylvania, in museo Dom. Harris. 

Niger, piceus, nitidus, totus supra et subtus punctatus. 
Caput impressione frontali nulla. Thorax anticè non im- 
pressus. — Elytra margine apicali rufescenti, striis omnibus 
dorsalibus subzequalibus, poné medium, suturali veró ante me- 
dium postice abbreviatis, humerali distincta, cum prima dor- 
sali parallela, marginali anticé abbreviata. Pedes rufo-picel, 
tibiis anticis crenatis. 


* 9. S. mrerrectus. Tab. V. Fig. 3. 


Fronte impressa : thorace disco, elytrisque anticà impunctatis ; stria su- 
turali utrinque abbreviata. Tidiis anticis crenato-dentatis. 
Habitat in Pennsylvania. Mus. Dom. Melsheimer. 
Niger, , nitidus. Caput punctatum, fronte marginato, palpis 
ennis a i Thorax anticè impressus, 
C levi, lateribus latè, margine postico anguste punctatis. 
Elytra medio posticé punctatissima, striis punctatis dorsalibus - 
omnibus posticé abbreviatis, tertia breviore, quarta anticé in- - 
"trorsum arcuato, cum suturali utrinque abbreviata, non com 
juncta ; spatio inter stram primam et secundam 
parvis obliquis plus minus sculpto, humerali distincta, margin- | 
alibus duabus, ambabus cum humerali conjunctis, postice - 
P x se superiore vero brevissimo. Epipleure punctat®, à 
stris lateralibus tribus, superiore postice abbreviata, internt, 


North American | Histeroides. 71 


dia integra, inferiore levissima. Segmenta abdominis infe- 
riora lateribus et posticé punctata. Pedes rufo-picei, tibiis 
anticis crenato-dentatis. 


$ IL ‘“Striis lateralibus duabus, frons lateraliter margin- 
atus, impressione frontali nulla. 


9. S. nvceus. Tab. V. Fig. 4. 


Ater : thoracis lateribus, margineque postico, et elytris, macula suturali 
magna, basali excepta, punctatis. Striis dorsalibus omnibus posticé, sutu- 
rali verd anticé abbreviatis; tibiis anticis crenatis. 

Saprinus lugens, Erichson, loc. cit. 

Habitat in territorio Oregonensi. Mus. Dom. Harris. 

Ater. Caput punctatum. Thorax anticé et posticé utrin- 
que impressus, disco levi, nitido, lateribus laté ac dense, 
margine anteriore et posteriore verd subtiliter, punctatis. 
Elytra punctatissima, punctis plus minus confluentibus, rugas 
simulantibus, presertim versus apicem, humeris maculaque 
suturali magna, basali oblonga et rectangulari levissimis, niti- 
dis; striis omnibus dorsalibus postice abbreviatis, sensim bre- 
Vioribus, suturali antice abbreviata, humerali distincta, cum 
Prima dorsali parallela, marginali utrinque abbreviata, cum 

umerali conjuncta, lateraliüm interstitio punctato, stria brevi 
Posticé abbreviata inter striam lateralem et marginalem. Pros- 
ternum punctatum, versus apicem foveatum, striis anticé et 
posticé divergentibus ; mesosternum punctatum. Abdomen 
tus, Punctatum, segmenta duo ultima linea obliqua; ek 
utrinque. Pedes anteriores punctis paucis, sparsis ; 
CIS Crenatis, | 


4. S. rENNsyLvaNicus. Tab. V. Fig. 5. s" 
eo-nigrieans : thorace anticé, discoque; et elytris extrorsum anti- 
ceque impunetatis. Tibiis anticis crenat is. ” 


ee 


72 Le Conte’s Monography of 


utrinque subimpressus, lateribus latè, posticé vero angusté 
punctatus, anticé, discoque lævissimus. Elytra antice ad 
medium, limboque toto impunétata, postice ab apice striz dor- 
salis secundæ ad suturam punctatissima, striis punctatis, 
quatuor dorsalibus medio postice abbreviatis, tertia vero pauló 
breviore, suturali integra, marginali valdé abbreviata, hume- 
rali satis distincta. Sternum leve, prosternum striis incurvis 
antice et postice divergentibus. Segmenta abdominis inferiora 
lateribus et postice punctatis. Tibie antice crenato-dentate, 
dentibus quatuor anterioribus majoribus. 

Variat viridior, et viridi-zeneus: thorace ad colorem aureum 
tendente, interdum etiam ceruleo-eneus est. 


5. S. assmuLis. Tab. V. Fig. 6. 


Ater : thoracis lateribus aee elytris extrorsum, eos pune- 


tatis, stria prima dorsali sub-int tibiis anticis crenulat 
Hister assimilis, Paykull, one cit. 
Habitat cum priore. 


Ater, nitidus. Caput punctatum. Thorax anticè utrinque 
s, disco postico levi, lateribus laté, et margine 

antico punctatissimis, margineque postico linea punctorum. 
Elytra posticè punctata, humeri et latera sæpius impunctata 
vel punctis paucis sparsis, stria prima dorsali versus apicem 
paulo, secunda pone medium, tertia et quarta sequalibus, me- 
dio posticé abbreviatis, suturali integra, marginali utrinque 
abbreviata, humerali cum prima dorsali parallela. Sternum 
læve ternum. stris divergentibus. Abdomen leve, linea 
punctorum in singulum segmentum. Pedes picei, tibiis anti- 
cis cconmiaths dis 


pcs 6. S. conrormis. Tab. V. Fig. 7. 
*. ig. 
Thorace pünctatissimo, macula poné disci medium ndis decas pt 
kto punetatis. Tibiis anticis crenatis, anticè 4-denta: 
Hister conformis, Dej. Cat. i i 
, Habitat cum pori à 
er, nitidus. Caput punctatum. Thoraa antice ice ad la 


é North American Histeroides. 78 


tera non impressus, crebre punctatus, macula basali oblonga, 
impunctata, margine postico angusté punctato. Elytra pos- 
tice medio, juxta suturam punctatissima, humeris punctatis, 
lateribus Supra levibus, subtus punctatis, stria. dorsali prima 
vix punctata, posticé paulo abbreviata, reliquis majus abbrevia- 
tis, sensim brevioribus, suturali integra, marginali anticé ab- 
breviata, humerali distincta, cum prima dorsali subparallela. 
Sternum leve, prosternum striis divergentibus. Pedes rufo- 
picei, tibiis anticis crenatis, antice 4-dentatis. 


* 7. S. e1cgus. ‘Tab. V. Fig. 8. à 


Nigro-piceus. Thorace anticé, lateribusque punctato, medio posticé 
levissimo. Elytris punctatis, macula magna basali propé suturam levi. 
Tibits anticis crenatis. z d 

Habitat ad oras maris rarissime. 

Nigro-piceus, nitidus. Caput punctatum. Thorax antice 
utrinque impressus, margine antico lato, lateribus, margine- 
que postico angusto, punctatis, disco postico parvo, levi. 
Elytra punctata, macula magna basali a stria tertia ad sutu- 
ram impunctata, stris omnibus dorsalibus postice abbreviatis, - 
sensim, a prima brevioribus, suturali integra, marginali antice 
abbreviata, humerali . distincta. Prosternum stris parallelis. 
Segmenta abdominis inferiora, excepto ultimo, punctata. Pedes 
rufo-picei, tibiis anticis crenatis. 


* 8. S. uiwvTUs. .Tab. V. Fig. 9. 


_ Tho race disco levi, lateribus laté, margineque postico angu 
tis, I Tibiis anticis 5-dentatis. d 
labitat in excrementis bovinis. 


lateribus laté, margineque postico anguste puncta i k -Ely 


Posticè oblique introrsum punctata, antice et in limbum later- 


alem levissima ; striis dorsalibus tribus. primis subsequalibus, 
Poné medium abbreviati i dé gi uarta ante 
: 'eviatis, prima pa ongiore, q 


1 abbreviata, suturali postice, abbreviata, marginali 


d 


74 Le Conte’s Monography of * 


brevi, utrinque abbreviata, humerali distincta. Prosternum 
striis divergentibus. Segmenta abdominis inferiora, excepto 
primo (quod anticé punctatum) levia. Tibits anticis 5-den- 
tatis. * 


* 9. S. mpressus. Tab. V. Fig. 10. 


Thorace anticé utrinque grande et profundà impresso, disco levi, mar- 
ginibus vett Elytris posticé et lateribus punctatis.  Tibiis anticis 
dentato-spin 

Habitat i in Georgia, rarius. 

Ater, nitidus. Caput punctatum. Thorax anticé utrinque 
grandè et profunde impressus, disco levi, margine antico et 
laterali latè, postico autem angusté punctatis. Elytra antice 
ad medium latè impunctata, postice et lateribus punctata, 
striis dorsalibus omnibus postice abbreviatis, quarta veró paulo 
breviore, suturali integra, marginali anticé abbreviata, cum 
humerali conjuncta. Prosternum linea punctorum per me- 
dium, stris parallelis anticé divergentibus; mesosternum 
punctatum. Segmenta abdominis inferiora punctata. Pedes 
picei, tibiis anticis dentato-spinosis. 


* 10. S. neLETUs. Tab. V. Fig. 11. 


Totus punctatus. Thorace wquali. Elytris vix. macula impunctata ad 
basin, stria suturali fere obliterata, brevissima ; tibiis anticis 4-dentatis. 
Habitat in Georgia. 

Ater, nitidus, totus punctatus. Thorax æqualis, hoc est, 
impressus, plus quam in ceteris arcuatus. Elytra vik 
a impunctata ad basin, stria. dorsali prima integra, re- 
liquis postice abbreviatis, subzequalibus, suturali feré obliterata, 
- brevissima, ad basin elytrorum, ubi cum- quarta dorsali arcua- - 
* tim sub-connectitur, Humerali cum prima dorsali parallela, 
marginali - vix conspicua, utrinque abbreviata. Prosternum | 
Strüs parallelis anticé convergentibus. Pedes picei, — 
anticis 4-dentatis. | 


E North American Histeroides. 75 


* 11. S. Onrconensis. Tab. V. Fig. 12. 


Ater. Fronte marginato. Thoracis lateribus margineque antico et 
postico. punctatis. lytris posticé introrsum punctatis. Tidiis anticis 
crenat 

Habitat in territorio Oregonensi, Mus. Dom. Harris. 

Ater, nitidus. Caput punctatum, fronte marginato, im- 
pressione recti-transversa. Thorax anticè utrinque impressus, 
lateribus laté, margine vero antico et postico anguste puncta- 
` tis, disco levi. Elytra postice introrsum arezeque dimidium 
inferius inter striam primam et tertiam interjacens, punctata, 
dimidium superius limbusque tótus suturalis impunctata, levia, 
stris dorsalibus subequalibus, ad medium posticé abbreviatis, 
suturali integra, marginali posticé abbreviata, cum humerali 
conjuncta ; interstitio et spatio inter strias laterales et mar- 
ginem elytrorum superiorem punctatis, stria brevis postice 
valde abbreviata inter lateralem et dorsalem primam, que ad 
basin cum illa juncta est. Abdomen et corpus totum subtus 
punctatum. Prosternum stris parallelis, antice et postice 
Paulo divergentibus. — Tibiis anticis crenato 6-dentatis. 


$ I. Striis lateralibus duabus, frons lateraliter margina- 
tus, linea elevata transversa, impressioneque frontali ro- 
tundata, recurva. 


12. S. pnaprarirennis. Tab, VI. Fig. 1. 
Elytris postieà diagonaliter rubris, striis dorsalibus omnibus í 
breviatis, Tibiis anticis 5-dentatis, CT 
Hister dimidiatipennis, Dej. Cat. ; and Le Conte, Annals of 
Lyceum Nat. Hist. N. Y., Vol. I. ees 
— Habitat in cadaveribus piscium, presertim ad oras maris. _ 
Ater, nitidus. Thorax lævis, linea basali punctorum. El 
‘ra, margine angusto extante, posticé punctata et diagonaliter 
rubra, striis dorsalibus sequalibus, paulo poné medium abbre- 
Viatis, suturali integra, marginali be ideam cum hu- 
merali juneta; Prosternum leve, compressum, acuté carina- 


* 
Li 


16 Le Conte's Monography of * 


tum, medio incurvum, striis convergentibus confluentibus, basi 
solum distinctis. Segmenta abdominis inferiora, exceptis lateri- 
bus, levia, omnia excepto ultimo linea postica punctorum. 
Tibie antice 5-dentate, dentibus tribus anterioribus magnis, 
obtusis. 


13. S. pranwaTus. Tab. VI. Fig. 1. 

Nigro-eneus. Thorace levissimo. Elytris posticé medio punctatis. 
Tiðiis anticis 5-dentatis 

H. palmatus, Say, loc. cit. 

Habitat cum priore, cum quo in forma et sculptura exact? | 
quadret. 

Nigro-zneus, nitidissimus. Thorax levissimus, ordi 
impunctatus, excepto margine postico angustissima. Elytra 
medio postice, et introrsum juxta suturam punctata, lateribus 
impunctatis, striis dorsalibus subzequalibus, ad medium postice 
abbreviatis, suturali integra, marginali utrinque valdé abbre- 
viata, humerali antice. cum prima dorsali parallela. — Proster- 
num striis basalibus abbreviatis convergentibus. Abdomen ut 
in preecedente. Pedes picei, tibiis anticis 5-dentatis, dentibus 
. tribus magnis exstantibus. | 


14. S. rATRUELISs. Tab. VI. Fig. 2. 


Viridi-zeneo-nigricans. Thorace levissimo, area parva unir et mar 
gine postico punctatis. Elytris medio posticé  punetatis. Tibus 
5- denm. 


H. patruelis, Dej. Cat. 
Habitat cum priore. i 
Viridi-æneo-nigricans. Thorax lævissimus, anticè tii. 
que area parva subrotunda impressa, cum margine angusto 
postico punctata. Elytris medio et introrsum juxta suturam, - 
punctatis, lateribus impunctatis, striis dorsalibus opal 


* 


prope medium posticé abbreviatis, prima "punctata; sut 
integra, marginali anticé abbreviata, humerali cum prima dor- 
sali. parallela. Prosternum stris parallelis, approximatis, $ , 


© North American Histeroides. Tt 


basin divergentibus. Abdomen ut in preecedentibus. Pedes 
picei; tibiis anticis 5-dentatis, dentia duobus anterioribus 
magnis, 

Unam vidimus stria prima dorsali impunctata. 


:* 15. S. picENER. Tab. VI. Fig. 3. 


Thorace lateribus punctato-su ibrug sis, disco parvo, levi. Elytris posticé 
punctatis,  Tibiis anticis 4-dentato- crenatis. 

Habitat in cadaveribus piscium ad oras maris. 

Ater, nitidus, Caput impressione semicirculari, sæpè obso- 
eta. Thorax disco parvo, levi, lateribus punctato-subrugosis, 
sive gross? apiculatis. Elytra postice diagonaliter punctata, 
stria prima dorsali integra, versus apicem undulata, subflex- 
uosa, exteris sequalibus, pone medium abbreviata, suturali 
integra, humerali cum marginali utrinque abbreviata, con- 
juncta. Prosternum striis parallelis, approximatis, basi diver- 
gentibus. Abdomen levi. Pedes picei, tibiis anticis dentato- 
crenatis, dentibus quatuor, obtusis. 


16. S. rrarernus. Tab. VI. Fig. 4. 


Opaeus, aciculatus; zhorace macula poné disci medium, elytrisque 
altera. p pere Media nitidis ; stria dorsali prima integra. — bis 
anticis 5-dentat 


Hister teria: Say, loc. cit. ; H. aciculatus, Dej. Cat. 

Habitat in cadaveribus piscium ad maris oras. 

Supra nigro-cuprascens, opacus, aciculatus, subtus niger. 
Caput rugulosum. Thorax limbo antico et laterali latè, pos- 
tico anguste punctato, macula ovali pone disci medium, lævis- 
sima, nitidissima. Elytra macula subscutellari, humeris I q e 

Vissimis nitidis : stria prima dorsali integra, posticè undula 
Ceteris subeequalibus, ad medium abbreviatis, satu ete, 
marginali antic abbreviata, cum humerali conjuncta. Pro- 
sternum striis approximatis, basi divergentibus. Segmenta ab- 

inferiora lateribus punctata. Pedes picei, tibiis anticis 
5-dentatis, interdum obtus® crenatis. Saprini hujus species 
nigri, , Inesosternum habent punctatum. 


18 Le Conte's Monography of E 


17. S. semxmorpEs. Tab. VI. Fig. 5. 


Cuprascens, nitidus. Thorace aciculato, macula pone medium levis- 
sima. .Elytris levissimis, posticé medio punctatis. Tibiis anticis 5-den- 


Hide spheroides, Dej. Cat. 

Habitat cum priore. 

Cuprascens, nitidus. Caputleve. Thorax aciculatus, mar- 
gine postico punctato, macula pone disci medium levissima. 
Elytra levissima, postice medio punctata, stria dorsali prima 
integra, postice subundulata ; reliquis posticé abbreviatis, sen- 
sim brevioribus, suturali integra, marginali anticé abbreviata, 
cum humerali conjuncta. Prosternum striis parallelis approx- 
imatis, basi divergentibus. Pedes picei, tibiis anticis 5-den- 
tatis. 

Genus TERETRIUS. Enicuson. 


Mandibule retracte, late, breves, supra armatz, intus ad 
basin ciliatæ, denticulo parvo api 

Mazille intus barbatz. 

Palpi maxillares, breves, crassi, articulo ultimo longiusculo, 
acuminato. 

Palpi labiales articulo secundo longiusculo, obconico, ultimo 
brevi, ov 

Labium pico laciniis brevibus, rotundatis, emar- 
ginationem lævem formantibus. 

Antenne in frontis excavationem parvum lateralem insert®, 
pedunculus extus obtusangulariter dilatatus, funiculus articulo 
primo, ceteris parvis, æqualibus, arcté adpressis, duplo majore; - 
capitulo ovali, subcompresso. 

Scrobiculi antennales subrotundi, in medio thoracis siti. 

Thorax latus, posticé vix bi-emarginatus. 

Prosternum subelevatum, latum, el on a rotunda- 
tum, posticè emarginatum. i 

Mesosternum anticè obtusè acuminatum. 

Scutellum minimum. 

Pedes validi, tibiæ late-compressæ, anteriores margine or 


^ North American Histeroides. 79 


teriore dentate, posticee dentibus duabus apicalibus, spine 
terminales omnium in:equales. 
Tarsi graciles, articulis duobus primis brevibus, ultimo longo. 
Abdomen segmento superiore penultimo brevi, obliqué de- 
vexo, ultimo magno, semicirculari, perpendiculariter declivi, 
inferiore primo lato, reliquis, excepto ultimo, minimis. 


l. T. sicreks. Tab. VI. Fig. 6. 


Punctatus ; elytris estriatis, stria laterali nulla: tibiis anticis 5-dentatis. 

Hister picipes, Fabr. Sys. El.; Paykull, loc. cit. Teretrius 
picipes, Erichson, loc. cit. ; Platysoma picipes, Dej. Cat. 

Habitat: in Pennsylvania sub cortice arborum rarissime, a 
Dom. Melsheimer benevolé communicatus. 

Niger, nitidus, cylindricus, punctatus. Caput magnum. 
Thorax anticé declivis, margine laterali subsinuato. — Elytris 
estriatis, stria laterali nulla. Pedes rufo-picei; tibiis anticis 

entatis, posticis edentatis. 


Genus PLEGADERUS. Enricuson. 


Mandibule retracte. 
_ Antenne in ipso frontis margine, prope oculi marginem 
Interiorem insertze, articulo primo subgloboso, ceteris brevissi- 
mis, equalibus, arcté.applicatis, paulo majore; capitulo ovali, 
subcompresso. 

Scrobiculi antennales subrotundi, propé prosternum siti. 

Prosternum striatum, latissimum, subelevatum, anticé et. 
Postice truncatum, sulco interrupto, transverso, profundo, 

Pedes breviusculi, graciles. 

5i mediocres, graciles. ; 

Abdomen segmento superiore penultimo angusto, obliquo, 
ultimo semicirculari, perpendiculariter declivi, segmento infe- 
nore primo latiusculo, reliquis minoribus, angustioribus. 

Corpus minutum, breve, depressum, subquadratum, thorax 
striatus, elytra estriata. | 

Sub cortice arborum emortuarum inveniuntur. 


* 


80 - Le Conte's Monography of 


1. P. rnawsvensus. "Tab. VI. Fig. 7. 


ce posticé non marginato, suleo utrinque laterali, alteroque me- 
diali so ceti tibus inermibus 

Hister transversus, Say ; (eri casum. 

Habitat ubique. 

Europe valdé refert, sed thorax postice non marginatus, 
corpus pauló convexius, punctaque elytralia majus confluentia. 
Niger, punctatus, punctis acuductis, confluentibus. Man- 
dibule et antenne rufz. Thorax posticé non marginatus, 
sulco utrinque laterali, disco convexo, in duas partes inæ- 
quales, sulco transverso per medium impresso, diviso. Corpus 
subtus sparse punctatum, stris lateralibus duabus. Proster- 
num medio protuberans, utrinque sulco lato, profundo : meso- 
sternum non emarginatum, sulco longitudinali per medium 
impresso. Pedes picei, tibiis inermibus. 

Differt insuper a P. cæso, thorace minus convexo, posticé 
non depresso, linea transversa minus profunde i impressa, punc 
tis oblongis non rotundis. Elytrorum puncta confluentiora sunt 
precipue ad basin; cum in P. ceso hsc ad latera prope 
apicem confluunt. 


9. P. pusmivs? Tab. VL Fig. 8. 


-—— posticó non marginato, suleo utrinque laterali: zibiis inet 


mib 

Hister pusillus, Payk. loc. cit. 

Habitat in Carolina, a Dom. Zimmerman benevole datus. 

Piceus, supra grosse punctatus, punctis non confluentibus. 
Mandibule et antenne rufz. Thorax postice non margina- 
tus, sulco utrinque laterali, disco convexo, æquali. Corpus 
subtus sparse punctatum, stris lateralibus duabus.  Proster 
mum medio protuberans, utrinque sulco lato. Pedes mío ien 
tibiis inermibus. 


Genus ONTHOPHILUS. Lraou. r 
. Mandibule retractæ, breves, margini interiore ciliato. _ 
Mazille intus barbatze, mala exteriore solum ad apice! D. 


North American Histeroides. | 81 


+ 

Palpi maxillares porrecti, articulo primo parvo, obconico, 
secundo longiusculo, apice subincrassato, tertio brevi, quarto 
fusiformi. ; 

Palpi labiales parvi, articulo primo angusto, porrecto, se- 
cundo brevi, tertio angustiusculo, ovali. 

Labium latissimum, breve, anticé vix emarginatum. 

Frons subconcavus. 

Antenne ante oculos insert, pedunculo breviusculo, com- 
presso, articulo secundo obconico, tertio gracili, precedenti 
subeequali, ceteris brevioribus, minus solito arcté aptatis, capi- 
tulo ovali, subcompresso. 

crobiculi antennales angusti, profundi, ad marginem tho- 
racis anteriorem siti. 

Thorax et elytra, lineis elevatis insculptis. 

Prosternum latum, anticé truncatum, et paulo prolatum, 
posticé leviter emarginatum. 

Pedes elongati, graciles; tibiis omnibus inermibus, spinis 
terminalibus parvis, brevibus. 

domen, segmento superiore penultimo lato, feré perpen- 
diculari, ultimo ovali, supra subtruncato, prope abdominis 
planitiem sito, quo segmenta inferiora, excepto primo, arcte 
comprimuntur, et angustissima evadunt. 
; Insecta parva in excrementis, sicut nomen indicat, habitan- 
ta, et facile ab omnibus aliis Histeroidis, thoracis et elytrorum 
lineis elevatis distinguenda. 


* ]. O. PLURICOSTATUS. 

Thorace lineis sex elevatis, prima anticé, tertia posticà paulo abbreviatis. 
Elytris costis 14 elevatis. abs 

~ 13. Larg. 14. 25 eS 

Habitat in Georgia, rarissime, e Dom. Ludovico Le Conte 
receptus. 

Niger, opacus. Caput punctatum, margine elevato, angulo 
prope oculos porrecto, fronte tuberculo oblongo, centrali, 
antennis piceis, clava fusca. Thorax punctatus, margine ex- 
stante, subrecurva, lineis elevatis sex, prima antice abbreviata, 

VOL. v, 6 . 


82 Le Conte's Monography of 


secunda subsinuata, integra, tertia postice abbreviata, omnibus 
anticé convergentibus. Elytris costis quatuordecem elevatis, 
integris, alternis paulo humilioribus, interstitiis striatis, punctis 
simplici serie, quz striis interrumpunt, interjectis. Segmenta 
abdominis superiora grosse. punctata, penultimum lineis tribus 
longitudinalibus elevatis; ultimum obovatum, linea elevata 
per medium; inferiora angusta, punctata, primo latiore, serie 
antica punctorum insignium, profundiorum. 

Differentiz inter hujus generis species iconibus, nisi im- 
maniter ampliatis, exprimi non possunt: quare, unum solum 
delineare visum est. Icon O. alternati, forme et aspectus 
omnium notitiam recté praebet. 


9. O. anrERNATUS. Tab. VI. Fig. 9. 


Thorace lineis sex elevatis, prima anticé abbreviata, ezteris integris. 

Elytris costis octo elevatis, costulisque intermediis. 
ong. lin. 1i. Laig: 1. 

Hister alternatus, Say, loc. cit. 

- Habitat a — ad Carolinam rarius, e Dom. Zim- 
merman receptus. 

Niger, opacus. Caput sicut in priore. Thorax punctatus, 
margine exstante, subincurvo, lateribus profunde excavatis, 
lineis elevatis sex, prima anticé abbreviata, secunda et tertia 
integris, anticé convergentibus. Elytra costis octo elevatis, 
integris, interstitiis striatis costulisque tribus intermediis, qe 
utrinque linea elevata, nitida terminantur, que linea serie 
punctorum interrumpitur: costula prima basi eminentiore. 
Sternum et latera, sicut in priore, grossé punctata. Segmenta 
abdominis superiora grossé punctata, penultimum ut in priore 
ultimum antice utrinque profunde impressum, impressionibus 
rotundis, margine postico elevato, sinum formante, a cujus 
apice linea elevata per segmenti medium producitur. Abdo- 
men ut in precedente. 


North American Histeroides. 83 


* 3, 0O. nopatTus. 


Thorace lineis sex elevatis, prima anticé abbreviata, secunda integra, 

tertia posticé paulo abbreviata. Elytris costis octo elevatis, . 
ong. lin. 13. Larg. 13. 

Habitat in Georgia ad montes, a Dom. Ludovico Le Conte 
benevolé missus. 

Niger, opacus. Caput omnino ut in prioribus. Thorax 
punctatus, margine exstante, subrecurvo, lateribus profundé 
excavatis, lineis elevatis sex, prima antice abbreviata, secunda | 
sinuata, tertia paulo posticé abbreviata. Elytra costis octo 
elevatis, alteraque brevi basali, inter secundam et tertiam, in- 
terstitia tribus lineis. elevatis, quarum intermedia simplici, 
lateralibus serie nodorum interruptis. .dbdomen, corpus, po- 
dexque ut in O. alternato. 


J GENUS ABRAUS. Lracn. 


Mandibule retractz. 

Antenne in sulcis minutis, acute marginatis, inter oculos 
insert, ad marginem horum sulcorum interiorem ; frons in 
angulum parvum elevatur. Pedunculus breviusculus, validus : 
funieulus articulo secundo, pro ratione longiusculo, ceteris 
brevissimis arcté aptatis, vix versus apicem increscentibus, 
capitulo ovali-compresso. 

Scrobiculi antennales magni, subrotundi, ante medium 
thoracis, haud procul a margine laterali siti. 

Prosternum latam, paulo prolatum, antice recté truncatum. 

Scutellum nullum 

Pedes breves et come. 

Tibie anteriores latiusculze, postice leviter curvate. 

Tarsi LN | 


£x 


Abdomen segmento superiore ensuite obliquè po 
ultimo atia ptio ad planitiem abdominis perpendicu- 
lariter deve exo; segmentis inferioribus, excepto primo, an- 
Seti. 

- Corpus minutum, subrotundatum, supra punctatum. 

Habitant hæc insecta sub cortice arborum emortuarum. 


84 Le Conte's Monography of 


1. A. AcicULATUS. Tab. VI. Fig. 10. 


* Acieulatus. Thorace anticé vix emarginato. Elytris stria basali 
obliqua. 

Habitat in Georgia et Carolina. 

Piceo-niger, nitidus, ovalis, convexus, aciculatus. Antenne 
rufe, clava flavescente. Thorax antice vix emarginatus. 
Elytra distinctius articulata, stria basali obliqua, postice ab- | 
breviata ; lateralibus duabus, inferiora indistincta. Pedes rufi. 
Podex punctatus, nitidus. 


* 9, A. simwPLEX. Tab. VI. Fig. ll. 

Puncticulatus. Elytris stria rudimentali vix conspicua. 

Habitat cum priore. 

Piceus, nitidus, ovalis, convexus, minutissimé puncticulatus. 
Antenne rufe. Thorax anticé vix emarginatus, margine 
posticé linea punctorum. Elytra stria basali rudimentali, 
valdé abbreviata, obsoletissima, laterali. obsolete impressa. 
Pedes rufi. Podex fere levis. 

* 3. A. oBLiquus. Tab. VI. Fig. 12. 

Punetatus.  Elytris stria basali obliqua, abbreviata. 

Habitat in Carolina, a Dom. Zimmerman benevolé missus. 

Niger vel piceus, nitidus, ovalis, convexiusculus, punctatus. 
Thorax antice vix emarginatus, postice tenuiter marginatus. 
Elytra stria basali obliqua, postice abbreviata, prope latera 
posita: lateralibus profundis duabus. Pedes tits Po- 
dex punctatus. 


* 4. A, FIMETARIUS. 
Il punctatus. Elytris stria obliqua abbreviata, basali, obsoletis- 


Ar lin. 1. 
Habitat i in Georgia in fimeto, a Dom. Ludov. Le Conte in- 


, niger, nitidus, supra et subtus pena 


aM PERG Eu 


North American Histeroides. 85 


Thorax posticé linea punctorum majorum impressus. Elytra 
stria basali obliqua obsoletissima, abbreviata: lateralibus pro- 
fundis. Prosternum breve, leviter bistriatum, mesosternum an- 
ticè arcuatum, cum poststerni parte antica medio depressum. 
Podex levissime puncticulatus. : 

Precedentem valdé refert, sed thorax posticé non margina- 
tus, et podex fere levis. 


Species obscure, aut nobis incognite. 


l. Hister memnonius, Melsh., Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. 
Philadelphia, Vol. V. p. 32. 

“ Inner thoracic stria abbreviated a little behind the middle, 
elytra each with a basal puncture, Elytra with the marginal 
and four dorsal stris entire, the fourth hardly reaching the 
base, fifth less than half the length of the elytron. Anterior 
tibie 4-dentate.” 

Hee species thoracis stria interiore abbreviata insignis. 
Erichsonio eadem ac merdarius habebatur; nobis tamen, H. 
obtusato confinior videtur ; striatione tamen thoracica ambabus 
abhorret, (Vide Obs. post H. depuratoris descriptionem.) 

2. Hister thoracicus, Paykull, Monographia, Hist. p. 20. 
Tab. II. Fig. 6. ; 

“Niger, parum nitidus. Frons stria integra. Thorax bis- 
triatus, stria externa in medio abbreviata, interna integra, 
margine oculo armato subtilissime, confertissimé punctulato. 
Elytra oculis nudis levia, armatis, striola marginali in medio 
abbreviata, tribusque primis dorsalibus subintegris, introrsum 
areuatis, omnibus obsoletis, levissimis. Abdomen. puncticula- 
tum; tibiis anticis 4-dentatis." E > 

3. Hister incisus, Knoch-Erichson, Klug’ s Jahrbücher der 
Insectenkunde, Erster Band, p. 134. ` echar 

tbicularis, ater, opacus. Frons stria profunda, medio sub- 
obliterata. Thorax lateribus ciliatis, bistriatus, striis antice 
Paulo abbreviatis, sulcis parvis prope marginem anteriorem, 
“ubprofundis. Elytra stria suturali et marginali nullis, qua- 
Or primis dorsalibus integtis, quinta post medium anticé 


86 Le Conte's Monography, &c. 


abbreviata, laterali leviter punctata. Tibiis anticis 3-dentatis, 
dentibus acutis. Long. 4 lin. 

4. Saprinus placidus, Erichson, Klug's Jahrbücher, &c. 
p. 189. 

Niger, nitidus. Caput punctatum, fronte stria transversa, 
antennis piceis. Thorax zqualis, subtilissimé et distincte 
punctatus, punctis lateralibus anterioribus crebrioribus et pro- 
fundioribus. Elytra postice fortiter punctata, striis profundis 
punctatis, stria. dorsali prima integra, reliquis medio abbrevia- 
tis, suturali integra (sed in parte descriptionis priore, abbre- 
viata dicitur) marginali nulla, lateralibus duabus, superiore 
profunda, inferiore levissima. Pedes picei, tibiis anticis den- 
tatis. Long. 14 lin. 

5. Saprinus mancus. Hister mancus, Say, Journ, Acad. 
Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, Vol. V. p. 4 

* Black ; head punctured, compressed before and destitute 
of ruge. Thorax densely punctured, punctures smaller on 
the disk, and particularly behind the middle: elytra densely 
punctured, a transverse common space near the base 
humerus impunctured, marginal stria entire; dorsal stri# 
abbreviated rather behind the middle, feet piceous-black: 
anterior tibie not dentated, but with remote, short, thick 
spines. Length 3, of an inch. 

Saprinum fraternum referre dicitur, sed stria prima dorsalis 
corripitur, tibieque antice edentate sunt. 

6. Platysoma venustum, Dej. Cat. 

Ceruleus, nitidus, antennis pedibusque piceo-rufis. Ely- 
trorum striis omnibus integris. Habitat in Carolina et Georgia. 

cipes heec ex icone speciei hujus facta est. 

. Abreus? levigatus. Hister levigatus, Paykull, Monog. 
p- si Tab. XI. Fig. 1. 
. “Ater, nitidus, supra impunctatus; caput marginatum. 
Thorax tenuiter marginatus, valdé convexus. Elytra e 
Sor, subglobosa, striis tantum terminali, laterali, et mar- 
i abbreviatis. Pectus subtilissimé punctatum, abdomen 
um, elytra v vix excedens. Pedes picei, tibiis omnibus | 


gs EE "m => Sh 


Teschemacher on Uranium. B S 


Ant, IV. — ON THE OCCURRENCE OF URANIUM IN THE BERYL 
LOCALITY AT ACWORTH, N. H. By J. E. TEscHEMACHER, 


In April, 1841, I read a paper before this ciety, an- 
nouncing the discovery of Uranium in the well known Tour- 
maline locality at Chesterfield, in this State; and that I had 
found it not. only among the Tourmalines, but also in the 
quartz which accompanied them. l 

Several boxes of minerals, from Acworth, New Hamp- 
shire, the celebrated locality of the enormous beryls, having 
recently arrived here, they were submitted to me for examina- 

on. i 

Acworth is about one hundred miles, in a north-easterly 
direction, from Chesterfield. 

In these boxes were several of the large blue beryls, many 
of a pure white, from translucent to opake, and a few of a 
beautiful bright yellow color, varying in the same specimen 
from clear transparent to perfect opacity. 

These last were nearly all imbedded in a dark, smoky 
quartz, perfectly resembling that at Chesterfield, and like it 
splintery, from the immense pressure to which it had been 
subjected, and which has so much injured the beauty of the 
accompanying beryls. : 

On breaking several of these specimens of quartz I was 
much pleased to find the uranium mineral, precisely of the 
ne appearance as that at Chesterfield, in small green-yellow 
Cubical Plates, and in one piece there was a considerable 
quantity of the yellow pulverulent oxide. I beg to present 
two specimens for the collection of the Society ; the uranium 
on them is not very abundant, although sufficient to shew its 
existence, ` 

This locality not being mentioned in either of the recent 

UPcations in this country on Mineralogy, by Alger and 
Dana, I presume this mineral has not hitherto been observed 


* 


88 Teschemacher on Uranium. 


there, which surprises me, as the spot has no doubt been 
many times examined. 

I think it not at all improbable that the fine deep yellow 
color of the beryl, imbedded in the quartz, may be owing to 
an admixture of uranium, but I have not yet had an oppor- 
tunity of trying it. 

One chief object, however, of this communication, is to 
point out this occurrence of uranium of the same appearance, 
and under the same. circumstances, as a fact which with 
others connects these two localities geologically. 

Professor Hitchcock, in his last able Report on the Geology 
of Massachusetts, states the Chesterfield locality of Tourma- 
line to be an enormous vein of granite in mica slate, which 
is the character of that region, nearly corresponding with the 
direction of the layers of the slate. This vein of granite is 
crossed obliquely by a vein from six to eighteen inches in 
width, containing the red and green Tourmaline, Albite, 
quartz, &c., or rather the quartz forms the central part of 


this vein, the Albite lying on each side of it, and the Tour- 


malines passing through both. The beryl locality at Ac 
worth, is a vein of coarse granite, passing through the gneiss 
which prevails in that part of the country. These then, are 
clearly intrusions of matter from below, and the character 
and actual appearance of the intruded crystalline rocks show 
clearly an action under tremendous pressure ; while the simi- 
larity of the rocks renders it highly probable that this action 
took place at the same time in both localities. Now, alt 

one hundred miles is but a very short distance for such ac 
tion, yet it may be considered as one link in a long chain, 8 
portion of a line in a delineation of direction, to guide n - 
incite students to further and closer examination. 

The whole of this region contains beryls, dispersed in va- 
rious localities, but these beryls have clearly been formed and 
crystallized under different circumstances, and perhaps have 
undergone action, whatever it may be, at different epoch : 

m the beryls of Siberia, or from those of various 
in South America. 


Gibbes's Description of a new Salamander. 89 


The beryls I possess, from Limoges, in France, somewhat 
resemble those from Acworth and Royalston, while the com- 
mon beryls from Bavaria bear a greater similarity to those 
from our locality at Bowdoinham. From the beryl locality at 
Grafton, N. H. I received, five years ago, quite mes speci- 
mens of a brilliant color, transparent and clear, but much 
injured by pressure. 

I cannot conclude this short paper without remarking that 
the mineralogy of this country offers a vast and almost un- 
trodden field to the aspiring student, and one in which the 
harvest which presents itself may not prove merely unprofit- 
able honor. 


Art. V.—DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF SALAMANDER. 
By Lewis R. Gisszs, Prof. Mathematics and Chemistry in College of Charles- 
ton,S.C. Read Aug. 21, 1844. 


SALAMANDRA MELANOsTICTA. Gibbes. 


CuamacrER. Toes four; inferior surface silvery white, dot- 
n with jet black spots; snout yellow ; tail twice the length of 
dy. 


Description. Head large for size of animal, with a very 
obtuse snout; nostrils latero-anterior; iris narrow, golden ; 
pupil black; neck contracted, with a cutaneous fold under- 
neath. Body cylindrical, tail nearly so, a little more than 
twice the length of the body.. Limbs slender, each terminat- 
ing in four digits. e 

Conon. Snout light brownish yellow. Above, body ashy 

Wn ; limbs and tail brownish orange ; spots scattered 
over the whole surface. Beneath, throat, body and tail, silvery 
White, beautifully marked with jet black spots & of inch in 
siae like ink-dots on a white ground ; hence the specific 


Duuwstows. ‘The fixed points taken are the tip of the 


90 Cabot's Description of 


snout, the junction of anterior extremities with body, the junc- 
tion of posterior extremities with body, and the tip of tail, 
dividing the whole length of the animal into an anterior, a 
middle, and a posterior portion. 


, Inch. 
Anterior portion : : 0.3 
Middle do. ; : - WT 
Posterior do. ; n 1.6 
Total length 9.6 


Hasirs, &c. Found in Abbeville district, South Carolina, 
early in April, 1844, under old logs in open woods. Very 
lively and active in its motions. 

Remarks. Very near the S. quadridigitata Holbr., but dif 
fers from that in color and markings. That is pale straw color 
above ; this yellow on snout, brown on body, brownish orange 
on tail and limbs. That bluish silvery white beneath ; this 
silvery white with jet black spots 4; inch in diameter. That, 
above, has few minute dark brown spots, approaching verte- 
bral and lateral lines ; this, above, has numerous distinct, black, 
scattered spots. These two species are, I believe, the only 
ones known with four toes, and might form a subgenus or even 
a separate genus. 


Art. VL — FURTHER ACCOUNTS OF SOME OF THE BIRDS OF 
YUCATAN. By Samver Casor,Jr. M D. Read January 3, 1844. 


PYRRHULA RAPTOR, Plate XII. 


Tus bird is very numerous throughout Yucatan, and does 
great damage in the fields and gardens. It feeds principally 
on grain and seeds, and is very voracious and destructive 
It is called in the Maya language, Tsapin. em 

7 aedi 103 inches long. Bill 1 inch long. Diameter at 

above down, 3 of an inch; from side to side of. 


Birds from Yucatan. 91 


an inch. Nostrils small, oval, partly covered by feathers. 
Upper mandible somewhat inflated, arched from base to point, 
overlaps under mandible slightly. Tarsus one inch long. 
Middle toe to end of claw 11 inch long. Wing to flexure 
4;inches long. Tail rounded, consisting of twelve feathers; 
- middle ones 4$ inches long, lateral ones 4 inches; first pri- 
mary shortest, fourth and fifth nearly equal and longest. 
Color. Head and.chin, extending down the sides of neck, 
and in a crescent across the upper part of breast, black; 
cheeks dark steel-grey. A line over eye from the base of the 
bill almost to hind head, throat, part of breast and chin, 
white. Nape, back, tail and outer barbs of primaries and 
secondaries yellow-olive, shafts dark brown. Breast, belly 
and thighs cinereous. Vent and under tail-coverts light bay. 
Bill black, legs brownish. 

Female, 93 inches long. Dark cinereous brown on head, 
cheeks, back, wings and tail. Line over eye, chin and throat, 
white. Upper part of breast and sides greyish, lower part of 
breast, flanks, abdomen and vent, light bay, darkest at vent. 


PICUS DUBIUS. Casor. 


The specimen from which this description is taken was 
shot near Uxmal, November, 1841. 

1 have named it dubius, because I at first thought it to be 
Picus Carolinus, and mentioned it as such in the Appendix 
to the second volume of Stephens’s “ Travels in Yucatan,” p. 
475; but when I compared the two birds, after my return to 
this country, my mistake was very evident, the Picus dubius 
being nearly an inch the longest, and having twice the num- 
ber of white bands, besides other differences. ; 

This bird is not uncommon in Yucatan, but, owing to the 
above-mentioned mistake, I procured but one specimen. í 

- Male, 93 inches long. Billli inch along ridge; 1; inch 
ong gape. Tarsus $ of an inch long. Tail 3j inches 
long, of ten feathers. First primary shortest, third and 


92 Cabot's Birds of Yucatan. 


fourth longest. Color. Whole top of head and neck bright 
vermilion. A white band, one fourth of an inch wide, crosses 
the forehead. Spot of bright vermilion at the base of the 
bill, above the nostrils. Back, wing coverts and secondaries, 
black, crossed with about thirty transverse, white bands 
Upper tail coverts white. Lower tail coverts black and 
white, in wavy lines. Tail feathers black, except the two 
outer ones, which are tipped and spotted on the outer edge 
with dull white. Cheeks, line over the eyes, chin, breast and 
flanks, light cinereous ; almost white on the chin, darker of 
the breast and the sides of the neck. Abdomen light vermil- 
ion. Bill horn-black. Legs slate color. Iris reddish. 


PICUS PARVUS. Capsor. 


I saw only one specimen of this bird, from which this de- 
scription is taken. It was procured early in December, 1841, 
in the neighborhood of Ticul, Yucatan. | 

Male. Length 6:1inches. Bill £ ofan inch. Tarsus 5,9 of 
an inch. Tail 2} Mehes: consisting of ten feathers. Color. 
Crown, red, with a light spot near the quill of each red feather. 
Back, wing coverts, secondaries and primaries, black, barred 
with white. Cheeks black, with a white stripe from the base 
of the bill to the ear. White line over the eye. Chin, throat 
and breast, white; breast marked with black spots. Vent 
and under tail Eu white, banded with black. Upper tail 
coverts black. Two outer tail feathers barred with black and 
white. White marks on the outer edge of the third feather; 
rest of the tail black. Legs bluish black. Bill horn-colored. 
Tris hazel. First primary shortest, second, longest: 


PICUS YUCATANENSIS. Casor, 


I saw only two of these birds, and procured this one "- 
men in March, 1842, on the road from Chemax to Yalahao. 

` Male. Length 8{ inches. Bill one inch along gape, } z along 
ridge - Tail 3 inches, of ten feathers. Tarsus ; of an i 


Tuckerman's Lichens of New England. 93 


First primary shortest, third and fourth longest. Color, Top 
of head, cinereous black. Hind head, nape, along the super- 
ciliary ridges to the base of the bill, scarlet. A patch of the 
same from the base of the lower mandible along the ramus to 
the angle of the lower jaw. Space between the eye and bill, 
and extending under the eye to the side of the neck, greyish, 
with darker bars, growing more distinct towards the neck. 
Chin black, spotted with white. Neck, breast, abdomen, up- 
per and under. tail coverts and flanks, olive, transversely 
barred with yellowish white. Back, upper wing coverts, outer 
edge of secondaries, and outer edge of primaries, olive. Two 
outer tail feathers- yellowish, others black with some yellow 
the upper part. Iris hazel. Legs bluish. Bill horn- 
color. 


This bird resembles P. Brasiliensis very closely, but. differs 
from it in having the top of the head cinereous black inst 
of scarlet. 


Ast. VI.—A FURTHER ENUMERATION OF SOME ALPINE AND 
oe LICHENES OF NEW ENGLAND. By Epwarp Tuckerman, 
.M. 


AFTER some years study of the Lichens of our alpine dis- 
Victa, the writer has attempted to give a synopsis, with 
descriptions, of the lichenose vegetation generally, whether 
al ne or not, of the White Mountains. From this the fol- 
lowing observations are drawn, as well as (with one excep- 
tion) the subjoined list of new or rare lichens. It need hardly 

sald that scarcely any of the results to be noticed are more 
than approximate ; and that time only can show how many of 
are not in some degree or other erroneous. New facts 
vec Continually, illustrating either genera or species ; there 
5 very much unsettled in all the scientific arrangements of the 
Order ; and though I may attempt to state definitely the little 


94 Tuckerman's Enwmeration of 


we know, I must yet repeat that nothing here pretends to be 
more than the present amount of — of a single 
observer. 

Our alpine and mountain lichens may properly be com- 
pared with those of the Scandinavian Peninsula and Scotland. 
Of the first tribe, P4RMELIACEZ, of Fries, ten genera oc 
cur in the European district, of which eight are at present 
known in and about the White Mountains. 'To take up in order, 
the genera of this tribe — the forms of I. Usnea, reduced now 
by Fries to varieties of a single species, occur also, though to 
some degree modified, with us; while we have also the 
luxuriant U. longissima, not as yet found in Northern Europe. 

VERNIA’ is represented in the European district by 8 
species, one of them disputed and little known; while we 
have 4 species. II. RawarrNa has 5 species belonging to 
Scotland and Sweden, (but of these 2 are maritime ;) in our 
mountain district I find only two. Of IV. Cerrarta, 10 species 
occur in the European region, and the same number in ours, 
though of these last 3 are peculiar to America. V. Nernnon 
is represented abroad by 4 species, all of which occur als 
with us. VI. PErrTiGERA has 7 species of which we have sit. 
VII. SoLorına has 2 species, of which, though both ar 
now known to be American, neither has as yet occurred at 
the White Mountains. Of VIII. Sricra, there are known in 
the European district 8 species, in ours five. IX. PARMELIA of 
which large genus about 87 species occur in Scotland and 
Sweden, many of which are however maritime or otherwise 
limited, or rare, while we can reckon at present about 5L 
And X. GvarEcTA has in Scotland and Sweden 2 species 
neither of which is as yet known here. 

Belonging to the second tribe LECIDINE 2, of Fries, there 
are 5 Genera in the European district referred to, all of whi 
are found in ours... Of the Genera of this tribe, STEREOCAULON 


-1 Reference is made throughout this paper to the Lichenographia of 
Evernia as there constituted, contains not only the species upon which me 
; , but species also of Diod, Alectoria and Cornicularia- 


some Lichens of New England. 95 


is represented abroad by 7 species; here by four. CLADONIA 

has about 25 species in the foreign distriet; itis however no. 
little to say that we can reckon perhaps 18.  Bxowvczs, re- 

duced by Fries to the single species roseus, though common 

in New England, has never occurred to me about the Moun- 

tain. Brarora, a genus, which I hope to have more oppor- 

tunities to study, and which is probably well represented with 

us, has in Sweden and Scotland about 24 species, while we 

can as yet perhaps hardly reckon 8. Lecinea, like the last, 

requiring long observation, has been most thoroughly investi- 

gated in Sweden, where about 39 species are recognized: as 
yet I can reckon only about 13 here ; but this includes proba- 
bly nearly all the more remarkable ones. 

Of the third tribe GRAPHIDEÆ of Fries, there are three 
genera in Sweden and Scotland, two only of which I have 
met with here. Umwnsinrcania has 8 species in the European 
district, and we have 9, two of ours being however peculiar to 
America, O»kenarHA has 5 species abroad, while we can 
reckon 4 as yet known. Lercanacris, scarcely represented in 
the foreign district, is-as yet wholly deficient here. 

Of the fourth tribe CALICIEZ, there are 2 genera in Scot- 
land and Sweden. Perhaps this may be called on many ac- 
counts the most puzzling group of Lichens. "There is certainly 
Done upon which so much labor has been bestowed by eminent 
Lichenists, In this country very few species have been ascer- 
tained, and these almost entirely the commonest and most 

“vious forms. It is not every eye that can see a Calicium ; 
nor are they easily to be found, where the attention is dis- 
tracted by numerous other objects. Of Cosrocvsr there are 
3 species in the foreign district, of which we have probably 
one. Of Carreruw there are about 22 species in Sweden and 
, d, while we have only 5 as yet known. This number 
1s however larger than that given by any American writer. 

The fifth tribe SPHÆROPHOREÆ, contains 2 genera, of 
which we have one. Of SeuxnorHoRoN three species occur 
m Scotland and Sweden. Of these, two are abundant and 


96 Tuckerman’s Enumeration of 


fertile with us ; and I have found a single specimen of a plant 
resembling the third species more than either of the other 
two; more specimens are however needed to determine it. 
SırnuLa, the other genus of this tribe, is represented in the 
European district by a single species, peculiar as yet to the 
extreme. northern parts of the Scandinavian peninsula. 

Belonging to the next tribe ENDOCARPE 4, Scotland and 
Sweden possess four genera, three of which occur in our region. 
Of four species of Enpocarpon found in the European district, 
although three of them are common New England plants, 
only one, and that the least conspicuous, has occurred to me 
at the Mountains. Of Prrrusaria, represented abroad by 
five species, I can only reckon two. Of TugrornEa there is 
buta single species in Sweden and Scotland: we have this, 
and another, peculiar to our own Flora.. . 

Of the tribe VERRUCARIE.£, there are 2 genera in the for 
eign region ; we have one of them. Srcesrria has 2 species, 
both unknown here. Verrucaria has 15 species, of which 
we have 5, and also one peculiar to our Flora. 

The last tribe is LIMBORIEZ, containing 4 genera, which 
exhibit the lowest developments of lichenose vegetation, and 
a near approach to a fungoid character; so much so that one 
genus may be said to hang between Lichenes and Fungi— 
and several species have been referred to both Orders by 
botanists.. Four species of these Genera belong to the Euro- 
pean district referred to. I have as yet detected neither of 
them here. 

Several genera remain to be noticed, asks to de 
Order BYSSACEJE. As constituted by Fries, this Order in- 
cludes Nostoc, Cenogonium, Ephebe, Collema, &c., which 
differ from Lichenes in their homogeneous structure ; and are 
analogous to the Ulvaces, just as true Lichenes may be 
to be to the Fucaceæ. Of this Order three genera, ‘coma 
referred to the Lichenes, are found in Scotland and Sweden, 


. and also occur in our region. These are CoLLEMA, Lzrr0- 


(€x, and: Eruese. The whole number of species. that T 


some Lichens of New England. 97 


have been able to determine is about 165. As the Leprarie, 
Spilomata, and Variolarie are excluded; and as a large 
number of Acharius’s species, heretofore universally received, 
are, in accordance with the Friesian Method, reduced to va- 
rieties, this number must be allowed to embrace probably 
much the largest part of the Lichenes of a region so limited 
as the White Mountains. ‘The comparison above attempted 
with Scotland and Scandinavia, might more justly have been 
made with a particular district in one of those countries, as 
Dovre in Norway, but for this I have not the necessary 
authorities. 

Usnea longissima, Ach. Lichenogr. p. 626., Ach. Syn. p. 
307., Fries Lichenogr. p. 19., in Obs., Parmelia longissima, 
Spreng. Syst. IV. 277. On firs and other trees, where they 
begin to diminish in height, on the mountains, abundant, and 
occurring five feet long. Frequent also at the base of the 
mountains in cold swampy woods. Distinguished by its 
terete, almost simple thallus, clothed with short, very regular 
horizontal fibres. Our plant agrees perfectly with the original 
Saxon lichen; and I possess what seem to be forms of the 
same species from South America, New Holland, Africa, 


Evernta ochroleuca, (Ehrh.) Fries Lich. p. 93., y. sarmen- 
fosa, Fr. l. c., Lichen sarmentosus, Ach., Parmelia, et de- 
— Alectoria, Ach. On the trunks and branches of 

= the mountain forest; resembling a pendulous Usnea. 
The rigid, fruticulose variety a, which was referred by Acha- 
"us to a different genus, has not occurred, though I have 
apa two specimens belonging to the species, which resem- 
ble it sufficiently to encourage further search. BS a 
Cernanra nivatis, (L.) Ach.— In fruit; found for the 

me the present season. Hooker says it has never oc- 
curred in this state in Britain. 
Peuricnra malacea, Ach. Syn. p. 240., Fries Lichenogr. P- 
— On the ground, and rarely on shrub firs, above the limit 
trees: Tt also occurs at a much less elevation, as in the 
VOL. v. ~ 


of 


98 Tuckerman’s Enumeration of 


Notch. Remarkable for its very spongy fragile fronds, which 
are sometimes large. Both in habit and apothecia it resem- 
bles P. canina, to which Acharius compares it, but Fries con- 
siders it nearest to P. aphthosa. : 

Sricra glomerulifera, (Lightf.) Delis. Stict. p. 129., Fries 
Lich. p. 54., Lichen glomeruliferus, Lightf. Fl. Scot. p. 853; 
Lobaria, Hoffm., Parmelia glomulifera, Ach. Meth., Lich., et 
Syn. — On old trunks, where its very large coriaceous fronds, 
covered with scutelle, are conspicuous. Common in New 
England, and occurring also on rocks. Fries follows Delise 
in referring this, and the allied Parm. herbacea, to Sticta, with 
which genus they agree not only in habit, but also in pos 
sessing cyphelle. These were observed by Delise in S. her- 
bacea, but not in S. glomerulifera; and he even thought it 
doubtful (Hist. Stict. p. 130.,) whether they occurred in the 
latter species, in which moreover, Fries does not seem himself 
to have detected them. Their existence was known however; 
to Mr. Borrer, in whose herbarium I had first. the opportunity 
of seeing a specimen with this development well marked; 
and I have since found them on a Scottish specimen abun- 
dant. Our plant is remarkable for the entire absence of the 
green glomerules, which, though an irregular development 
form a striking feature of the European lichen. ; 

PanwELIA (Imbricaria) incurva, (Pers.) Fries Lich. p. 70» 
Lichen, Pers., Lobaria, Hoffm., P. recurva, Ach. Meth; 
Lichenogr., & Syn. p. 206. — On rocks with P. centrifuga 
in the alpine and subalpine region ; descending also to tbe - 
Notch.  Infertüile. Et 

P. (Imbricaria) ambigua, (Wulf.) Ach. Meth. p. 207., Fri 
Lich. p. 71., Lichen, Wulf., Psora, Hoffm., Lobaria, Hoffm., 
Imbricaria, Decand. — On decaying wood from which the 
bark has fallen ; also on living trunks of firs, and more rarely 
on rocks, White Mountains. Fertile. e 
P. (Imbricaria) aleurites, Ach. — On - decaying woodi 
trunks; and rarely on rocks. Fertile. I have never found 

the fruit except on my specimens from the White Mountains- 


some Lichens of New England. 99 


P. (Physcia) detonsa, Fries Syst. Orb. Veg. (fide ips.) 
P. Nove’ Anglie, Mihi olim, P. aquila, Muhl. Catal. ? — 
Trunks of trees, but not very general, fertile: on the coast I 
have found the best specimens on rocks. | Distributed by me 
under the name above cited, but not published. Professor 
Fries pronounced the lichen to be his P. detonsa. -It resem- 
bles P. aquila considerably, and may therefore be the plant so 
named by Muhlenberg. — . 
ui (Physcia) Aypoleuca, Muhl. Catal., Eaton Man., P. spe- 
ciosa 9. hypoleuca, Ach.! Syn. p. 211., P. speciosa, Ach. 
herb.! 'uckerm. Enum. Lich. N. Eng. in Bost. Jour. III. 
988. — Trunks of trees; near Boston, and southern parts of 
New Hampshire. Certainly a distinet species. No descrip- 
tion was published by Muhlenberg, but this defect was sup- 
plied inthe sixth edition of Eaton’s Manual. The name is 
hot very appropriate ; and might well have been speciosissima. 

P. (Amphiloma) rubiginosa, (Thunb.) Ach.; Fries Lich. p. 
88., — B. ‘conoplea? Fr., P. conoplea, Ach. Lichenogr. p. 
467, Pannaria, Delis. — Rocks of the Notch. Two small 
infertile specimens are all I have seen. ‘They perfectly re- 
semble my specimens of the foreign lichen, but of themselves 
re insufficient to place the matter beyond doubt. This is a 
very curious section: of. the genus, and everything that may 
tend to illustrate it in our Flora is interesting. 

p (Amphiloma) lanuginosa, Ach. Meth., Lichenogr. p. 
465, Fries Lich. p. 88.— 8. Fr. Lichen lanuginosus, Ach. 
Lich. Suec., Imbricaria, Decand., et Lepraria incana, Auct. 


= 


100 Tuckerman's Enumeration of 


plant is mostly white so far as I have seen in all states ; the 
foreign plant is often of this color, but ochroleucous portal 
My Fries. 

P. (Placodium) straminea, Wahl. in Ach. Meth. Suppl., and 
Ach. Lich. p. 432., Fries. Lich. p. 109, Lichen, Wahl. Lapp. 
p. 417., t. 98. f. 1, Lecanora, Ach. Lich. p. 432., et Syn. p. 
180. — Rocks of the Notch, not abundant, but fine and fer- 
tile. This lichen has hitherto been found only on the coasts 
of the Icy Sea, in Finland, Spitzbergen, and Greenland. 
'Though I have seen no authentic specimens of the foreign 
plant, I do not hesitate to refer our Parmelia to it. The 
color of the scutelle, at first reddish brown, becomes almost 
black. We have the species also on the coast, where I have 
several times observed it. 

P. (Placodium) murorum, (Hoffm.) Ach. Meth. p. 1955 
Fries Lich. p. 115., Lichen, Hoffm. , Lecanora, Ach. Liche- 
nogr., Placodium, Decand., Ravi Hook. — Rocks and 
stones near the sea, at Nahant; often in company with P. ele 
gans, and beautiful rock forms of P. parietina. P. saxicola, 
and what I almost think may turn out to be P. oreina, are 
= fine lichens at Nahant. 

P. (Patellaria) oculata, (Dicks.) Fries Lich. p. 135., —4 
Fr. Lichen epibryon, Wahl. Lapp. p. 408. — 8. Fr. Lichen 
oculatus, Dicks., Engl. Bot. t. 1833., Isidium ?. Ach. Meth. p: 
140., Turn. and Borr. Lichenogr.. Brit, p. 103., Hook. Br. Fl. 
Limits Ach. Syn. p. 148., Lichen dectyliferus; Wahl. 
Lapp. p. 414. — Trunks of trees, rare. The description bf 
Borrer, and the figure in English Botany leave nothing to be 
added to the history of this Lichen, And the doubts of the 
English Lichenists respecting its scientific arrangement, al 
confirmed by Acharius's latest judgment, and by Fries. The 
variety 8. is an excellent example of that peculiar anamorpho 
sis of the thallus of Lichenes, which, under the name " 
Isidium, long passed for a distinct genus. 

-.P. (Urceolaria) verrucosa, Fries Lich. p. 186., — a. Urter 
laria, Fr. Lichen. panyrgus, Wahl, Urceolaria, Ach, Meth 


die 


some Lichens of New England. 101 


U. mutabilis, Ach. Lichenogr., U. verrucosa, Ibid., Scher. 
Spicil.— 8. Pertusaria, Fr. Thelotrema mammosum, Pers., 
Lichen glomeratus, Schleich., Porina glomerata, Ach., Pertu- 
saria, Scher., Endocarpon globulare, Sommerf. — Upon dead 
mosses and sticks; common throughout the alpine region of 
the White Mountains. “Species multis rationibus valde in- 
signis," remarks Fries, to whom we owe the complete de- 
termination and history of the plant, whieh the synonymes 
show to have been understood very differently by different 
botanists, 

Srerzocauton corallinum, Schreb., Laur. in Fries Lich. p. 
201. S. dactylophyllum, Floerk.!, S. Réssleri, Hochstett. 
(auct. Fr.) — Stones ; very fine in the Notch. * Podetia 
plurima in densum ciespitem basi conjuncta, et saxo innata." 
The species of this genus, continues Fries, differ very much 
as the Peltigerze, but are limited with more difficulty on ac- 
count of their protean habit. The scales of the present spe- 
“les are digitate, often much like the branches of Sphæro- 
phoron globiferus, 

S. paschale, (L.) Ach., Laur. in Fries Lich. p. 202.— 

stones, and on the ground, commonly in large sods or 


masses, from the alpine region to the Notch. “Plurima _ 


"eüa vulgo densissime stipata, (nec czespitoso-juneta ut in — 
Priori) sepe latas plagas saxorum occupant." Fr. 

8. condensatum, Hoffm., Laur. in Fries Lich. p. 203., S. con- 
stisidenm, S. pileatum, et S. Cereolus, Ach. (auct. Fr.) 
>. paschale, £, Wahl., S. Meissnerianum Floerk.! — Rocks, 
"ot Uncommon, from. near the subalpine region (on Cutler's 
bes to the Notch, rarely fertile. The lichen called S. Ce- 
reolus by Acharius, and figured in his Methodus, is what our 

ue lee It occurs also on the coast. - pe 

- Cenudatum, Floerk.! D. Lich. IV. p. 13., Laur. in Fries Lich. 
P. 204. Sommerf, Lapp. p. 196. 


2 Lich. 1. c= Rocks ; fron the alpine regions to the 
pe: ; not commonly fertile. It is not rare on other moun- 


Ru 
102 Tuckerman’s Enumeration of 


of one of the writer’s previous papers belongs to this species, 
no description or notice of which had been seen by him, 
when his description was made. The state is remarkable for 
its large peltate granules looking like apothecia, and occurred 
in the Notch. 

Crapowia cespiticia, (Pers.) Floerk.! Clad. p. 8., Bæomyces 
Pers., Ach. Meth., Lichen, Engl. Bot. t. 1796., Cenomyce, 
Ach. Syn. p. 249., Scyphophorus, Hook. Br. Fl. II. 237. — 
Decayed mossy trunks, and on the earth. Podetia very 
short; sometimes indeed hardly visible, when the apothecia 
(which are of a rather light reddish brown) appear sessile on 
the lobes of the thallus. ; ; 

C. delicata, (Ehrh.) Floerk.! Clad. p. T., Lichen., Ehrh, 
Beeomyces, Ach. Meth., Cenomyce, Ach. Lichenogr. — De- 
cayed trunks ; rather rare, White Mountains. The above name 
is appropriate to this lichen, both as respects its thallus and its 
podetia. These last-occur from a line to an inch in length. 

C. fimbriata, (L.) Fries Lich. p. 222., — a. L. C. fimbriata, 
Hoffm. — 8. tubeformis, L. C. fibula, Auct. — y. radiata, L. 
Lichen, Schreb., Cladonia, Hoffm., Bsomyces, Ach. Meth. 
Cenomyce, Ach. Lich. — Rocks ; and on the ground ; particu- 
larly in districts that have some years since been burnt ovef, 


— throughout the White Mountains. - It will illustrate the difi- 


culties of this genus to observe, that of the three species here 
set down, each a distinet" natural . production, and presenting 
with us the very same features it presents in Europe, so that 
neither could be mistaken by a botanist here or there, — tW? 
are hardly reckoned varieties by Fries, though adopted ® 
species by Floerke, while the third is reduced by Floerke to * 
variety, and unhesitatingly recognized as a species by Fries 
I have several other Cladoniæ, new to me, still under & 
amination.’ ^ 
Biarona placophylla, (Ach.) Fries Lich. p. 257., Baeomyce* 
e | GER LR me 
Pers, srt cta, wd amsmmcre al ew tou PI a fasi 


d ARENAEN 


M 
some Lichens of New England. 103 


Ach. Meth. p. 325., t. 7. f. 4., Ach. Lichenogr. p. 574., Wahl. 
Lapp. p. 449., Ach. Syn. p. 281. — On the ground, in a sandy 
soil; Great Willey Slide; also with B. byssoides on the sandy 
banks of the Ammonoosuck, near Mount Washington. Re- 
markable for possessing an orbicular lobed thallus, like that 
of some Parmeliz, together with stipitate apothecia, like those 
of Beomyces. It has hitherto been found only in Lapland by 
Wahlenberg, and in Norway by Professor Blytt. 

B. rivulosa, (Ach.) Fries Lich. p. 271., Lecidea, Ach. Meth. 
p. 38., Syn. p. 28. — Rocks ; alpine region, and in the Notch, 
oftener sterile. .  Lineolis nigris limitata decussataque,” Ach. 
This striking feature is owing to the black hypothallus. I 
have several interesting Biatoree under examination. 

Lecea sorediata, (Muhl.) thallo cartilagineo-membranaceo 
eviridi glaucescente cinerascente laciniis linearibus obtusis 
subcanaliculatis multifidis irregulariter complicatis (soredife- 
ris ;) hypothallo crasso, e czeruleo-nigro ; apotheciis adpressis 
tenuiter marginatis demum convexis nigris. — Lecidea sore- 
diata, Muhl.! Catal. p. 105., Ach. Syn. p. 54. Lichen alo- 
matus, Willd. ! herb. — 'Trunks, common and fertile, White 
Mountains. The description of Acharius is so brief, that I 
have attempted another. It is singular that no other descrip- _ 
tion exists, and that no other American writer besides Muhi E 3 
enberg has noticed this interesting and conspicuous lichen. 

Unptcarra pustulata, (L.) Hoffm. Fries Lich. p. 350., 
Lichen, L., Lecidea, Ach. Meth., Gyrophora, Ach. Lichenogr., 
Gyromium, Wahl. — et Gyrophora papulosa, Ach. Lichenogr. 
P. 226., Muhl. Catal., Torr. Catal., Hals. Syn. View., Tuck- 
"UM. Lich. N. E. I. c. Umbilicaria levis, Pers. (fide Ach.) 
Gyr. bullata, Willd. herb. ! — Rocks of the Notch; ascending 
to the alpine region, fertile. I have ventured to restore our 
plant to U. pustulata. From this it was separated by Acha- 
Non account mainly of the absence of the “ flocculose- 
stieuloso ” granules which occur commonly in the European 
ichen, as well as a slight difference in the color of the upper 
Surface. But these granules, as now understood, are of little 


te 


104 Tiiskerin i Fnumerátión; &c. 


importance, whether we follow Meyer in considering them 
abortive apothecia, or Fries, as analogous rather to the glom- 
erules of Sticta glomerulifera. They are said to occur on 
other species, and I have found them more than once on the 
American plant. "There is a smaller, thicker, glaucous form of 
our lichen in the alpine region, very much resembling a state 
of the species which occurs at the Cape of Good Hope. 
Apothecia at first patelliform, then plicate, and finally lirellif- 
erous. The U. pustulata of Michaux is not this species, 
with which his description very ill agrees, but U. Pennsylva- 
nica; as I ascertained by examining the original specimen, in 
his herbarium. 

O»zcnarna atra, Pers. Fries Lich. p. 367. — Smooth bark; 
not uncommon. 

Caricom subtile, Pers. Fries Lich. p. 388. — Dead trunks 
from which the bark has fallen; common at the White 
Mountains. 

C. trachelinum, Ach., Fries Lich. p. 390. — Decayed naked 
J wood, with the last; White Mountains. 

Epnese pubescens, Fries. Cornicularia, Ach. Meth.— 

. Rocks now and then moistened by water. By some con 

sidered a true Alga, and by others a Lichen, Fries arranges 
es production as a distinct genus of his order Byssace®: 
I have not found the apothecia. | 
ge "E * * 
Ant. VIL — CHARACTERS OF SOME NEW GENERA AND SPECIES 
OF PLANTS OF THE NATURAL ORDER COMPOSITE, FROM THE 
ROCKY MOUNTAINS AND UPPER CALIFORNIA. By Asa Gna, M. D: 


Tue plants here described are selécted from a collection 
made by Lieutenant Fremont, of the United States "Tope 
graphical Engineers, during his recent exploring tour to the 
Rocky Mountains, Oregon, and the region that lies betwee? 
Upper California and the Rocky Mountains, a part of 
had never been visited by any scientific person. I shall not 


Led 


New Genera of ‘Composite. 105 


attempt to delineate Mr. Fremont’s particular route, as the 
whole account of his perilous journey will soon be given to 
the public in an official report, which, doubtless, will even 
exceed in interest the graphic narrative of his earlier journey 
to the Wind River Chain of the Rocky Mountains... Suffice 
it to say, that having explored the country about the Great 
Salt Lake, and gathered a rich scientific harvest in that 
singular and hitherto unvisited region, he attempted to cross 
the Rocky Mountains in mid-winter, to the head-waters of the 
Arkansas River. Baffled in this attempt, his provisions ex- 
hausted, and, I add with deep regret, having lost by sad mis- 
haps his most interesting botanical collections, he was obliged 
to fall back to the settlements on the Rio Sacramento for sup- 
plies. He then rapidly recrossed the Californian and the 
Rocky Mountains to the Arkansas, through a region of the 
highest scientific interest, and reached St. Louis, we believe, 
in June last. His botanical collections were doomed to fur- 
ther mishaps, by storm and flood, during the latter part of 
the journey; so that his friend and our distinguished asso- 
ciate, Dr. Torrey, received only the débris of a collection of 
dried plants, which, considering the circumstances of the un- 
dertaking and the fact that researches in natural history were 


merely incidental to the main design of Mr. Fremont's tour, — 


E 


Was originally of wonderful extent as well as richness. T b 


Composite of this collection have been kindly submitted to 
me for examination. - it, as some months must elapse be- 
ore a description of the new species will appear in the forth- 
Coming part of the Flora of North America, by Dr. Torrey 
and myself, I have deemed it proper to notice, in the present 
: a few novelties in this family, which, in the course of a 
vig examination, have arrested my attention. 
Among the plants of the Asteroid tribe, I notice a new 
Species of a very marked and characteristic genus of the 


! Report : i Missouri River and 
p Port on an Exploration of the country lying between the pou 

the Rocky Mountains, on the line of the Kan and Great Platte Rivers. 1843. 

Senate Document, No. 243. 


— 


106 Gray, Characters of some 
Rocky Mountain region, viz. Townsendia ; — a genus found- 
ed by Hooker upon a single species, but to which Nuttall 
has since added four more, and still others will doubtless 
reward the exertions of future explorers. The present addi- 
tion (Townsenpia Fremonru, Torr. & Gray, ined.) resem- 
bles T. incana, Nutt. but has longer and narrower leaves, and 
larger heads even than T. sericea, Hook. The bristles of the 
pappus are also somewhat scariously fringed towards the base, 
so as to become almost squamellate. Somewhere in the 
vicinity of this genus, we must place a dwarf, annual, daisy- 
like plant, of very remarkable characters, which I now pem 
to describe. 


MONOPTILON, Torr. & Gray, ined. 
Composite-Asteroidee : Subtr. Asterinew : Div. Asteree. 
Capitulum multiflorum, heterogamum; floribus radii 1-se- 
rialibus ligulatis foemineis, disci tubulosis hermaphroditis, om- 
nibus fertilibus.  Involucrum fere uniseriale Erigerontis. Re- 
ceptaculum convexum, nudum. “Corolle tubus radii et disci 
sparse hirtus: ligule obovato-oblonge. Styli Asteroidea- 
rum; rami fl. hermaph. appendiculo triangulari obtuso ter- 


minati. Achenia oblongi-obovata, leviter obcompressa, spat 


sim hirtella, binervia (ad margines) vel in radio trinervia. 


` Pappus conformis, duplex; exterior e coronula brevissime 


crenulata persistente; interior, seta. capillaris unica, caduca. 
discum adzquans, basi scabrida, apicem versus sensim clava- 
timque plumosa! — Herba annua, exigua, depressa, villoso- 
pubescens ; ; foliis sparsis oblongo- vel lineari-spathulatis, inte- 
gris; capitulis subsessilibus vel bracteatis. Flores disci flavi: 
ligulæ ut videtur albæ, cæruleo vel lilacino tinctæ. 


M. sELLIprroRMIS, Torr. & Gray. (Tab. XIH. Fig. 1-6) 


We are unable to give the locality of this highly curious 
ns the number attached to the specimen having been ! 
It was probably gathered in the southern ranges of the Rocky 


new Genera of Composita. 107 


Mountains. The generic name is expressive of its most 
striking peculiarity, that of a pappus composed of a solitary 
mose bristle ! 

Many specimens occur of that group of biennial Asters 
which form Mr. Nuttall’s genus Dieteria, and which are 
characteristic productions of the wide arid tracts which oc- 
cupy so large a space both on this side and beyond the 
. Rocky Mountains. These specimens tend to confirm the 
opinion I had already expressed,’ that three of Nuttall’s pro- 
posed species must be reduced to one. 

` Mr. Fremont’s collection also affords us a new genus in the 
yellow or homochromous series of Asteroid plants. It is a 
low shrubby plant, which furnishes a connecting link between 
several genera that accord in habit but differ in technical 
character; such as Gutierrezia (Brachyris, Nutt.), Amphia- 
chyris, and the section Euthamia of Solidago. Its disk-flow- 
a have nearly the pappus pilosus of the latter; while the 
single ray-flower exhibits the pappus paleaceus of the former: 
it the paleæ, however, are narrow, squamellate, and variously 
and irregularly concreted. Like Amphiachyris, the ray-flow- 
ers only appear to be fertile; although the ovary in those of 


the disk is fully formed. The generic name which I have - 
Chosen alludes to the combination of these two kinds of pap- 


Pus in the same plant. 


` AMPHIPAPPUS, Torr. & Gray, ined. 
Compositz-A steroidecw : Subtr. Asterinez : Div. Chrysocomee. ; $ 
Capitulum plerumque 7-florum heterogamum ; nempe, flore 
radii unico, ligulato, foemineo, fertili, et floribus disci 46 
tubulosis, hermaphroditis, sed sterilibus? Involucrum obovoi- 
I; squamis 6-7 subzequalibus, chartaceis, ovalibus, con- 
“avis, subcarinatis, appresso-imbrieatis. Receptaculum an- 


"à b : 1 Flora of North America, ii. p. 100. 


108 - Gray, Characters of some 


gustum, subalveolatum. Ligula brevis, obovata, discum vix 
excedens: corolla fl. disci e tubo gracili ibiishdibnl in 
limbo profunde 5-fido; laciniis lineari-oblongis revoluti 
Styli rami breves Linosyridis; appendiculo ovato-deltoideo 
superati. Achenium radii oblongo-obconicum vel obcompres- 
sum, villosum, pappo uniseriali paleaceo (e squamellis pluri- 
bus setaceis nunc basi, nunc fere ad apicem sæpius in pha- 
langes vario modo concretis,) achenio dimidio breviore supera- 
tum. Achenia disci, ut videtur infertilia, turbinata, glabra, 
pappo piloso uniseriali elongato instructa ; setis rigid 
denticulatis, valde inequalibus; majoribus imo sepe sub- 
complanatis et ramosis, seu potius cum minoribus nonnullis 
pl. m. concretis. — Frutex ramosissimus 1-2-pedalis, glabrius- 
culus. Folia alterna, brevia, spathulata, mucronata, vix punc- 
ticulata, integerrima, sessilia, vel in petiolum brevem attenuata. 
Capitula numerosissima, in corymbis fasciculisve aggregata 
more Solidaginis $ Euthamiz, vel Gutierreziz, sed squamte 
involucri nec ad apicem herbacez, nec forsan glutinose. 


Flores aurei. 


A. FagwowTu, Torr. & Gray. 


—. Mr. Fremont collected this plant at several places along 
"the Mohave River, &c., somewhere between California and 
the Rocky Mountains, in April. 

We must here mention a fine addition to the Oregon genus 
Pyrrocoma, which, although perfectly distinct both from 
P. carthamoides and P. radiata, belongs to the typical section 
of that genus, which it therefore helps to strengthen. It may 
be thus characterized. 

Pyrrocoma roLiosa, (Torr. & Gray, ined.): humilis, € 
radice crassa perpendiculari multicaulis, glabrata ; caulibus 
confertim foliosis ; foliis oblongo-lanceolatis (1-2-uncialibus,) 
integerrimis, mucronato-cuspidatis ; summis in squamas invo- 
lucri lanceolatas acuminatas mucronato-setigeras sensim 
transeuntibus; ligulis numerosis exsertis; corolla fl. disci- 
pappo sequilonga. 


new Genera of Composita. ` 109 


The involucre may be compared with that of Liatris squarrosa, 
The close alliance of this genus with Aplopappus proper, 
which it appeared to replace in the northern hemisphere, I 
have elsewhere alluded to. But in Mr. Fremont’s collection 
- we have at length a very striking species of true Aplopappus; 
perfectly congeneric with the typical Chilian forms. It was 
gathered among the Mountains of Upper California; and is 
remarkable for its very long and showy rays, as well as for its 
rigid, undulate and tortuose leaves, not unlike some Muti- 
siaceous plants. The latter peculiarity is indicated by the 
specific name. 

APLOPAPPUS TORTIFOLIUS (Torr. & Gray, ined.): fructi- 
culosus, lana decidua tectus et pube brevissima | scabridus ; 
ramis inferne foliosis, apice in pedunculum longum nudum 
monocephalum productis; foliis coriaceis, semiamplexicauli- 
bus, elongato-lanceolatis, spinuloso-dentatis lobatisve, undu- 
latis, vario modo tortis; squamis involucri hemisphserici sub- 
ulato-lanceolatis, imbricatis, granuloso-scabridis, extimis tomen- 
loso-canescentibus ; ligulis (ut videtur flavis) 30-40 linearibus, 
prelongis ; pappo rufescente; acheniis sericeo-villosis. 

Of the tribe Senecionidez there are several novel plants, 
Which are not in sufficiently good state for satisfactory deter- 
mination. I notice, however, a new Balsamorhiza, unless it ^ 
should prove to be a form of B. deltoidea, Nutt., and what 
appears to be a new Cheenactis. There is also an Actinella, 
Which is perhaps a variety of A. Torreyana, with the heads 
immersed among the leaves, "The printing of the third part 
of the Flora of North America was arrested at a point which 
Just excluded the account of the most showy known species of 
this genus; one which Mr. Fremont collected in his first 
Journey, On the Wind River Chain of the Rocky Mountains, 
Dear the line of perpetual snow. I may be excused, therefore, 
or inserting its specific character in this place. 


Acrinetia GRANDIFLORA (Torr. & Gray, ined.) : depressa, 
“tomentosa ; caulibus numerosis e caudice crassa, simpli- 


ee 


110 Gray, Characters of some 


cibus (4-5-uncialibus,) sparsim foliatis, monocephalis; foliis 
radicalibus pinnato-partitis demum glabratis, segmentis lineari- 
bus integerrimis vel 2-3-fidis, caulinis supremis linearibus 
fere integris ; squamis involucri valde lanati biseriatis, lineari- 
bus, «qualibus; pappi paleis circ. 6, angusto-lanceolatis, 
acuminatis, corollam disci subszequantibus.— Capitulum ratione 
pl. magnum, eaque Gaillardiz aristatze semulans. 


Besides one or two genuine species of Layia, the collection 
contains a new plant of the same isomorphous group, which, 
with entirely the aspect and floral structure of Callichroa 
(Calliglossa) Douglasii, and with what may be deemed the 
rudimentary representative of the peculiar plumose hairs of 
the pappus of Layia, has a proper pappus paleaceus, that dis- 
tinguishes it from both these genera. I propose, therefore, to 
describe it under a name indicative of its principal characteris- 
tic, and which may be taken as a subgeneric appellation, in 
case that future discoveries should require, as they not very 
impossibly may, the union of Layia, Callichroa, Calliglossa, 
and even Oxyura, into one genus. 


CALLIACHYRIS. Torr. & Gray, ined. 
Composite-Seneeionidee : Subtr Heleniee: Div. Madies. 


Omnia Callichros subgen. Calliglosse, Torr. & Gr.; sed - 
pappus paleaceus; paleis 10-12, subzequalibus, lanceolato- 
ovatis, subulato-aristatis, corolla paulo brevioribus, basi pilis 
2-3 elongatis utrinque instructis. Corolle tubus pilosus - 
Herba annua vel biennis, facie omnino Callichroz = 
glossæ) Douglasii. 


C. Fremontu, Torr. & Gray, ined. — 


Mr. Fremont gathered the plant in the mountains of Cali- 
fornia, in March. 

_ The Cichoraceous plants of this collection apparently belong 

to known genera, and mostly to described species, ' with the 

ing very interesting exception. ieri 


m 
new Genera of Composita. 11t 


2 
ANISOCOMA. Torr. & Gray, ined. 
Composite-Cichoracew : Subtribe Scorzoneres. 


Capitulum pluriflorum. Involucrum cylindraceum ; squamis 
subscariosis adpressis obtusis; interioribus 5-7 lineari-oblongis 
subzqualibus; exterioribus 4-6 multo brevioribus, subrotundis, 
, imbricatis et quasi. calyculatis. Receptaculum planum, squa- 
mellis nonnullis piliformibus inter flores exteriores onustum. 
Achenia turbinato-fusiformia, sericeo-pilosa, erostria. Pap- 
pus duplex; exterior coroniformis, crenulatus, persistens ; in- 
terior e setis denis rigidulis uniserialibus, basi nudis, supra 
medium plumosis constans, decidua, inequalis; nempe 
setis 5 corollam subeequantibus, et 5 alternantibus iisdem 
dimidio brevioribus. — Herba annua (biennisve?) glabra, 
acaulis ; foliis. radicalibus linearibus pinnatifidis, lobis brevi- 
bus, hine inde mucronato-denticulatis. Scapi simplices, 
nudi, spithamzei, monocephali, foliis multo longiores. Capitu- 
um unciale. Flores lutei: pappus niveus.. 


A. acavLIS, Torr. & Gray. (Tab. XIH. Fig. 7—11.) 


The single specimen of this plant from which our figure is 
taken, Was not accompanied by any ticket or number, by 
which its particular habitat may be ascertained. à 

n conclusion, I have to offer my thanks to Mr. Isaac 
Sprague for the drawings which illustrate this brief paper. 


EXPLANATION OF TAB. XIIL 
Fig.1. Monopiilo S6 Paene : aM aud 
sulco Mo n bellidiformis, of the natural size. 2. The receptacle a 
deflexed irole. 3. A ray-flower. 4. A disk-flower. 5. Style from a disk- 
the a, 6. An achenium, crowned with the exterior coroniform pappus, and with 
meeeg inner pappus of a solitary plumose bristle, All but fig. 1, are variously . 


dut 7. Anisocoma acaulis, of the natural size. 8. Two of the setaceous pales 
sue. - 9. A separate flower, with the pappus. 10. An achenium, with 
bristle, or coroniform pappus. 11. One of the larger and I 

of the inner Pappus. All but fig. 7 are magnified. 


* 
112 Boott’s Descriptions of six 
4 
Ed 
Art. IX. — DESCRIPTIONS OF SIX NEW NORTH AMERICAN CARI- 
CES. By Francis Boorr, M.D., F.R. and L.S., Corresponding Member of 
the Society. Communicated October, 1842. 


^C. Boorrrana, Bentham MSS. 
New Orleans, Drummond, No. 560. 1833. 


Drorca! spicis cylindricis, nudis, basi attenuatis. Stig. 3. 
Perigyniis (floriferis) obovatis, erostratis, obtusis, hirsutis, ore 
subintegro, squama lata, obovata, acuminato-cuspidata, rubro- 
purpurea, apice albo-membranaceá angustioribus breviori- 
busque. 

Culmus gracilis, debilis, scaber, octopollicaris, superne 
nudus. Folia culmi brevia, angusta, vaginantia ; radicalia 
longissima, 3-2 lin. lata, carinata, scaberrima, culmum sepe 
plus duplo superantia. Spica mascula 12-14 lin. longa, lin. 
lata: feminea 17-2 poll. longa, 1j lin. lata (uno exemplo 
sSpicá minori ad basin superioris arcté contigua, aucta.) 
Squamz omnes late, obovate, abrupte acuminato-cuspidate, 
apice albo-membranacez, tenuissimé ciliate, sanguineo-pur- 
puree, nervo pallido. Stig. 3, longissima.  Perigynium 
(floriferum) 1j lin. longum, 3 lin. latum, oblongo-obovatum, 
basi attenuatum, hirsutum, apice serrulatum, viride, purpureo 
tinctum, ore integro vel bidentato. 


“2. C. nvariwa, Boott. 
Texas, Drummond. 


Spica e spiculis 3-5 composita, basi masculis, alternis, ap 
proximatis ; terminali pedunculatá, inferiori bracteatá. Stig. 2: 
Perigyniis ovatis, acuminato-rostratis, antice oblique fissis, 
margine latiusculà albo-hyaliná alatis, serrulatis, squamá t ovati 
acuta, pallidé ferruginea longioribus. © : 

Cespitosa. Culmus sesquipedalis, debilis, sulcatus, 50 - 
perne scaber. Folia 3-1 lin. lata, culmo breviora, apic* 


* 
new North American Carices. 113 


attenuato-scabra * ligula pallide ferruginea, truncata. Spica 
glauca, colore pallide ferrugineo tincta, subsesqui-pollicaris : 
in maturis, e spiculis 3-4, inferiori interdum -longè setaceo- 
bracteata ; in junioribus, ex eadem cespite anté anthesin, e 
spiculis 5, duabus vel tribus inferioribus setaceo-bracteatis, 
composita. Squamæ scariose, pallide ferruginesm. Spicule 
4-6 lin. longze, 3 lin. late: ; terminalis basi attenuata, peduncu- 
lata, infima interdum bracteà trinervi setaceá hispida, spicam 
superante, suffulta. Perigynium 2! lin. longum, 1 lin. latum 
ovatum, acuminatum, rostratum, bidentatum, anticé oblique 
fissum, leviter nervosum, divergens, apice viride, basi strami- 
neo-pallidum, margine albo-hyalina, undulata, tenuissime ser- 
rulatà cinctum. Achenium 1: lin. longum, oblongo ellipti- 
cum, stramineo-pallidum, pellucidé puncticulatum, basi styli 
equali terminatum. 


7 3. C. stczrormis, Boott. 
New Orleans, Drummond. No. 432. 

Spica decomposita, nuda, subpedali; ramis superioribus 
abbreviatis, congestis; inferioribus elongatis, remotiusculis, 
Selaceo-bracteatis. Spiculis parvis, apice (superioribus ovatis 
interdum omnino) masculis. Stig. 2. Perigyniis ovatis in 
rostrum. lineare longissimum subalatum serrulatum bicuspi- 
datum productis, nervosis, squama ovata mucronata scariosa 
triplo longioribus, 

, Vulmus tripedalis et altior, superne nudus, angulis acutis- 
"nA, scabris. Folia 6 lin. lata, culmum superantia, superne 
marginibus dentieulato-scabra; vaginis membranaceis - præ- 

- Spica 7-12 poll longa; 1-2 poll. lata: spieule 
bracteis brevibus setaceis suffulte. Squamæ pallid scariose. 

*ri&ynium 3 lin. longum, ¢ lin. latum, plano-convexum, ner- 
vosum ; rostro (2 lin. | : è ala ice altissime 

in. longo) anguste alato, antice 
* Achenium 1 lin. longum, è lin. latum, ovatum, acumina- 
um, stramineo- pallidum, basi styli incrassato terminatum. 
3 8 | 


VOL, v, 


* 


* 
114 Boott's Descriptions of six 


/ 4. C. Curisryana. Boott. 
Texas, Drummond. 

Spicis masculis 3, cylindricis, mediá sessili, reliquis pedun- 
culatis: fcemineis, 6-7, remotis, interdum apice masculis, 
oblongis vel cylindricis, exserté pedunculatis, erectis, mediis 
ternatis geminatisque; extremis solitariis. Stig. 3. Peri- 
gyniis triguetro-ovatis, acuminatis, breve rostratis, ore scarioso 
oblique fisso, squamá ovata acuta longioribus. 

Culmus bipedalis, superne gracillimus, basi foliosus, pars 
spicas gerens pedalis. Folia crebra, 1-1} lin. lata (junioribus 
setaceis mixta), attenuata, culmum subzequantia, marginibus 
scabra. Bracteæ vaginantes, foliaceze ; superiores setace®. 
Vaginæ inferiores pollicares. Spice — pallide, concolores, 
pollicares: mascule 1-3 lineas late, approximate, infima 
` vaginata, setaceo-bracteata: foemines 3 lin. late, remote, ex- 
sert& pedunculate : medie ternate geminateque : extreme 
solitarize : vel omnino fæmìneæ, vel plus minus apice masculé: 
Pedunculi setacei, hispidi. Squamæ mascule obtuse, mar 
gine scariose ; foeminew acute, scariose, glabra, vel apice 
dorso scabree. — Perigynium 23 lin. longum, ? lin. latum, ov 
tum, triquetrum, obsoleté nervosum, glabrum vel superne mat- 
gine scabriusculum, rostro cylindrico brevi acuminato-attenua- 
tum, ore hyalino, oblique fisso. Achenium perigynio plis 
quam dimidio minus, triquetrum, stramineo-pallidum, basi styl 
equali terminatum. Stig. 3, longs. 

Amiciss. W. Christy, F. L. S., eheu ! nimium cito mortuus 
benevolé communicavit. 

C. Cherokeénsis, Schw.? ex icone monog. N. Am. Carice 
& 25, fig. l, et e descrip. spicis ovato-cylindricis, solitariis 
perigyniis bidentdis foliis rigidiusculis gaudet. Forsan tame? 
planta Drummondiana hic referende. 


5. C. microponra. Torr. 
Galveston Bay, Texas, Drummond, 3d Coll. No. 439. : 
© picis masculis 2~4-superioribus contiguis, sessilibus; * 


" 
new North American Carices. 115 


feriori subremotá incluse pedunculata ; extremis majoribus: 
femineis 3—4 cylindricis, acutis, remotis, exserte-pedunculatis, 
apice masculis. Stig. 3. Perigyniis (floriferis) oblongis, ob- 
tusis, nervosis, ore aperto subemarginato, squamá ovata cus- 
pidatà brevioribus. 

Radix repens, rudimentis foliorum striatis lanceolatis acutis 
tectus, fibris lignosis instructus. Culmus 1—1 1 pedalis, gracilis, 
obtusangulus, sulcatus, glaber, vel apice scabriusculus, basi 
foliatus ; pars spicas gerens pedalis, e basi ad apicem bracteis 
vaginantibus instructus. Folia 11-23 lin. lata, culmo bre- 
Via. Bractee vaginantes, large foliacea, culmum super- 
antes, serrato-scabres; vagine 3 lin. ad 2 poll longs. 
Spice mascule 2-4 ; extrem: majores ; terminalis 1—1 1 poll. 
longa : superiores contiguze, sessiles, inferiores bracteate ; 
infima subremota, inclusé pedunculata ; squamis pallide ferru- 
gineis, lanceolatis, cuspidatis. Spice feminee 3-4, erecte, 
12-15 lin. longz, 1 lin. late; e masculis et inter se inter- 
valis sub 2-3 pollicaribus remote, exserté pedunculate, 
acute, basi sublaxifloree, superior vel binc superiores apice 
mascule ; pedunculis strictis 1-91 poll. longis. Squame uni- 
nerviæ, pallidze, margine scariose, ovate, longè hispido-cuspi- 

ate.  Perigynium (immaturum) 18 lin. longum, $ lin. la- 
tum, nervosum, obtusum, olivaceum ; ore aperto subemarginato. 


6. C. ALvEATA. Boott. 
Texas, Drummond, 3d Coll. No. 440, 441. 
Spicá mascula 1, cylindrica: femineis 2—4 ; superiori vel 
) rioribus ‘ M one 


binis supe 


ovata, acuta vel cuspidata, trinervosá, paululum brevioribus. . 
“adix repens. Culmus subpedalis acutangulus, scaber, pars 
Picas gerens 3-5. pollicaris, Folia 1-2 lin. lata, culmum su- 
ntia vel eo breviora, marginibus apiceque attenuata 
scabra.. Bractee superiores squameforme, setaceo- 


116 snow on the identity of 


cuspidate, "hui crescentes, foliaceee, vaginate, culmum 
subequantes ; vagine superiores obsolete, infima 4-7 lin. 
longa. Spica mascula pollicaris, 2 lin. lata, sessilis vel pe- 
dunculata. Squam:e mascule ferruginez, margine pallide, 
late ovate, obtuse ; nervo viridi in squamis inferioribus infra 
apicem evanescente, in superioribus rarius in mucronem bre- 
vissimum producto. Spice fæmineæ 6-12 lin. longe, 2-3 lin, 
late: vel 2 erecta, superior subsessilis, inferior exserté pe- 
dunculata: vel 3-4; superior vel bine superiores apice mas- 
cule, una vel dus spice mascule approximata, sessilis vel 
brevi inclusé-pedunculate : inferiora remota, longè exserte pe 
dunculata, rarius basi composita. Squam:e fceminez late, 
Ovatæ, acute, medio viridi, 3-4 nervose, ferruginee : inferiores 
cuspidate. Perigynium 1% lin. longum, $ lin. latum, olivaceum, 
costato-nervosum (nervis albis); glabrum ; ore aperto integro. 
Achenium (vix maturam) 1? lin. longum, $ lin. latum, 
fuscum. j ' 

An. C. microdonta distincta? Differt numero spicarum; 
squamis omnibus plerumque obtusis, £rinervatis ; foliis me 
tioribus apice attenuatis. 


T. X. — AN ATTEMPT TO PROVE THAT COTTUS COGNATUS OF 
endi", COTTUS VISCOSUS OF HALDEMAN, AND URANI 
DEA QUIESCENS OF DE KAY, ARE ONE SPECIES, A: ARE 
IDENTICAL WITH COTTUS GOBIO OF LINN/JEUS. W. 
Avnrs, East Hartford, Ct. 


Is the Fauna Boreali-Americana, Dr. Richardson describes 

a fish, which he obtained from the Bear Lake, belonging t° 
the genus Cottus. He says it is very much like the River 
Bullhead, so common in Europe, and that he can hardly point 
out any characteristics which may distinguish it. €— 
mitted some of his specimens to Cuvier, and they wel 
returned with the note, “ tres semblable au C. gobio.” sil | 
he-thought it advisable to describe them as belonging 10? - 


E 


Cottus cognatus, &c. with Cottus gobio. 117 
ka 


distinct species ; he did so, applying the specific name cogna: 
tus. His account is very full and complete, and leaves us in 
no doubt in attempting to determine his species. 

In 1837? Mr. Haldeman published, in a small pamphlet, a 
brief notice of a Cottus, which he supposed to be new, and 
which he named viscosus. From his description, we could 
searcely identify the fish, but fortunately we have other means 
of information. 

In 1843, Dr. De Kay’s Report on the Fishes of New York; 
appeared. In the northern part of the State he had found a 
fish, which he supposed to be undescribed, and for which he 
felt compelled to institute a new genus. He called the genus 
Uranidea, from the position of the eyes ; the species he named 
quiescens. His description is by no means precise, and his 
figure is not accurately drawn; but, as in the case of the 
viscosus, we are able from other sources to decide with cer- 
tainty, in regard to the species intended by him. 

July 5, 1842, Mr. C. H. Olmsted brought to me two spe- 
cimens of Cottus, which had been taken in asmall stream, in 
Manchester, Ct. On examination, although I found that they 
agreed in all respects with Dr. Richardson's description, and 
Were evidently his C. cognatus, I was unable to see in what 
they differed from the Cottus gobio. In this Mr. Olmsted 
coincided with me; indeed, the opinion was first suggested 
by him. We visited the place where they were obtained, 
and found the species very abundant. I have since taken 
these fish, at different seasons of the year, of different sizes, 
and of both sexes; I have examined them closely, with the 
help of all the descriptions to which I could obtain access; - 
Thave tried them by their internal anatomy, and by their 
external appearance, and I cannot come to any other conclu- 
“on, than that they are identical with the Miller’s Thumb, or 
River Bullhead, which is found so abundantly in the streams 

! hout many parts of Europe. ^ ^ — mr : 

We know, from unquestionable testimony, that the species 
of Mr. Haldeman and Dr. De Kay are identical with the one 


& 


118 . Ayres on the identity of 


now under consideration. It seems to me, therefore, certain, 
that the three specific names, cegnatus, viscosus, and quiescens, 
and the generic name Uranidea, should be suppressed, as 
referring to a species which had been before described as 
Cottus gobio. ‘The correctness of this opinion I will endeavor 
to show in the following pages. 

The best description of the gobio which I have been able 
to find, is that given by Artedi. My attempt will be to show 
the perfect resemblance which our fish bears to the one de- 
‘scribed by him. The descriptions by Bloch and Cuvier 
would also be introduced, but want of space forbids. The 
account of Artedi is in Latin, of which I give a translation as 
correct and faithful as I can make it. The title by which he 
distinguishes the species is, “ Cottus alepidotus, glaber, capite 
diacantho.” His description is as follows. 

« 1. Head transversely flattened, broader than the body it 
self, more convex and unequal above than below. 

2. Body gradually tapering from the head to the tail, and 
almost conically-terete, or a little Sompeimed toward the tail; 
three or four inches long. 

3. Snouta little curved apvd jaws of almost the same 
-e 

- It cannot be distinguished whether the nostrils are dou- 
in or single, but there is found on each side a little valve; 9' 
barbule, very short and scarcely observable,in the place where 
the nostrils are commonly seen. 

5. The eyes are not in the sides, but above, in the middle 
part of the head, very near to each other: pupil green; iris 
dusky yellow. 

6. One of the plates of the head on each side ends in & 
point, bent in and recurved 

Ti Branchiostegous Mersan convex, and, as it were 
puffed out with air, containing six curved rays on each side. - 

8. Mouth quite large and toothed, and indeed | | 

_ «. Many litile teeth, situated in more rows than oe 
k: side, on the limbs of the maxillaries. La 
d 


Cottus cognatus, &c. with Cottus gobio. 119 


. 8. In the anterior part of the palate is a little bone, rough 
with small teeth. ; « 

y. In the throat above are two little bones, rounded, rough 
with small teeth ; and below, between the branchiz, also two, 
smaller and more oblong, sprinkled with little teeth. The 
middle of the palate, and the tongue are smooth. 

9. The lateral line is very conspicuous, almost straight, 
or in the anterior part bending a little toward the belly. 

10. Skin scaleless, slippery, and somewhat mucous. 

ll. Color dusky, or tawny yellow, on the back and sides, 
but marked with spots or blotches, somewhat large and black, 
sometimes transverse and sometimes irregular, on the posterior 
part of the body. Head above blackish ; belly whitish. 

12. Pectoral, anal, dorsal, and caudal fins varied with black 
and yellowish. 

13. Fins on the back two, almost contiguous to each other. 
The anterior one is small, of seven short rays, which are un- 
divided at the apex, but still not simple. The membrane of 
this fin is red on the upper margin. The second dorsal fin is 
almost joined to the first, varied with black spots, of seventeen 
rays, sometimes sixteen, undivided on the apex; the middle 
ones longest. 

14. The pectoral fins are varied with black spots, large, 
Somewhat rounded at the end, of fourteen rays, of which the 
middle Ones are longest, the extreme ones shortest. All undi- 
vided at the apex, except two or three in some specimens. - 
The membrane does not extend to the summit of the rays, 
Whence these fins are on the margin, as it were, serrated. — 

i 15. The ventral fins are whitish, small, situated beneath, 
like the pectorals, of four rays, of which the two middle ones 
oo longest, the last one undivided at the apex ; the rest are, 
at the apex, bifid. : 

_ 16. The anal fin is also spotted, of thirteen rays, some- 
times fourteen, undivided at the apex ; the middle ones are 

» as in the other fins. ae | 
.. Vi. The caudal fin'is varied with black and dusky spots, of 
LI 


x» 


120 Ayres on the identity of 


eight rays, long and much branched at the apex, except the 
extreme ones, which are smaller and undivided. At the end 
the fin is not entirely even, but a little rounded. 

18. Branchiz on each side four, of which the two middle 
ones are provided with a double row of somewhat rough tuber- 
cles on the concave side. 

19, Liver large and undivided, of which the greater part is 
situated on the left side; of a clay color. 

20. Stomach large, and round like a little bag, filled with 
small coleopterous insects. Four oblong appendages at the 

lorus 


un Intestine once reflexed, then running straight to the anus. 

22. The seminal vessels of the males, or the ovaries of the 
females, seem indeed double, but in the lower part they unite, 
and are included in a very black membrane. 

93. Kidneys and urinary vessels quite large, are seen in the 
lower part of the abdomen. 
. 94. Peritoneum blackish. 
. 95. Vertebrz generally thirty-one, much EE on 
the sides. Ribs about ten on each side, slightly fixed to the 
vertebrz by cartilage. 

Inches, Lines. 


Entire length, 9: 9 
from the snout to the maddie af the pene 2 

to the spines on the side of the head, 9 

s pamening of the pectoral fins, 6 

" : ventral, 6; 
H d first dorsal, — á 

* end of the same, " 1 2 
* beginning of the anal fin, a We oe 
* end of the same, oe of . 
od " second dorsal, 2... oh 

*. beginning of the caudal fin, 25 4 
“Greatest breadth of the head, ` : ü 1 
e = at the pectorals, . » -— €. 
aged: perpendicular to the anus, . -> 47 4 


m ub « to the caudal, L1 


+ 


Cottus cognatus, &c. with Cottus gobio. 12] 


I have thus given, as I believe, a correct and literal transla- 

tion of Artedi’s description. The perfect and very remark- 
able agreement of this with our fish, I will presently endeavor 
to show; and I may here remark that this account, though 
written more than a hundred years since, is more exact and 
precise than any other which I have been able to find, 
Though one or two points might, apparently, be amended, yet 
taken as a whole, the description is most admirable, and reflects 
great credit on its author ; it is, in fact, vastly better than the 
majority of the descriptions which are published in our day. 
_ I will now attempt to prove that the specimens which we 
obtain in Connecticut present nothing by which they may be 
specifically separated from those of Europe, and that, of 
course, the name by which they should be known is 


Cottus gobio. 

In order to do this, I will, in the first place, give a descrip- 
tion, drawn from specimens taken in Manchester, Ct. And 
though I have taken a single one as a basis, whose measure- 
ments, &c., I have given, the account is not drawn from a 
single fish. I have examined very numerous specimens, 
living and dead, of all their different sizes, of both sexes, and at 
almost all seasons of the year, and points in which I should 
have been in error from an inspection of one fish, have been 
Corrected from an examination of many. The dimensions are 
not those of a specimen of the largest size. 

Entire length, two inches and six-tenths; length to the 
middle of the eyes, two-tenths ; to the end of the preopercu- 

Spine, nine-twentieths; to the beginning of the pecto- 
rals, five-tenths; to the origin of the ventrals, eleven- 
twentieths ; to the beginning of the first dorsal, seven-tenths ; 
to the end of the same, one inch and three-twentieths ; to 
the end of the second dorsal, one inch and nineteen-twen- 
tieths; to the beginning of the anal fin, one inch and two- 
tenths; to the end of the same, one inch and eight tenths ; 
to the inning of the caudal fin, two inches and one-tenth. 

$ 


199 Ayres on the identity of 


Greatest breadth of the head, six-tenths ; at the pectoral 
fins, nine-twentieths ; at the anus, three-tenths ; at the cardi 
fin, one-tenth. 

Mouth, seven-twentieths of an inch in width, plentifully 
supplied with teeth. In the upper jaw we find the inter- 
maxillaries, which are short, densely crowded with them; 
they are small, very sharp pointed, and sometimes curved. 
In the lower jaw they are also very numerous, the band of 
them becoming broader and more dense toward the front part 
of the jaw. "The vomer is covered with them, as are also the 
upper pharyngeals (forming a rounded patch on each,) and 
the lower pharyngeals, which are longer and narrow. ‘The 
palatine bones and the tongue are smooth. 

The eyes are situated on the top of the head, three-twen- 
tieths of an inch in length, elliptical in form, one-tenth of an 
inch from each other. 

The lateral line arises at the superior angle of the opercu- 
lum, and bending very slightly downward, passes back nearly 
straight to the caudal fin. A row of large and distinct mu- 
cous pores begins at the front of the lower jaw, and passes 
back on each side, as far as to the end of the preoperculum. 
Besides these there are numerous pores, much smaller, scat- 
tered irregularly on the top and sides of the head. 

The nostrils are very difficult to distinguish. When the 
skin is removed, the nasal cavity is found extending almost 
the whole distance from the orbit of the eye to the maxillary 
bone. When the skin, however, is in place, this is not dis 
cernible, and all that we can see is a small aperture, some 
what tubular, apparently single, opening directly into the 
centre of the cavity. Around it are several of the mucous 
pores, one or two appearing to communicate with the cavity; 
but the only proper opening of the nostrils is, I believe, the 
one already mentioned. | 

-.. On each side of the head are two spines. One of them is 
at the inferior angle of the preoperculum ; it is short 
 Stou Mns: flattened vertically, curved — ending 


Coltus cognatus, &c. with Cottus gobio. 193 


in a point not very sharp. It is not prominent, but easily felt 
by passing the finger from behind forward, covered entirely 
with the skin, and only about one-twentieth of an inch in 
projecting extent. The other is smaller and not so strong; 
it is situated at the anterior inferior angle of the operculum. 
Until the integuments are removed it is by no means easily 
seen, though it can be distinguished. It is not prominent, 
and the finger may be passed over it in the opposite direction 
to that in which it points, that is from before backward, with- 
out detecting it unless close attention is given. When the 
skin, however, is taken off, it is apparent at once. It is only 
about half the length of the preopercular spine, and is less 
curved. These four (two on each side) are all the spines 
that I have been able to detect on the head. The operculum 
ends in a flattened point, but it is not worthy of being called a 
spine, being weak and flexible. 

The skin is smooth, scaleless, covered with a thick mucous 
Secretion. The body tapers from the head gradually ; it is 
Tounded at first, but toward the tail it becomes compressed. 

— The branchial membrane is thin, nearly transparent. The 
fish, like most others of the genus, often inflates it to the ut- 
most when it is taken from the water, and the membrane 
c remains in this condition even after the fish is 


The colors are various, scarcely any two specimens being 
alike in this respect. The younger ones almost always have 
colors more strongly marked than the adult fish, the 
groundwork being lighter and the bands darker. The more 
Senéral arrangement of the colors may, perhaps, be stated 
ds; the prevailing color of the side light yellowish brown, 
With numerous blotches of darker brown, sometimes but not 
-ays amounting to irregular vertical bands which occasion- 
ally cover the greater part of the side. The head is in gen- 
et. darker than the body. The under side of the body, from 
- lower jaw to the caudal fin, is yellowish white. The first 
sal fin is of a light brown, with dark spots, and occasion- 


194 3 Ayres on the identity of 

ally with bands; the upper margin of the fin is red. The 
second dorsal, pectorals, and caudal are colored like the first 
dorsal, except that they are destitute of the red margin. The 
ventrals are nearly transparent. The anal is like the second 
dorsal, but not quite so dark. 

The first dorsal arises seven-tenths of an inch from the tip 
of the upper jaw; it is nine-twentieths of an inch in length, 
four-twentieths in height, rounded, highest at about the fourth 
or fifth ray. The rays are feebly spinous. 

The second dorsal arises at the termination of the first. It 
is sixteen-twentieths of an inch in length, six-twentieths in 
height, somewhat rounded, the rays articulated but not 
. branched. 

"The pectorals originate at the termination of the branchial 
membrane; they are oblique in their insertion, so that the 
posterior point of their origin is about even with the tip of the 
operculum, and in advance of the first dorsal. "They are five- 
twentieths of an inch in length, twelve-twentieths in height, 
rounded, highest at the fifth ray counting from the top. The 
tips of the rays extend beyond the membrane, so that the fin 
appears digitate. The rays are articulated, and all simple. 
(I have not found any in which the rays were not simple; 
though it may not be a constant character.) 

The ventrals are situated on a line with the posterior eX 
tremity of the origin of the pectorals. "They are one-tenth of 
an inch in length, nine-twentieths, in height. 

The anal arises nineteen-twentieths of an inch from the tip 
of the upper jaw. It is thirteen-twentieths of an inch in 
length, seven-twentieths in height, somewhat rounded. — 

The caudal fin is five-twentieths in length, ten-twentieths 
in height, not quite even at the extremity, but a little em 

Branchial rays. 6. Fin rays; D. 8— 16; A. 10; 
Deeg P. 14; €. 10. 

I will give now a description of the abdominal organs as 1 
have found them to exist in the species under consideration. 

ne: ] the internal structure as a matter of the greatest 


Cottus cognatus, &c. with Cottus gobio. 125 


importance in settling a question of identity in species, since it 
presents characters much less likely to prove variable than 
those which are merely external. 

The liver is large and rounded; it occupies the whole 
breadth of the abdomen, and in a fish of the size described 
(two inches and six-tenths) is three tenths of an inch in length. 
It is light yellowish red in color, entire, showing but one lobe ; 
the greater part of it lies on the left side. 

The stomach is large and rounded ; the «esophagus enters it 
near its extremity on the left, the pylorus is situated at the 
opposite end. The ceca are four, oblong, blunt, and rounded, 
placed around the intestine close to the pylorus; the longest, 
in a fish of two inches and six-tenths, is two-tenths of an inch 
iù length. The intestinal canal, which is narrow, runs back 
a little distance, turns forward and passes almost to the 
pylorus, and then turning again runs nearly straight to the 


The ovaries are two, elongated, rounded in front, tapering 
posteriorly. Before their termination they apparently unite 
and become one. Still I think the excretory duct is not 
single, but double. As to this, however, I have not been 
able to satisfy myself entirely ; if the duct is double the two 
branches are very closely connected. The membrane sur- 
rounding the ovaries is dotted with black. The organs of the 
male are somewhat similar in form to the ovaries of the female, 
but are more angular in front. They are much lighter in 
color, being almost white, and do not unite into one but con- 
Unue separate throughout their whole length. The seminifer- 
ous ducts are very apparent, and pass back perfectly distinct 
from each other, opening posterior to the anus. = 

The kidneys extend more than half the length of the abdo- 
ae No traces of a urinary bladder can be discerned. A 
Urniferous duct passes back on each side; as it descends to 
"5 termination it is posterior to the one from the generative 
organs but opens, I think, at the same place with it. The 


126 =, Ayres on the identity of 


This completes my description. And now in what does 
our fish differ from the European. The general shape of the 
body, all its proportions, the jaws, the peculiar structure of 
the nostrils, the situation of the eyes, the branchial membrane 
and rays, the teeth in their various positions (except the max- 
illaries) the lateral line, the surface of the body, the colors, 
the position and colors of the fins, all agree in the most com- 
plete and perfect manner. The only points in which there is 
the slightest want of coincidence are, the spines on the side of 
the head, the teeth on the maxillaries, and the tubercles on 
the branchial arches. 

In regard to the preopercular and opercular spines, it may 
be remarked that this is one of the items in which Artedi and 
Bloch do not agree in their description of the European fish. 
Of course one of them must be wrong, and from the nature of 
the case it seems probable that Artedi is the one who is if 
error. In our American fish the opercular spine is very small 
and will not be detected without close observation, and in the 
gobio it may very easily have escaped the notice of Artedi. 
Bloch mentions two spines, but his description and figure 
contradict each other. The figure agrees with our specimens 
but the description does not. The want of correspondence, 
therefore, between our fish and this part of Artedi's descrip- 
tion seems a matter of very little value, and one on which no 
argument can be founded for the separation of the species. 
In regard to the teeth we have another point of discrepancy. 
Artedi says they are “on each side on the limbs of the max- 
illaries." There is here also, apparently, an error in Artedi's | 
account, because it contradicts the common, and almost uni- 
versal, arrangement of the teeth in fish. "The teeth of the 
upper jaw are in general situated on the intermazillaries. In- 
deed I know of no fish in which there are teeth on the max- 
illaries, with none on the intermaxillaries, as Artedi has stated 
in regard to the gobio. 
© I have written thus far in reference to these items of difer 
ence, in order to show that they present no argument against - 


Li 
Cottus cognatus, &c. with Cottus gobio. Hn 


the specific identity of the American and European fish, even 
were we destitute of other means of proof. But very fortu- 
nately we are not thus destitute. Through the kindness of 
Mr. Yarrell, the distinguished English ichthyologist, I am in 
possession of specimens of the undoubted Cottus gobio. And 
to my esteemed friend James J. Bolton, Esq. of Cambridge, 
England, I am indebted for others, taken in the Avon near 
Bath, and received in very perfect condition, having been in 
spirits only the little time requisite for reaching this country. 
I have examined these specimens very closely, and have com- 
pared them with ours (from Connecticut) and by this examin- 
ation I am only rendered (if possible) more firm in my belief 
that the European and American species are identical. 

Two instances of discrepancy have presented themselves, 
containing specific characters which appeared of some impor- 
lance; I refer to the spines on the head, and the teeth in the 
upper jaw. I have said of each of them, in the preceding 
pages, that the discrepancy originated in an error of Artedi, 
and have perhaps been thought presumptuous in thus assert- 
Ang. I did it, however, on what seemed to me absolute au- 
thority, an examination of perfect specimens of the species to 
which his description refers. I find in particular that the two 
‘pines on the sides of the head, the opercular and preopercu- 

5 are precisely alike in the fish of both countries. The 
minute opercular spine, pointing downward and forward, ex- 
ists in the English specimens exactly as in those from Con- 
necticut; It is certainly singular, but it is nevertheless true, 
that this little spine has been overlooked by every describer 
cept Bloch, and even he, as I have already mentioned, has 

them erroneously, though the error is perhaps caused. 
bya transposition in copying or in printing. — = 
The teeth in the upper jaw, also, no longer present any 
difficulty, They conform, as we might suppose, to the ordi- 
nary arrangement of the teeth in fishes, that is, they are sit- 
“ated on the intermaxillaries, These bones are short, not 


Aa 


the two I cannot assert, for I have not had an opportunity 


198 LS Ayres on the identity of 


half the length of the maxillaries, densely crowded with short 
teeth. The maxillaries are destitute of teeth. 

One thing more remains, the structure of the branchial 
arches.. It is at the most a matter of very small importance, 
for Artedi’s account simply implies that the outer and inner 
arches may be without tubercles, though it makes no assertion 
at all in regard to them. But small as it is it cannot lv 
allowed to stand, for where it would make a difference no 
difference exists. A double row of tubercles on the second 
and third arches, and a single row on the first and fourth are 
found in all my specimens. 

The last point, therefore, of apparent discrepancy is gone; 
the resemblance is perfect. But I will not dwell upon this 
at present. We come now to consider the abdominal anato- 
my of the fish ; and here if the two species are not identical 
we may expect to find a difference. But it is here that we 
have, as I think, our strongest reasons for believing that the 
gobio is the fish which we find in America. It was this 
which removed every doubt from my own mind and fully 
satisfied me that the three or four nominal species were ac 
tually but one. The liver, the stomach, the ceca, the in- 
testine, the urinary organs correspond in the most minute 
particulars not merely in description, but on actual comparison 
by dissection. If we examine with the greatest care each - 
item in the account of the anatomy which Artedi has given 
us, and then compare them with those which I have present- 
ed, in the description of our own fish, we shall find that the two 
accounts might have been drawn from the same specimens, it 
every respect except one ; that is a part, of what relates to 
the generative organs. Phases in the male, continue distinct 
throughout their whole length, instead of uniting posteriorly 
into one; and neither they nor the ovaries of the female are 
included in a membrane which is * very black." 

- That the organs of the male do not perfectly correspond i 


a male of the European fish, and it may be that # 


Cottus cognatus, &c. with Cottus-gobio. . 199 


comparison would do what it has done in the previous cases 
of apparent difficulty, only serve to strengthen our argument. 
But in the female, the membrane surrounding the ovaries. is 
certainly ** very black,” while in our fish it is only dotted with + 
black. Here isa difference ; and to it we can afford to allow 
its full weight, for it is the only one which we can find, either 
external or internal. Is it sufficient to separate the species? 
At the least, we may doubt. 

Here then we may rest the argument, as to the identity of 
the European species with the one which we find in Connecti- 
cut. "Three or four points of apparent difference presented 
themselves; but they were only apparent, and have disap- 
peared, with the exception of one solitary item. What rea- 
son then have we for supposing that fish, which correspond 
80 perfectly, are specifically distinct. If both occurred in the 
Waters of this country, it would seem a matter beyond ques- 
tion that they should be arranged under one name. And 
though their specific identity is an exception to the rule 
which prevails in regard to the fresh water fishes of Europe 
and America, and consequently may be by some considered 
improbable, still the perfect coincidence between the two will 
not allow me to doubt, and I must conclude therefore that the 
Cottus gobio is a native of America and is found in at least 
. One stream in Connecticut. | 

I have thus far attempted to prove but the first point which 
Was proposed. It now remains to be shown that this species 
has been described, as an inhabitant of North America, by 
three authors ; and that they have applied to it two generic, 
and three specific names. We will take the descriptions in 
their chronological order. The first is that of Dr. Richardson. - 
If we examine his account we shall find that tbroughout the . 
Whole of it, his object is to show that his fish is distinct from 
gobio, apparently a very difficult matter, and one in -regard to 


Which he is not able fully to convince even himself. He says 
on comparing his specimens ver) minutely with an English 
VOL. y, | 9 


Vaiss 


130 — ^ Ayres on the identity of 


specimen of the gobio, the principal difference he could detect 
was, in the American fish, a ** greater height of the dorsal and 
anal fins." He mentions two other points of discrepancy. 
» One of these was in regard to the first dorsal fin which, in the 
American spécimens, was about a twelfth of an inch longer 
than in the English, occasioning a corresponding decrease of 
length in the space between the first and second dorsals. 1f 
this character were constant it might be of some value ; but it 
is not. The dorsals of the gobio vary much more than the 
small fractions of an inch here referred to. In one of those 
sent me by Mr. Yarrell the interval between the first and 
second dorsals is two and a half lines, the fish being four - 
inches in length. (These are precisely the numbers stated by 
Dr. Richardson, and it is possible that the specimen now in 
my possession is the very one from which his measurements 
were taken; it certainly agrees with them in every respect.) 
In one of those received from Mr. Bolton there is no interval 
between the fins; they unite so pérfectly that the membrane 
of the first dorsal is attached to the first ray of the second to 
the height of a twelfth of an inch. In another the two fins 
unite, but not so strongly, the membrane of the first dorsal 
reaching to the base of the first ray of the second. In 
another there is an interval between the two, but it is less 
than in the first instance. And the length of the first dorsal 
varies according to the union of the two fins or the space be 
tween them. The discrepancy noted in this case is, therefore, 
of no importance. 

In regard to the height of the dorsal and i! fins it may 
observed, that the comparison was made by means 
cimens preserved in alcohol, from which the measurements 

. could scarcely be taken with so much accuracy as from the 
recent fish. I do not mean to imply that Dr. Richardson is i 
error here, for I have no means of knowing that such is. the 
fact ; but certainly, a difference amounting to but little more - 
than a twelfth of an inch, for that is the greatest — 


Cottus cognatus, &c. with Cottus gao. 131 


tioned, may be under such circumstances, without- hesitation 
pronounced tó be slight. 

But one thing remains — a little diversity of shape in the 
branchial rays. In the English specimen they were stronger 
and flatter. 

Now from all this what must we infer? Of course we 
may take Dr. Richardson's testimony in his own favor ; for his 
endeavor was to show that. his species was distinct from 
gobio, and taking that testimony what does it prove P Does 
it prove a want of specific identity? If it does, that want of 
identity depends upon two things ; the slight diversity in the 

_ branchial rays, and the discrepancy (if we may call it so) ix 
the dorsal fins. That these are sufficient to establish a dis- 
tinct species I cannot believe. It appears to me that varia- 
tions no greater than these are only what we may find in a 
dozen different specimens of almost any species, particularly a 
Species belonging to a genus so variable as Cottus. And I 
cannot but be persuaded, therefore, that Dr. Richardson 
would have acted more correctly if he had yielded to his own 
convictions, and given us a description of his Bear Lake speci- 
mens under the old name gobio. 

_ And that the little fish which we find in Connecticut is 
Identical with the one described under the name cognatus 

" does not, I think, need further argument. * The two descrip- 
tions already given (Dr. Richardson’s and the one from the 
Connecticut specimens) fully show that this is the case. 2 1 
Cannot see m what respects these two accounts do not per- 

1y correspond, and why they may not apply to the same 
To institute a detailed comparison between the o, 


tions, item by item, seems an unnecessary wearying of aa 
tience, though it might be done with the most perfect cer- = 
tanty of a satisfactory result. I have examined them and 
the living specimens with the most rigid scrutiny, and I be- 
lieve that the fish which was the cause of my —— 
species which 1S 


P'ésent communication is identical with the 
found in the Great Bear Lake. : 


139 * Ayres on the identity of 


We come now to speak of the Cottus viscosus of Mr. Halde- 
man and Uranidea quiescens of Dr. De Kay. Of these, how- 
ever, our notice may be brief, for we are fortunately in pos- 
session of the means of determining at once to what they 
refer. Iwill copy the account given by Mr. Haldeman, and 
endeavor to show that the description contains gps which 
may prevent its referring to the same species. 

It was published in a pamphies; containing other descrip- 
-nn and i is as follows. 

OTTUS ViSCOSUS. Body very slender, yellowish cloud- 
pm black, the first dorsal fin edged with a very nar- 
row line of orange. The fin rays are, D. 7 —17; P. 14; 
V.3; A. 12; C. 13, of which 11 are long. "Total length, — 
3 inches. Snout to first dorsal ray, 0.84, and from here to 
the last dorsal ray, 1.5. The anus is midway between the 
snout and base of the caudal rays. "The lateral line is straight 
from the middle of the first dorsal fin backward. Hab. — 
ern Pennsylvania. 

Obs. “ae resembles C. gobio, but the proportions are 


d 

"This is m whole description. It is scüircel sufficient to 
enable us to determine to what jit refers, but so far as it goes; 
it agrees with our fish, and, as I believe, with gobio. Mr 
Haldeman says it differs from this latter species in its propor- 4 
tions, but if so, they must be proportions which he has not 
mentioned here, for these correspond most perfectly. 

There is but one thing more to be considered, the species 
described by Dr. De Kay. He has attempted to’ establish # 
new genus, but I cannot see that it is needed. 


In Cottus, taking the description which Dr. De Kay has 
Li himself given, we have the “ Head large, depressed. Body 
without scales. Dorsals distinct, or slightly connected. Ven 
— trals under the pectorals, and with three or four rays. ; 
de, or preopercle, armed with spines, occasionally both. 
Tee h velvet like, on the jaws and anterior part of the 
vomer. Here we have every character of Uranidea, except — 


Cottus cognatus, &c. with Cottus gobio. 138 


two “Eyes nearly vertical,’ and “teeth on the tongue.” 
That these two would be of themselves sufficient to separate 
a genus, we may doubt ; but we need not allow even them to 
remain. In all the species of the genus Cottus with which I 
am acquainted, the eyes are situated very near the top of the 
head; and in C. Grenlandicus and C. eneus, the character, 
“Eyes nearly vertical," may be applied with as much propriety 
as in Uranidea. 


As to the other item, * Teeth on the tongue,” I must be- 


lieve that Dr. De Kay has made a mistake, even in the 
description of his own species; for I have examined numerous 
‘imens of it, and in them the tongue is certainly smooth. 

t may be, however, that the one described by him presented: 
an exception to the general rule in the species, for I find a. 
somewhat analogous case in a. pecimen of my own, which 
shows three or four teeth on each of the palatine bones, simi- 
lar to the teeth on the vomer, while in all my other specimens 
those bones are perfectly smooth. 

There. is not, therefore, a single point in which Uranidea 
differs from Cottus, and the species, quiescens, whic Dr. De 
Kay has described, is not entitled to rank as the type of à 
new genus.» And apparently its claim to be considered a 
new species is no better. In the description we find nothing 

* which May prevent our believing that it relates to Cottus 
gobio. As to the proportions, we cannot judge, for they are 
not given. The only items in which the description fails to 
‘Ome Perfectly with the species to which the present commu- 
nication refers, are... the teeth on the tongue — the rays of 
the ventrals— and the branchial rays. Of the first of these 


I have already spoken. ‘The second is like the first; itið ~ 


+ 


"Pparently caused by an error in the description. The deh- = 


p, Pine of the ventrals probably escaped the notice of Dr. 
Kay, and the soft rays seem, in many instances, to be - 


ho ntil the integuments are removed. All my specimens, 
Wever, show that they are four, and that, of course, the fin 


contains five rays. The last mentioned difference I count of - 


$ 


134 Ayres on the identity of 


very little value, for the branchial rays, like those of the fins, 
so often vary in their number, that very little dependence can 
be put upon them. Dr. Richardson even goes so far as to 
say; that there is commonly a difference of one ray in the | 
right and left sides of the same specimen. I have not found 
them to vary so uniformly as this, still they do not furnish a . 
character which is by any means constant. We may, doubt, 
therefore, whether a difference no greater than this, and en- 
. tirely unsupported by any other, is worth regarding. 
. Butit has been mentioned that we have other means of 
settling the identity of C. viscosus and U. quiescens with our 
species, than simply trusting to the descriptions, and to that 
we now come. Mr. C. H. Olmsted, of East Hartford, Ct., in 
May, 1843, while in Albany, was examining the collection of 
fishes, &c., belonging to the State, the results of the r 
survey. Among them he found one, which Dr. Emmons 
informed him was the identical specimen from which Dr. De 
Kay drew up his description of U. quiescens. Mr. Haldeman 
was present at the same time, and said that that was also his 
C. viscosus. Here, then, we have testimony, which is all that. 
we need. Mr. Olmsted is perfectly familiar with the spe jes 
which we find in Connecticut, and which both he and myself. 
believe to be the Cottus gobio. He could not possibly have. 
mistaken any other for it; and he assures me that it is identi- . 
cal with the fish in the New York collection, the Uranidea of 
Dr. De Kay. It was this which induced me to say, that Í 
had examined large numbers of specimens of Dr. De Kays 
species, and was satisfied that he was in an error, in regard to 
the teeth on the tongue, and the ventral rays. For knowing 
+ from Mr. Olmsted that the description referred to our Cor. 
a necticut fish, I considered myself justified in so saying ; 1^ 
them the tongue is certainly smooth, and the ventral rays a 
five. . Dr. De Kay, therefore, has, as I believe, acted without 
warrant, in attempting to establish the genus Uranidea. - It 
differs from Cottus in nothing, and of course is not require 
And not only so, but the species which he has placed in it,and 


> 


» i | « & 


- 


"Rh, N Cottus cognatus, &c. with Cottus gobio. 135 
due A d di ud 


ape - ' 
called quiescens, is identical with the one which had been 
. described so many years before, the Cottus gobio. “ee 
^ If now I have succeeded in establishing the point for which 
- I have been laboring, I have brought in a principle which is 
of some importance. I have proved an exception to what 
Was before regarded as a universal rule — that no fish of 
Europe, which is confined to the fresh water, is also a native 
of America. It is believed that this rule applies to all. It is _ 
true, that in the Fauna Boreali-Americana, Dr. Richardson ^. - 
describes the Pike of Europe (Esox lucius) as an inhabitant 
of the lakes and streams of the Fur Countries. - But there — 
is every reason to believe, that the species which he ob- ^ . 
i tained was merely the one so common in the States, (E. reti? s 
culatus of Le Sueur,) and that the European Pike has. never 
beenfound as a native on this side of the Atlantic. And I 
am not aware that any other fresh water species of Europe 
has been retained by the more recent writers as a fish of this 
country. The fact, therefore, of the apparent universality of 
this rule may seem to some a reason for refusing to believe 
that the species which we have had in view throughout this 
article, is specifically identical with the Millers Thumb of | 
gland. Indeed it was so, at first, with myself; but when I 
mined more closely, and found the matter to stand as I - 
& have endeavored here to state it, I could not resist the accu- 
mulation of evidence. 3 : Fan 
- The gobio, the efore, as a native of America, seems to be 
somewhat widely “dispersed. Dr. Richardson's specimens 
were obtained in the Bear Lake, in lat. 67°; Mr. Haldeman — 
says it occurs in Eastern Pennsylvania ; Dr. De Kay ob 
» in the Northern part of New York ; I have found it in 
necticut, and that it exists in various other parts of the Unite 
_ States is extremely probable. | 
It is only in Connecticut that I have had an opportunity to & 
observe it, and I will mention what little I have learned as to 
it there. I have seen it in but one stream, in Manchester, 
mt seven miles east of Hartford. The stream passes a 4 


* 


1 


* 


* » Use * 8 E " 
: - a 
E^ 136 denn on the identity of Cottus co & K 
m y É + d a, 
very little distance north of the churches i in That village, : 


-ina mile or two below joins the Hockanum. . The p 
of the stream in which I have found them most abundi 
ina deep ravine ‘directly north of the west end of the villagi 
"The rocks which form the ravine are chiefly sandstone. From 
these issue numerous springs, whose waters unite with the - 

„and render it extremely cold. I have found the fish 

ther parts of the stream, but only very small ones, and 

ere of rit mr In the ravine, however, 


summer’s p they are abundant, and it E 4 3 that J 
m ‘a all my specimens at different times. . They lie in the 
places w vhere the water issues directly from the rocks, and ar ; 
most commonly concealed under the stones, which cover the 
bottom of the stream.. When the stones are removed, so as to 
expose them to the sight, they swim off with tolerable rapidity — 
a foot or two, and drop on the bottom again, lying often with 
the body a little bent, as if ready for an instant start. They 
at, however by any means quick i in their motions, or pai: 
- ticul timid, and may be taken by means of a 
FS but Tittle trouble. Their food appears to con 
nute insects ; that. they ever eat small fish is, 
hese The only M species found in that ] pa 
stream, so fat as | have observed, are Salmo fontinalis, , Michi 
Catostomus Bostoniensis, Le Sueur; a uciscus atronasis i 
Mitch. ; ; the last being much more abundant than the othe! 
The spawning time of the Cottus is “apparent | in Ma 
and April, being earlier than it is in the Bear. > 
p “‘tioned’by Dr. Richardson, 3 which, however, i is "only a 26 
the difference of latitude we might expect. I have never see 
any specimens quite so large | s the one described by him- — , 
- These few facts comprise of any importance that I havé 
ob erved, as to the species, A end with them I close my : mans 
on Bof Cottus mti as incluia among the Fishes of Amenit 


Leconte Jr. del. 


We 


NIIS 


TW M 


Sy 


1 Centrarchas Wüscatus. 


2 Lenenens Storertanius. 


Cottus Gobio.r 


| PL.XI. 


W.O-Ay HaT del 


#.C Cabot del 


Boston. Lith. ef FW Bougd 


PYRRHULA RAPTOR L.Male. 2 Female. 3 I 


a list A objects collected in GEM since P : 
accou UMS 


385 


acknowledging receipt of Proceedings and presenting its own 
publications ; — Academia di Bologna, May 26, 1855, presenting 
its publications and other valuable books; — George B. Blake, 
Esq., in reply to the vote of thanks passed at the meeting of the 
Society April 2. 


June 4, 1856. 
ADJOURNED ANNUAL MEETING. 
Dr. Chas. T. Jackson, Vice-President, in the Chair. 


The Committee appointed to audit the accounts of 
the Treasurer, reported that they had made their exam- 
ination, and found the accounts correctly cast and prop- 
erly vouched. The report was accepted. 


The Committee appointed at the last meeting to 
nominate a candidate for the office of President, were 
further instructed to report the names of two or more 
Persons as candidates for this office, at an adjourned 
meeting; and it was also voted that the meeting, when 
adjourned, should be adjourned to the time of the next 
regular oe to hear and act upon the report of said 
Committee 


A seventh letter was read from Mr. E. Samuels, giving — 


$c Kev called hi Socie s Eoi to "e fact rm 
that Mr. Samuels's letter mentions that he had obtained 
two specimens of California Red-tailed Hawks, shot on 


their nests, with their eggs. 


. PROCEEDINGS B: S. N. H.— VOL. V. E ‘SEPTEMBER, 1856, ^ 


386 

This is an interesting and important acquisition, and may at 
last enable us to determine with certainty a disputed point in our 
ornithology, and to remove whatever confusion still remains. 
There are three varieties of North American hawks, each of 
. which is probably a distinct species, in regard to which some 
eonfusion has prevailed. These are the common Red-tailed 
Hawk of the Atlantic States, (Buteo borealis,) B. Swainsoni, and 
the California Red-tail, described by Nuttall as B. montanus. 
The last has only recently been admitted to be a good species. 
In regard to all three there has been some difficulty in determin- 
ing their specific distinctions, and they have been more or less 
confounded by writers. Mr. Audubon gives for the B. Swainsont 
a figure of the Red-tail, and Mr. Cassin, in his Synopsis of the 
Birds of Prey accompanying his illustrated work, confounds the 
Western Red-tail with Swainson’s Buzzard. Soon after its 
publication, having an opportunity to examine three genuine 
specimens of the latter, he is convinced of their distinctness, and 
that he had till then never seen a genuine B. Swainsont. 1n 
the same paper, however, Mr. Cassin expresses the belief that 
there is no specific difference between the eastern and western 
Red-tailed Hawks. This opinion, however, he has since recalled. 
His attention having been called to differences in their eggs, in 
the cries of the bird, and finding also constant differences in their 
plumage, he has since admitted the Western bird to be a distinet 
species, to which Mr. Nuttall’s name of Buteo montanus belongs 
Mr. Samuels’s specimens of ‘the birds and eggs will, without 
doubt, afford satisfactory evidence of the correctness of these 
conclusions, and determine this interesting question beyond 
further doubt. 


: Dr. Kneeland presented, in the name of Dr. James C. 
Parkinson, of Bridgeboro', New Jersey, descriptions of 
two new Argonauts, A. Conradi, and A. fragilis. 


A. Conradi.— Oblong ovate, surface minutely granulated, a 
- the granulations being chiefly in the grooves between the ribs, Tor 
and on the tubercles: very few on the ribs. Sides convex : 


. toward the carina, plane toward the lip. Ribs rather S% > 
oe rm the umbo: broad, elevated, except anteriorly, where 


387 


they become nearly obsolete ; straight, entire, not fureate ; long 
and short ribs alternating. Back broad, anterior and posterior 
third convex; middle third concave, anterior third, studded with 
small tubercles. Tubercles on anterior and posterior thirds of 
carine small, nearly obsolete: on the middle third of each carina, 
seven very large tubercles, broad at the base; compressed laterally 
near the apex ; terminating in an acute edge, curving outwardly. 
Sinus furnished with a thick callus continued to the margin of 
the lip. Lips convex. Aperture subquadrate oblong ; narrowing 
somewhat anteriorly. Angles acute; spineless; everted. An- 
terior half of the shell milk white, except near the sinus, where 
it is pale purple; posterior half pale fuscous. Subsinus, carine, 
and large tubercles, dark fuscous; a white, longitudinal, central 
line running through it, between carine. Anterior half of shell 
polished, remainder dull. 

ength, 23 inches. Breadth, 1} inches. Aperture : ami 
li inches ; width, 1 inch. Obtained at New Nantucket, Pacific 
Ocean. 


I have named this shell after the distinguished T. A. Conrad, 
Whose labors in the Testaceological field are well known and 
universally appreciated. 


No. 2. A. Fragilis.— Oblong ovate, very thin, frail, sides 
Smooth, without granulations, having numerous opaque, minote 
milk-white spots distributed over them ; ribs numerous, inter- 
rupted, a few entire; subfurcate, somewhat waved. Back — 
flat. Tubercles many; rather small; generally of a size. Sings 
large, furnished with a callus, which is attenuated towards the 
edge of the lip, and is carried across the base of the aperture, 


from one sinus fo the opposite, in a flattened arch ; wm dn 3 : r ; 
arch rests one side of the nucleus of the shell; which is NOT IN- 


ch 
VOLUTED hike other species, but rises in a cylindrical form, o 
inch above the arch from which the inner side springs; it has 
much the appearance, in shape, of the end of the finger of a 
glove. Around this cylinder are a number of lines of growth ; 
(o Otherwise it iş smooth, somewkat waved, and destitute of tuber- 
d cles for the distance of i inch from the apex; lips eonvex. 

Aperture, ovate oblong. | : 


388 


which is fuscous, posterior half of carinæ are also of the same 
color, with a white, central, longitudinal line running along the 
centre. Angles, which are rounded in the adult, acute in the 
young shell, somewhat everted, pale, purplish brown. Shell 
translucent. 

ngth, 2} inches. Breadth, 12 inches. Aperture: length, 
2 inches ; width, 14 inches. 


Dr. Kneeland also presented, in the name of Dr. 
Parkinson, an uncommonly large and perfect shell of 
Nautilus pompilius, very much larger than any in the 
Society’s cabinet. 

Also, a very curious insect from the Sechelles Islands, 
called the “ leaf-fly,” or the “ fly-leaf,” “ la mouche feuille." 
He read the following description of the insect from the 
* Mauritius Watchman,” of the 8th of January, 1849 :— 


* Among the insects of this Archipelago, none is more re- 
- markable than the mouche-feuille, as it is very appropriately 
named. The male and female insects differ considerably n 
appearance; and it is the latter only which deserves the fore- 
going title. The male is about an inch and a half long, and 
possesses some slight resemblance to a grasshopper in the form 
of the head and horns, nor is the body unlike that of that insect. 
The wings are of an exceedingly weak gauze-like texture, of à 
very pale green color, and are rather shorter than the body. Their 
powers of motion are extremely limited, being confined, as far as 
our observation has extended, to a slow and feeble walk. We 
have never seen them attempt to fly, nor do they appear to - 
possess any instinet of danger. S 

“They delight principally in the Badamier, a tree which 
flourishes remarkably well at Sechelles. To the leaf of this, 
the female insect bears a most astonishing resemblance- The 


entire length is from an inch and a quarter to two inches, and tbe, 


m breadth in the widest part about an inch and a quarter. X. m 
.. head might easily be mistaken for the broken stalk of the leaf, ae 
to which the neck bears a perfect resemblance. The xu: 
esent the exact form and color of the young leaf, and the vems 


389 


which traverse them have precisely the appearance of the ribs 
of the leaf. A kind of suture which seems to unite the wings in 
the centre, though they are really detached, presents a ridge 
perfectly analogous to that of the leaf stalk. The legs are flat, 
and of such a form as closely to resemble those little abortions of 
leaves which are frequently found on the Badamier. Another 
remarkable circumstance is the change of color which these 
insects undergo. As the leaves on which they feed wither, they 
lose their bright green color, and become yellow; whether they 
resume their green color with the leaves or not, is not known. 
No insect is more harmless and defenceless than this; their sole 
safety consists in their escaping observation by the close resem- 
blance to the plant on which they feed. Their greatest enemies 
are ants, which prey upon them with great avidity, cutting out 
Pieces of their wings and carrying them off, until the poor insect 
1S completely dismembered. They seem sensible of no pain 
during this attack, for we have repeatedly seen ants eating the 
wings, while the fly continued its own repast on the badamier 
lea without interruption ; nevertheless, death ensues. They eat 
Ih the same way as caterpillars, cutting in a circular direction, 
but they are far from being so voracious as these insects. They 
drink frequently, plunging their mouths into the dew-drops, and 
drinking by suction. 

I Ehe mouche-feuille attains its full growth in about four — 
onths, and then begins to lay, and deposits an egg daily for 
about three months, when it dies. The eggs are of a dark . 
rown color, and much resemble in shape the Carambole, but. 
With a little knob at each end. They are about three lines in 

length, and one and a half in diameter at the largest part. I 
s from eighty to ninety days the young are hatched, and are then - 
wt of a reddish brown color, nearly an inch long, and perfectly mh —— 
T Without Any appearance of wings. It seems incredible that E 
_ “ect of such a size could have been contained in such an egg. 
As they Stow, the color gradually changes, and the wings appear, 
but we are unable to detail minutely the stages of | their growth ; 
ur but We believe it to differ from that of almost every other insect 
p: E they do not change their skin. They were formerly 
found in all parts of the islands, but are now rarely met with 


390 


This genus has been called Phyllium by Illiger and Westwood ; 
and Mantis by Fabricius and Donovan. 

Dr. Durkee exhibited three living specimens of Elater 
noctilucus, or Lightning Spring-beetle, brought from the 
Island of Cuba, eight weeks since. 


Dr. Zabdiel B. Adams was elected a Resident Member. 


June 18, 1856. 
ADJOURNED ANNUAL MEETING. 
Prof. Jeffries Wyman in the Chair. 


The Committee on nomination of a candidate for the 
office of President, presented a report, in accordance 
with their instructions at the last meeting. The report 
was read and accepted. 


It was voted to defer the balloting for a President 
until the hour of 9 o’clock. 


Mr. T. T. Bouvé read a letter from Dr. James Deane; of 
Greenfield, requesting the loan of specimens of fossils, = 
aid him in the preparation of his work on the fossils 0 
the Connecticut Sandstone. 

It was voted that the Curator of Geology be Ta 
powered to loan Dr. Deane such specimens as he mig 
desire. 

An eighth letter was read from Mr. E. epe 
accompanied by a list of specimens sent from C 


— Dr. Brewer read a letter from Mr. Robert Kennie 5 2 


391 


of West Northfield, Cook Co., Illinois. Mr. K. proposes 
to exchange fossils, reptiles, birds, and fishes for a copy 
of the Journal of the Society. 


It was voted that a copy of the Proceedings, and of 
such numbers of the Journal as are not scarce, be for- 
warded to Mr. Kennicott in consideration of his proposed 
exchange. 


Dr. Brewer called attention to an interesting fact 
noticed by Mr. Kennicott, viz: that Plotus anhinga 
(Snake Bird) is found in Illinois; also that the Wood 
Ibis ( Tantalus loculator) is common in Southern Illinois, 
where it probably lays its eggs. Mr. Kennicott saw the 
latter bird frequently near Cairo, in August and Septem- 
ber of last year. 


At the meeting of May 21, Mr. N. H. Bishop presented 
samples of a peculiar crystalline salt which he ha 
brought with him from South America. Mr. Bishop’s 
account of this peculiar mineral is as follows : — 


It is found mixed with the soil in greater or less abundance, 
from San Luis de la punta, (a town on the western side of the 
pampas of the Argentine Republie, where the grass plains 
ZIP NO and the travera or desert commences,) to the foot of 
the Andes, 

San Luis lies in Lat. 339 16/ S., Long. 66° 27’ W., and is the 


capital of the province of the same name. From this town, 


Westward, the soil is almost worthless, until the River Mendoza is — — 


reached, where irrigation commences. D 
. The soil is very light and dry, not compact in the nr. due ; 
» probably caused by the dryness of the atmosphere and absence 
9f water; for when Mr. Bishop crossed that part of the TAPT 
they were obliged to purchase water that had been caught in 
oles for the use of cattle. Stones are rarely met with; where 
J do exist, at the base of the Andes, he did not observe the 


of this salt There are several spots on the 


v meen San Luis and Mendoza, furnishing a poor quality of 


392 


grass, which is fed upon by the cattle which are driven across 
the continent to the coast. With the exception of these spots, 
the country between the above-named towns, and extending 
many leagues to the north and south, is a dreary desert, covered 
with a low growth of thorn bushes and a few species of gnarled 
trees, some of which bear pods. 

his substance penetrates the earth from a few inches to 4 
couple of feet. It is particularly abundant at certain places east 
of the town of San Juan, where the ground is covered with a 
thin incrustation. It is here exceedingly painful to the eyes 
from the reflection of the sun’s rays, and the inhabitants are 
constantly affected with inflammation of the eyes. 

he method of treating the soil by the natives is very simple. 
The water is conducted from the rivers Mendoza and San Juan 
(which take their rise in the Cordillera) through a sequia or 
- canal, around squares of level land, at irregular intervals of 
time, and, to use their own expression, they wash off the salitre. 
Then a plough, constructed of two pieces of wood, is brought 
into service, and turns up from six to eight inches of the soil, 
which goes through the same washing process as the "fime 
After two or three repetitions of this operation, a shallow soil 
is obtained, partially free from salitre, in which wheat, clover, 
pumpkins, melons, ete., are raised. The remaining salitre, i 
cording to the belief of the natives, is exhausted by successive .— 
crops, and after several years of tillage, the soil is suitable ied 
the vine. Oranges, peaches, quinces, olives, figs, etc flourish. 
Within à few years, large tracts of land have been made exceed- 
ingly fertile by the process above described, and could the New 
England plough be introduced there, the process would be far 
more valuable. 


Dr. A. A. Hayes, communicated the following as 
results of his analysis of the saline mineral, presen 


by Mr. Bishop : — ; 


the 
ted 


* . The specimen was a white, crystalline solid, formed by he ae 


__ of a saline solution, when the pellicle formed on the surface falis 
to the bottom m. Along the line of junction, crystal Sea E 


. Union of two layers of salt, as often results the evaporation 


393 


but the forms are indistinct. These crystals readily scratch cale 
spar, and dissolve without residue in water, affording a solution, 
which, by evaporation at 150° F., leaves the salt with some of 
the original physical characters. It readily parts with a portion 
of water by heat, and when the temperature is raised to redness, 
it fuses quietly into a transparent, colorless, anhydrous fluid; on 
cooling, an opaque, white, crystalline solid remains. In this 
climate the specimen attracts moisture, and therefore has not a 
fixed amount of water constituent. 

It consists of water, sulphuric acid, soda, magnesia, chlorine. - 
Mixed with it are traces of crenate of iron and lime, with sandy 
grains of earth. 

One sample afforded — 


Water : i ; : ; =l 6.420 
eerie sola è i i i a : 49.658 
Sod ; : j : 23.798 
i i E : à : $ . 9.904 


Chlorine : » x " * .260 


100.000 


Three fragments from different masses were taken, and the . 
following substances found : — i; 


Wat : : 
Sulphate of Soda : 48.00 . 4 

"Magnesia 34.20 sh 7 HOW x 
Cllocide Sodium , 1.91 1.79 
Crenates Lime and Iron 

.90 
with Silicie Acid ee 0.17 A : 

Sand : : 


0.06 . 
100.00 100.00 - 


Pe varying amounts of water given, are illustrative of dis 
“sorptive power of the salts in the atmosphere of this place. 
E 90° F., the amount of water was 15.20 in 100 parts, | 
Wich exceeds by four parts, the ~~ negessary to form — P 

: Proin of the two salts prese i 
_ Analysis does not show the*two culate to be in deii | 


394 


proportions in the masses, but the crystals may be a double salt, 
composed of one equivalent of sulphate of soda, and one equiv- 
alent of sulphate of magnesia; each retaining an equivalent of 
water. In the masses, the closest approximation is 42 parts of 
sulphate of magnesia found, instead of 46 parts required. 

'The communieation of Mr. Bishop embraces interesting facts. 
'These saline deserts cover extended areas, in different parts of 
South America, and, so far as he has been able to learn, the 
saline matter differs in kind at the different points. The ten- 
dency of saline matter contained in any soil is to rise through 
the aid of moisture to the surface, where, the water escaping, the 
salt is deposited. This effect, contrary to the gravitating influ- 
ence, is the most common cause of deserts, and may be exerted 
everywhere, when the evaporation of water from a given surface 
becomes much greater in amount than that surface receives in 
the form of rain and dew. The cultivation of saline deserts by 
washing down the saline matter, exhibits the opposite action of 
water in restoring fertility, and it is by no means essential that 
the water should contain organic matter to insure the full effect, 
as the soil of deserts generally contains all the organic matter 
of many years’ accumulation. 


Dr. Wyman made a few remarks on some of the 
habits of the painted tortoise (Emys picta) during the 
breeding season, which he had recently observed. 


Dr. Wyman also gave some account of the develop- 
ment of the dorsal cord in the Alewive, (Alosa vernalis.) 


The dorsal cord has been generally described as terminating 
anteriorly between the auditory capsules, and, in consequence 1t 
has been inferred that the true vertebral column does not exte 
beyond the basilar portion of the occiput; and that the occiput 
is the only part of the cranium which has a vertebral structure- 
In the Alewive, he had seen the dorsal cord, in the earlier 
specimens, uniformly extending as far forwards as the space 
between the eyes, and consequently into the region of the ah- — — 
terior sphenoid ; subsequently, as the face is enlarged, the anono, 

part of the cranium seems to be carried forwards, and then n a 


395 


dorsal cord is seen between the auditory capsules only. If the 
dorsal cord is to be regarded as an index of the extent of the 
parts considered serially homologous with vertebrz, then it may 
be inferred that the vertebral column extends originally through 
the base of the cranium, and consequently that the cranium 
conforms to the vertebral type. 


Dr. Wyman also gave some account of the habits of 
the Alewive in depositing its eggs, as observed in Fresh 
Pond, in Cambridge. 


The eggs are about 4, of an inch in diameter, and are laid 
in April and June in the greatest abundance; the localities 
selected being usually gravel or sandy bottoms, but sometimes 
they are laid among small stones, and in five or six inches of 
water. The alewives move ordinarily in small shoals along the 
borders of the pond, but varying from two or three to very 
numerous pairs. The males follow the females very closely, and 
when entering a small shallow cove, often some of the number 
are pressed entirely out of the water on the shore. 


The Corresponding Secretary announced the receipt Eo» 
of the following letters, viz: — ide 


From the Royal Society of. London, March 8, 1856, acknowl- — 
edging the receipt of the Society's publications; das Bibliothe- 
kariat der K. Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, January 
12,1856, acknowledging the same, and presenting various works ; 

from the same, January 20, 1856, asking for duplicate copies of 

all works presented by the Society, and offering to reciprocate 

With its own publications ; die K. Akademie der Wissenschaften, 
Wien, November 1, and December 30, 1855, presenting its pub- 
lications; der Zoölogisch-botanischer Verein, Wien, December 
12, 1855, presenting Vols. 3 and 4, and parts 1, 2, and 3 of 
Vol. 5 of its Transactions, and inquiring as to the reception o 
Vols. 1 and 2; George Frauenfeld, Wien, December 12, 1855, 
Presenting publications of his own and asking an exchange on 

ae part of the Society. 


S Dr. Brewer announced the second arrival of specimens, : 
~ Principally of Birds, Plants, and Eggs, from California, - 


396 


collected by Mr. Samuels, and forwarded by the Smith- 
sonian Institution, accompanied by a catalogue by Prof. 


Baird. 


After some remarks by the chairman upon the advan- 
tages and feasibility of summer excursions into the 
country and to the seashore, for the study and collection 
of objects of natural history, it was voted that a com- 
. mittee be appointed to take into consideration the sub- 
ject of such excursions ; and Messrs. Bouvé, Binney, 
and Brewer were chosen this committee. 


The hour appointed for the choice. of a President 
having arrived, Messrs. Ellis and Binney were appointed 
a committee to collect and count the votes, and after 
the first ballot, Professor Jeffries Wyman was declared 
unanimously elected. 


Prof. Wyman hesitated in accepting the office thes 
tendered to him, expressing great diffidence in his ability 
to serve the Society acceptably in the capacity of Presi- 
dent, at the same time signifying his willingness to 
promote its welfare in any way that lay in his power 
He thought. he could do this better in his private 
capacity than as its presiding officer. 


Several gentlemen having urged in the most emphatic 
manner the acceptance of the office so cordially offered 
him, Prof. Wyman begged the Society would allow him 
time for consideration on the subject. 


Mr. Benjamin J. Jeffries was elected a Resident 
—. Member. 


397 


DONATIONS TO THE MUSEUM. 


April 16, 1856. . very valuable donation of Australian Birds, Mammals, and 
Fossils, made by the Government Museum of Natural History, at Melbourne, 
upon the "agen of Oliver H. Holden, Esq., of that city, formerly a resident 

„as fol 


female; rka 
oe male; Spheniscus minor, Little Pen eii Lestris catarractes, 
Skua Gull; Ardea Nove Hollandie, White-fronted Hero ecurvirostris rubri- 
collis, rasie male and female ; Eöpsaltria Australis, Yollow-bresstod. Rasy 
male and female; Xema Jamesonii, Ji 's Gull; Lobivanellus lobatus, Spur- 
Winged Plover, or Alarm-bird; Hema empto White-breasted bem 
catcher; Spatula rhynchotis, rabiem. ‘Shovell er, 
Little Teal: Malacorhynchus membranaceus, st Shoraiien; fon d rhyn- 
— Shoveller, female s Schani clus magnus, Great Sandpiper; Anas punctata, 
Chestnut- proe Duc i Petroica multicolor, Scarlet-breasted Robin, ma aja and 
female ; antopus leucocephalus, MaA headed Stilt ; pe acidea berigora, 
Brown or Eastern Coa Bernicla jubata, Wood Duck, male and female; 
Nycticorax Culedonicus, d Bi rd; Biziura lobata, ur k Du ck, male and 
female; Anas superciliosa, Australian Wild Duck; Athene (?) connivens, pei 
Owl; Cuculus inornatus, Unadorned — ; Rallus pectoralis, Cuv., ectoral 
Land d Rail; —— — Little Scrub Pigeon; Pe Aie chal- 
coptera, Bronze-winged Pigeon ; Diano galerita, White Cockatoo ; Dacelo 
gigantea, Laughing doo eser hina — White-bae ked Magpie; — 
delic ; Delicate Ow d Quail, wu and fe E 
Cygnus atratus, Black eid 2; pia m Australi n Tringa; ps i 
Collu s mats Biu ec Entom myza; Colluri Harmonious | 
cla, fem Phalacrocorax carboides, Ded n Cormorant; thoni 

minima, Little come Myzantha garrula, Miner; Euphema aurantia, Orange- 
bellied Gras s-Parrakeet ; Acanthogenys rufogularis, Spingchecked Honey-Eater; 
ynchus cornic Cidadan, Friar Bird; Rallus Lewinii, Lewin’s Water-Rail; — 
Pennantii, Lory ; Anthochera carunculata, "Co mmon Wattle-bird;. 
thamii, oii Spotedsided Finch; Cthenicola — Little Cthonicola, 2; 

, Red-eared Lorikeet 6235 


Platycercus 


Satin Bower-Bird, rate 
hi 


punctatum, Spotted Ground-Thrush; paoa pond 
comis; Pachycephala glaucura, Grey-tailed Pair opna peras 
usos, E, cer Rainy Cuculus inspergivs, Brash € uekoo ; Crac- — 
ird; 2:3 lluricinela; ^ 
a 


398 


Stipiturus malachurus, Emu Wren; Glyciphila nie ae Honey- 
Mc ; ed osmictus scapulatus, King Lory, yov Halcyon sanctus, Sac 
Hale Rhipidura rl — B Black vade ' Flyeate tcher ; * Sericom 
telo, Allied getien Trichoglossus pusillus, Little Stringy Bark F arkai 
us Australis, Australian Pipit; Anthochæra lunulata, Little Wattle-Bird; 
ome macroptera, Great-winged Micrceca 
winged Cuckoo; Pachycephala pectoralis, Banded Thickhead, male; Rhipidura 
mosacilléides, Black Fantailed Plyen tcher ; — discolor, Swift Lorikeet, 


ie ditto, female ; Ptilotis leucotis, White red Honey-Eater; Anthochera 
pawehe, Little Wattle-Bird; daro pee White-are Honey-Eater; 
viridis, New Sout E be Grio female; E Medo 
Great-winged Mino ien ^m dr Daea ; Anthus 
Australis, Australian n Pipit; Ptilotis auricomis, Yellow-tufted A ; ditto; 
Melithreptus -Eater; Pardalotu pe ‘Spotted 


— — — Honey 

Pardalote, male and ii fbl: Estrelda temporalis, Red eyebrowed male 
. and aae; Pardalotus striatus, Striated Pardalote; Rhipidura pele ‘white 
ee Fantail, — and — ; Sitella chrysoptera, Orange-winged Sitella; 


billed Spine- Dil ; Melithreptus lunulatus, L ated ey-Eater ; 
eum, Swallow Dic li. cillatus, White-plumed Honey 
Eater; Acanthi chrysorrhea, Yellow-tailed A iza; Ptilotis ch 
faced Honey-Eater ; Melipha stralasiana, Tasmanian Honey-Eater ; M. 
ndie, New Holland Honey-Eater ; Acanthiza lineata, Striated Acan 


thiza ; Pelecanus conspiccillatus, Australian Pelican.— Mammals: Brush-tailed 
Opossum, White tes Cat, Kangaroo Rat p "Wallabee; Kangaroo, Common - 
and Young Bandicoot, and a parcel of Fossils from Flemington 

A pou of fifty-four species of Land Shells; by Dr. John Gundlach, of 
Hava: A Crustacean from St. Simon’s Island, Georgia; by Dr. Jame es C. pact 
Muse, of — New Jersey. 

May 21st. A specimen of Py curo solitarius, from Cambridge; by Dr- ES 
N. cdm Two specimens of Emydes and two young Alabama Turtles; bY 

A specimen of Sulphuret of Iron; Crystals of a com mpound salt 

of sulphate of soda and magnesia taken from the surface of the soil; and two 
eggs of Athene cumicularia, Burrowing Owl, all from South America; by Na- 
thaniel H. Bishop. The b body of a young Lion a few days old, and a 
Embryo; by Dr. S. Durkee. An Embryonic Buffalo; by Dr. S. Kneeland, Jr- 
Bequest of the late President, Dr. John C. Warren, as follows: A skeleton of 8 
Chimpanzee, together with a set more or less complete of unarticulated bones of 
the Dromedary, and the casts respectively marked as follows: Femur and Me 
tatarsus of the Dinornis gigas, New Zealand; Humerus of the Hylsosaurus ; Toe 
bone (phalangeal) of the Hylzeosaurus Mantelli; Toe bone (proximal Lara 8 


» of the ; Four casts dubai 
or. nail bone (distal. phalangeal) of a — of. 
el wo 


Ciun w 


nei rag small bone ofthe toe of the hind foot of the e OE 
ort ae ; Lower Jaw of a 


e 


599 


June 4th. An uncommonly large and perfect shell of Nautilus pompilius, and 
a specimen of the Leaf-fly or Fly-leaf, from the Sechelles Islands; d Dr. James 
C. Parkinson, of New Jersey. A specimen of Agalmatolite; by Dr. C. T. Jack- 
son. Two shell s of Bulimus undatus, Wiss B. zebra; two eggs of Piin 
militaris, South American Meadow Lek both from South M by N. H. 
ish 


Bishop. The skull of an Sheen Terrier Dog; by E. A. Sam 
June I Four specimens of Salmo e: Organ, lm Tax from Moose- 
head Lake; Dr. Augustus = Hamlin, of Bangor. The skin i an animal, 


probably of < Jerboa kind, from Africa; by Rev. Louis B. Schwar 


BOOKS RECEIVED DURING THE QUARTER ENDING JUNE 31, 1856. 


Boston, 1856. From the 
Quastionum een Liber. Auctore J. F. Lobeck, Fasc. I. 8vo. 1850. 
ii Pr 


Memoir of Hon. — Lawrence. By Hon. Nathan Appleton. 8vo. Pamph. 
uthor 


e Author. 
Contributions to the Anatomy of the Invertebrata. No. 3. apaa 
ns. By Prof. Owen. 4to. Pamph. London, 1853. From the Au 
Army Een Pet for 12 years, from 1843 to 1854. 4to. Wash: 
ington, 1 1855. rom 
ription of a Skelton gs the Mastodon giganteus of North America. By 

John €. Warre . Fro m the Aui 
Jahresbericht. ie Naturforsehenden Gesellschaft in Emden, fur 1854. $vo. 
Pamph. Emden Fro hsonian Institution. 

On the nea Foa oh Be ee eal River. By James Deane, M. D. 
asa dus, d ene. Philadelphia. From the Author. 


oto 1866. From the Author. 


Aa Geology. By H. W. Dawson. 8vo. Edinburgh, 1855. From thé. 


"Transsetions of the Illinois State Agricultural Society. 8vo. Vol. I. 1853-4. 
rom 


Springfield, Illinois 
Descripti 


. Kennicott 


jon du Terrain Houiller de la imper Par MM. Dufrénoy et P hos = 
Beaumont. From A. i 


_4to. Paris, 184 

aoe of the reesei Association for «dm Advancement of | 

Ta meting at tid, and 9th meeting at Providence. 2 Vols. 8vo. 
Be, 1856. From the Association. oo 


Sur l' Arragonite. Par M. Ha 
vite uy. 4to. sem orte 
Sur la Réunion de la Pyenite avec la Topaze. M.Hauy. 4to. Pamph. 


; cis des a Galvaniques. Par J. fene 8vo. Pamph. Paris, 
ne nie From A. A. Hi 


quiete in Victoria. By W. Von Blandoweki. 8vo. Pamph. m 


dr coe 


og = aer ne de 1834 & 1845. Parle Vicomte d' Archie 1 ea 


- 400 


Transactions of the Philosophical pee of Victoria. Vol. I. 8vo. Mel- 
bourne, 1855. From Dr. Charles T. Jackso 


ssumé Explicatif d'une Carte Géologique des Etats Unis et jd NE 
A de l Amerique du Nord. Par Jules Marcou. 8vo. Pam : 
mail @une Classification des Chaines de Montagnes d’une partie de 
l'Amerique du Nord. Par J. Marcou. 8vo. Pamph. Paris, 1 


1855. 
— Institut Impérial de France. Rapport ne un Memoire s M. J. Marcou, relatif | 
1 des Chaines de Mon 


, agnes d'une partie de rd du 
Nord. Par MM. Eli lie de Beaumont, Durity, e t E. de Vero Rapporte : 
ie Turk 1855. From J. Ma: 


es Aa ue Iu works of rM. Jules Marcou. From Charles T. 
Re 3 e 


SHE r 

New York Medical Times. Vol. V. Nos. = 8,9. 1856. : = 

oN rk Journal of Medicine. Vol. XVI. No. 3. TA 
vatis American Journ 


al of Science is Arts. No. 68, for May, 1856. 
of the California Am of Natural Sciences. Vol. I. Part 
n Francisco. 


o iraa of the Elliott Dol; = Natural History of Charleston, S. C. 
No.1. 8vo. pp. 1-24. 

erhandlungen des Zodlogiseh-Botanischen Vereins in Wien. Band HI., IV- 

- und Band Y. 1,2,3. 8to. Wien, 


itzungsberichte ec. T eus der Wissenschaften. Band XVI. 
Heft 1,2, 3. € 1855. 8vo. Wien. eft 2 
— Warttembergische Naturwissenschaftliche Jahreshefte. Received in Exchange. 


Annals and "repas d Natural History. th 99 for March, 1856, No. 100 - 
for April, No. 101 for 


td 

* 

SpE 

» ks 

A ^" . Genera of Recent Same By H. and A. Adams. Part2d. 8yo- London, © 
= — March, 18 

+ 

A 

= 

t£ 

» 


. 


_ Proceedings of the Zoülogieal Society of- iere with Illustrations. Pas oe 
248-59. 8vo. London, 1853. From the Courtis Fund. 


dives American Merchants. By Freeman Hunt. Vol. I. 8vo. New York, 

a Ne of Edmund Burke. Vol. III.. Bohn’s Edition. 12mo. É 

. Life of Schamyl, ts ume of the Circassian War of Independence against. 
Russia. By J. M. M n, 1856 


Bosto: 
Encyclopedia fevum Vol X. 4to. Boston, 1856. : a 
The Roman Exile. By G. Gajani. 12mo. Boston, 1856.. er : 

The Attaché in Madrid, or Sketches of the Court E Isabella. H. 12mo. : 
Erork, 1856 
a 


í bis y T the Plymouth Pintle. By Wi 
e tions of the Table-Talk of- Taea Ro i 
l By Thomas E ve 8vo. New York, 1896. 


BOSTON 


JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 


VOLUME V.— No. II. 


OCTOBER, 1845. 
ART. I. — DISSECTION OF A SPERMACETI es dn THREE 
SER CETACEANS, By J. B. S. Jacks ae ont 


; September 7, 
Turse dissections were made in p spring of 1842, Me 
3 each other in quick succession, affor orded a very fa! 


Aha 


[ER 
138 Dr. J. B. S. Jacksons 1 Dissectio: 


"A. rr 


observations were founded upon the dissection of seven differ- 
ent -species, and that one of the number was a spermaceti 
whale, though he says that some of them were only super- 
ficially examined ; it does not appear whether this was the 
case with regard to the whale, but it may be suspected, as he 
mentions only two of the internal organs, the heart and the 
tongue. Dr. Alderson describes the heart particularly, and 
notices the form of the thyroid cartilage, and G. Cuvier figures 
the body of the hyoid bone. The osteology, and some of the 
external organs, as they may be called, have been fully de- 
scribed ; but, as I have found nothing more concerning the 
internal structure than what is above mentioned, I shall give 
my notes of this dissection in detail. The second specimen 
examined was probably the Delphinus delphis, and the third the 
Phocena globiceps. The fourth consisted of the organs merely 
of the common porpoise. These three last dissections, of 
which full notes were taken, will not be given in detail, bat 
chiefly those points in the description of particular parts which 
I have not found noticed by authors, or which differed from 
their descriptions ; 7 organs will also be described, which 
are not mentioned the authors above quoted, or whose 
existence has been denied. 


OF THE SPERMACETI WHALE. 


This was a very young specimen, and was taken in Vine- 
yard Sound, about fifteen miles from New Bedford, on the 
29th of March, 1842. On the 31st it was brought on the 
Providence Railroad to this city for exhibition, and on the 


w 


night of April Ist, with the assistance of Dr. William Henry — 
Thayer, I removed the organs; these were carried to 6^ — 


Medical College on the following day, and v 

ined. Lcd c 

. On its arrival at the railroad depot, it 

. 8,053 pounds. After the removal of the organs, the body 
having been stuffed to about its natural size, and care!u 


vere there exam" —— 


found to weigh 


Ed : 
Sperm Whale and other Cetaceans. 139 


.. . sewed up, the measurements were as follows : — From a line 
|... With the anterior extremity of the head to the tip of the tail 
| 16 feet, to the rudimentary dorsal fin 9 feet, to the anterior 
fin about 4 feet, to the vent 10 feet 2 inches, to the eye 
3 feet 2 inches, to the external orifice of the ear 3 feet 
8 inches, to the angle of the mouth 2 feet 10 inches. Accord- 
.. . ing to Mr. Owen, “ When brought forth, the young cachalot 
= is usually twenty feet in length ;" but the present individual 
could not have been recently born, as the foramen ovale was 
completely closed. Vertical diameter of the head just in front 
9f the opening of the mouth 34 inches, and of the largest 
part of the body 3 feet, the abdomen having, perhaps, fallen 
in somewhat since the removal of the organs ; anterior fin 
18 inches long and 9 inches wide. The dorsal fin, or hump, 
forms a very obtuse angle, and is ill defined, being about 
10 inches in length, and 2 or 3 inches in height, there being 
also between it and the caudal two or three quite small finlets. 
Span of tail 19 inches, and 4 inches wide midway. -Lower 
Jaw to the angle of the mouth 20 inches ; right eye. I+ inches 
long ; the left not examined, as the animal laid upon that side, 
and I was not aware, at the time, of the difference that had 
been observed, the left being, according to F. Cuvier, always 
. perfect, and almost useless. Orifice of the external ear - 
aout the size of a goose quill. The circumference of the 
body before the removal of the organs was, according to the 
Owners, 9 feet. ; 
.^8 to the general outline, it resembled the figure in tlie 
- aturalist’s Library, (vol. vi. pl. 8,) about as nearly as one. 
Individual would be likely to resemble another of a different - 
- "Be and sex. The small finlets, however, are not shown in — 
= figure, and the under part of the body near the caudal fin 
55 much less prominent than it was in the present specimen ; 
pus the externa] surface also was everywhere quite black, remark- 
imd smooth, and elastic like India rubber. " 
ae pi i$ as in the other cetaceans. The skin, known 
generally as the blubber, was about 3 inches thick where cut _ 


eS eee dt or^ a CE CM EL TEE rw del, 2 
Oe cu gir 5 Ve e 
- 


140 Dr. J. B. S. Jackson's Dissections of a 


through, and the muscles resembled those of other large mam- 
malia as to color and texture. 

The teeth in the lower jaw had not yet come through. 
Some have described teeth as having been found concealed 
beneath the gum in the upper jaw of adults; this fact, how- 
ever, is questioned by some of the highest authorities. I will, 
therefore, give the testimony of a very intelligent observer, 

pt. Benjamin Chase, of Nantucket, who, having been for 
many years engaged in the sperm whale fishery, is well 
acquainted with the subject, and has allowed me to use his 
name, and to give the result of some of his observations. He 
states that he has more than once seen teeth of a considerable 
size in the upper jaw of the adult females, though always 
covered by the gum ; the males, he says, being much larger, 
are cut up differently, and in such a way as not to expose the 
teeth. The roof of the mouth was smooth, light colored, and 
hollowed as if to receive the lower jaw, which is quite narrow 
in front. 

The tongue was 33 inches in length, the free extremity being 
7 inches long, and 6 inches wide. Mr. Hunter describes it in 
the sperm whale as. * almost like a feather-bed ;” but in the 
present specimen, which was quite fresh, it was not remarkably 
soft. The surface was not so flat as it often is in the ceta- 


ceans; towards the edges anteriorly were numerous small | 


fissures and granulations, and, posteriorly, there were several 
quite prominent glands, but generally it was sufficiently smooth. 
In structure it seemed wholly muscular, whereas in the Green- 
land whale, it furnishes a large quantity of oil. 

The body of the os hyoides resembled the figure in Caviers. 
Oss. Fossiles, and was 12 inches transversely across the base; 


and 6 inches on the median line ; this was connected by tWO — 


intermediate cartilages, 3 inches in length, with the styloid 


bones, which were 9 inches long and 1i inch in diameter. o 
Dr. Todd remarks, with regard to this bone in the cetaceans, d 
(p. 572,) on its “ slight degree, or total absence of connection — 


one of 


section 


with the larynx,” but nothing of the kind was observed in a 


- 


Sperm Whale and other Cetaceans. 141 


The esophagus was 20 inches in length from the*ericoid 
cartilage, and not remarkably capacious ; muscular coat thick, 
and lined by a smooth cutis and cuticle. 

The stomach in this order of animals, as in the ruminants, 
is composed of several cavities, the number being generally 
four or five. In the present case there were but three, and 
| the appearances have been most perfectly represented in a 
i figure drawn by Dr. J. Wyman, Plate XIV. 

: The first cavity (marked 5 in the figure,) is commonly de- 
scribed as a mere ovoid dilatation of the cesophagus, but here 
it is nearly of a globular form, projects so far towards the left 
‘Side as to form a cul de sac, as in the human stomach, and - 
is altogether about the size of a man’s head ; the size and form 
of it, however, probably depend somewhat upon the age of 
the animal, as in case of the ruminants. The cutis and cuticle 
are continued throughout from the cesophagus (a), and, where 
they abruptly terminate, the second cavity is supposed to com- 
mence. The inner surface was sufficiently smooth, but the cu- 
icle being partially detached, there were seen upon its under 
surface, numerous rounded papille, corresponding undoubtedly 
With follicles in the cutis. "The muscular coat in this, as in all 
di 9f the other cavities, was tolerably thick. Mr. Hunter sup- 
~ Posed the first cavity of the stomach in the cetaceans to be a 
mere reservoir, as in the ruminants; but this idea is now fully 
disproved, and the object of the ‘cuticular structure remains 
Unexplained. In the case of the sperm whale this structure 
75 particularly remarkable, considering the nature of its food, 
Which, according to Mr. Beale, is the soft squid, this being, as 
bose he remarks, the only animal which it ejects when wounded; —— 
T. the same observation has been repeatedly made by - " ee 
E Chase, and the confirmation is important, as being so ¢ i B : 
.  SPPoSed to the statement of F. Cuvier. (p. 298.) In the 
, Present case nothing was found in any one of the cavities but 
oS little Water, and some fine greenish sand, the animal not 


: having taken any food, probably, since it was separated from 


eR eee — Vy ee HE eee Rs 


149 Dr. J. B. S. Jackson's Dissections of a 


The second cavity of the stomach (c) differed entirely from | 
that of the cetaceans generally. In the first place, the œso- 
phagus opened about as freely into it as into the first. cavity. 
Secondly, the communication between it and the second was | 
very large, measuring 15 inches across when cut. open, and it f 
was not surrounded by projections of any sort. Thirdly, in- — — 
stead of being spherical, it was much elongated, and terminated | 
at the further extremity in a blunt point, measuring 20 inches i 
in length. Fourthly, the characteristic ruga: on the inner sur- - 
face were nowhere strongly marked, and towards the first cavity 
were even wanting. The mucous coat was about half a line 
in thickness, quite dense, and showed upon the cut edge a 
slight appearance of fine, whitish, perpendicular and parallel 
lines, this structure being often described as highly glandular 
in the cetaceans. 

The third cavity (e) which evidently corresponds to the 
fourth, as generally described in the cetaceans, arose from the 
second about midway (d), was of an elongated form, quite 
narrow at its commencement, but becoming dilated and curved 
upon itself towards its further extremity. Externally it measured 
30 inches in length, 3} inches in diameter for the first four 
inches, and 18 inches at the largest part. ‘The mucous coat, as 
compared with the second cavity, was less rugous, thinner, less 
dense, and without any of the linear appearance. There 18 
generally a very small, intermediate cavity between this and 
the second, of a spherical form and marked by distinct orifices, 


appeared rather larger than the first cavity, the largest diameter — 
being about 13 inches, and the transverse about 6 inches. - B 
was extensively and intimately connected with the third cavit» 
but the opening between them was exceedingly small LE , ; 


vd 


measuring only } inch in diameter, the two appearing not. 99 


Sperm Whale and other Cetaceans. 143 


like one cavity divided by a septum, through the centre of 
which a small circular hole had been punched. This cavity, 
which was largest at its commencement, rapidly diminished in 
size, and soon made an abrupt turn upon itself, almost imme- 
diately after which the intestine (h) was well marked. The 
mucous membrane was thinner and softer than in the other 
cavities, and quite free from rugæ, the whole thickness of the 
parietes in these two last cavities being less than in that of 
the first. On the most careful examination nothing like pylorus 
was found, neither was there any sudden change in the thick- 
ness or structure of the mucous coat, as described by G. Cuvier, 
so that if the question had not existed, I should not have thought 
of this cavity as otherwise than a dilatation of the intestine ; 
a similar dilatation I have twice seen in the dromedary. 
(Journal B. S. N. H., IV. 7.) 

The intestine, being cut away from the mesentery, was 
found to measure 260 feet, or just 16} times the length of the 
animal. Before being opened, it measured, on an average, 
about one inch in diameter, near the upper extremity 12 inches, 
midway or. rather below, less than an inch, and for the last 
12 feet, it dilated from about 2! to 8! inches; cæcum wanting, 
as it was in all of the other specimens. "The contents were 
for the most part pasty, and colored by bile ; throughout the 
last 30 or 40 feet, they were of an intensely deep brown color, 
thin at first, but towards the last having a thick, glutinous 
consistence, Mucous coat thin, but very firm ; muscular rather 
thick. "The valvulæ conniventes were most remarkably de- 
veloped from near the commencement of the intestine to within 


= about 40 feet of its termination ; instead of being transverse 


and interrupted, as in man, they were more or less oblique, 
and apparently continuous ; this being quite obvious in some 
Parts before the intestine was opened, so that it appeared as » 
re were a spiral valve within ; the effect of this would be 
.. to add to the already great length of the intestine, and balance 
_ iD Some measure its small size. The valves were 1; or 2 
_lines in width, very regular, and so close together as nearly to 


144 Dr. J. B. S. Jackson's Dissections of a 


overlap, the intervening mucous membrane being traversed 
longitudinally by very numerous fine lines. Along the first 
few feet of the intestine the surface was generally smooth, but 
there were a number of folds of mucous membrane which 
might properly be called valvulee conniventes, not being con- 
tinued entirely across the intestine ; these were about one inch 
apart, and į inch in width midway. About 40 feet from the 
termination of the intestine, the valves became smaller and 
more irregular, and soon the mucous surface assumed a very 
peculiar appearance, the change, however, being gradual ; the 
portion opposite the mesentery continued thin and nearly or 
quite smooth, whilst the remainder, consisting of one half or 
two-thirds of the whole intestine, was extremely thick and 
rugous, the rugs being very broad and mostly transverse, 
though many were longitudinal; no mucous follicles were seen 
here, nor indeed in any part of the intestine, except a few very 
small ones in the rectum, and yet it was impossible not to 
regard this as a glandular structure, analogous, perhaps, to the 
Peyerian ; the mucous membrane throughout the last 20 or 35 
feet was smooth. Finally the rectum opened in the sulcus 
which gave outlet to the vagina. 2 

The liver was a broad, flat, very regular organ, divided into 
two lobes, of which the left was decidedly the largest, differing 
therein from each of the other specimens, and from what 
been generally observed in the cetaceans; the right measured 
24 inches in length, the left 25, and the whole organ trans 
versely 34 inches; thickness 2 inches; no trace of a third 
lobe. Color and structure not remarkable.  Gall-bladder 


wanting, as usual, in the cetaceans; duct, near the liver as 


reticulated upon the inner surface, and measured li inches — 
transversely. 

The spleen was a soft, dark red organ, somewhat lobulated, 
of a flattened, oval form, and about 10 inches in length ; also r 
a second, about an inch in diameter, and connected with the 2 
first by cellular membrane ; several of these are | P od 
found in the cetacea, and I am not sure that there were no 


others in the present case. 


Sperm Whale and other Cetaceans. 145 


: The kidneys, of a flattened, lozenge-like shape, were formed, 
. 9s usual, of an aggregation of small glands about the size of 
afilbert. One of them measured 19 inches in length, 14 inches 
at the broadest part, and 2 inches thick. There was no marked 
pelvis at the commencement of the ureter. The bladder was 
1 small and flaccid, containing scarcely any fluid; before being 
à opened it measured 10 inches in length and 4! inches across 
-  fhe fundus. Mucous and muscular coats not remarkable. 
Í The urethra, which opened close to the clitoris was 11 inches 
; in length, and one inch transversely when cut open ; muscular 
Coat quite thick. 

Of the genital organs. The external fissure, 8 inches in 
length and 2: inches deep, received the opening of the vagina 
about midway, and posteriorly the rectum ; anteriorly was the 
clitoris, a dense, greyish organ, having somewhat the form of 
a patrot’s beak, and measuring 1; inches in its two principal 
diameters, Outlet of vagina transverse and contracted, the 
posterior lip being a very thick, rounded mass ; outlet of rec- 
tum also surrounded by numerous, rounded masses of the size 
of filberts. The whole canal, from the outlet to the division 
into the cornua uteri, which was quite abrupt, measured 

32 inches; the first 12 inches were smooth, and measured 
x 1j inches transversely when cut open, gradually diminishing 
.  Wierwards to 3 inches at the bifurcation. Where it began to 
Contract, transverse rug: were seen, and soon became as 
Strongly developed as in the ruminants, or even more so, be- 
ng 5 inch in width and almost overlapping; these are also 
TOSed by an infinity of longitudinal ruge. "The muscular 
n" va 2 or 2! lines thick, and extended up into the ruge, —— 
becoming thinner in the upper part of the uterus and in the - 
: fiie Superiorly, the transverse rugæ became less d, 
and just below the bifurcation they nearly or quite disap 


AS in the ruminants, the limit between the vagina and the 
_ “Uterus was not marked. One of the cornua only was exam- 
ined ; this was 19 inches in length, and 3 inches transversely 
When eut open; longitudinal rugæ on the immer surface very 


146 Dr. J. B. S. Jackson's Dissections of a 


close and well marked. The Fallopian tube, cut open, was 
extremely thin and delicate, its mucous coat being thrown into 
fine longitudinal folds; 2: lines transversely where it leaves. 
the uterus, and about 8 lines at the further extremity, though 
at this last part it cannot be said exactly where it terminates, 
since it finally expands into a delicate membrane, as it does in 
some other animals. The ovaries were of a flattened, oval 
form, and 3: by 13 inches ; surface somewhat fissured ; a single 
incision being made through one of them, no vesicles were 
seen. On each side of the genital fissure, and very near to it, 
was another, about 5 inches in length, at the bottom of which 
was felt the nipple. 

F. Cuvier says, (Op. cit. p. xxiv.) “On ignore le mode 
d'accouplement des cétacés souffleurs. Personne jusqu à 
présent n'en a été témoin. L'opinion la plus probable, c'est 
qu'ils s'unissent couchés tous deux sur le côté. Steller dit 
que son manatus (le Stellére) s’accouple avec la femelle 
couchée sur le dos.” Hunters opinion appears to be very 
absurd, though Mr. Beale quotes it without remark. Now, 
on this point, Capt. Chase's observations were exceedingly 
interesting, and were stated by him with full confidence. He 
informed me that he had more than once had the most favor- 
able opportunity of witnessing the act in the spermacetl 
whale, in the right whale, and in the “ porpoise ;” in the two 
first, it continues for a few minutes, but, in the last, it 1S 
almost momentary ; the position is horizontal, and not upon 
the side, nor does the female remain supine, but, being close 
to the surface of the water, they occasionally turn so a$ alter- 
nately to bring the top of the head above the water, evidently 
for the purpose of respiration. The right whale, he t mis: 
breeds at particular seasons, but the spermaceti at any season 
of the year; and he agrees with most observers in never 
having seen more than a single young one at a time about 
an old female; in cutting up one of these last, he has seen 
“a bucket-full of thick, rich milk” discharged from the 


à Sperm Whale and other Cetaceans: 147 
3 Of the heart, the ventricular portion was formed very 
_ much as in the tortoises, measuring 16} inches transversely, 
whilst, from above downwards, the right side measured but 

7, and the left 8 inches. In the place of an apex, there was 

a broad surface, and rather a depression on the median line, 

as if it were the first step towards a separation of the ventri- 

-  eles, as seen in the dugong. Vrolik (Ann. des Sc. 1838) 
. Speaks of the semilunar form of the heart in some of the 
= eetaceans, but this was the only instance in which it was 
found, in the four specimens here described. The right 
auricle was about. twice as large as the double fist; form not 
remarkable, neither was its thickness; appendix well marked, 
and its cavity traversed by a mesh of strong, muscular fibres. 
oramen ovale quite closed, and the fossa very little marked. 

No Eustachian valve, neither was there in either of the three 
other specimens, Coronary vein one inch in diameter, and 
Opened at the usual place; no valve found in any one of the 
Specimens, One superior cava, which soon divided; one 
inferior cava, measuring, transversely, 8 inches, when cut 
9pen in its passage behind the liver, and entering the heart 
as Soon as it had passed through the diaphragm. 
Right ventricle from about ! to ? of an inch thick; the 
inher surface being very irregular from strong, muscular bands. 

"cuspid valve 14! inches along its adherent edge. Pulmo- 
_ Dary artery 3! inches from upper edge of valves to bifurca- 
. on, 9 inches in circumference on inner surface, and about 
2 lines thick. 

Left auricle rather smaller than the right. Parietes gene- 
Pd thin, but having numerous very strong and prominent 
poc columns on the inner surface. Appendix well — 
Br ies Fossa ovalis less distinct than on the right side. 
an the left ventricle the muscular columns were so numerous, 

"56 and prominent, that it was difficult to measure the 
Pirietes, but the average thickness was not far from 1} inches, 
ae of the apex being 5 lines. Circumference of mitral 
me... adherent edge 11 inches; corde tendinie very nu- 


FETU U LT. mi À Ree 


148 Dr. J. B. S. Jackson's Dissections of a 


The ascending aorta measured 4 inches to the first branch 
at the arch; no marked dilatation, the circumference on the 
inner surface being 8! inches; parietes 3 lines thick. The 
ductus arteriosus formed a cord 2: inches long, and § of an 
inch in diameter, externally, but the canal remained. open so 
as to allow the passage of an instrument about 1 of an inch 
‘in diameter. The persistence of this opening is quite re- 
markable, even in a cetacean, not having been found in either 
of the three other specimens, except in the dolphin, which 
was foetal. The arch of the aorta gave off three vessels. 
The first, 6 inches in circumference externally, divided at 
once into two branches, one of which was traced in sitü, and 
was found to be the right carotid, the other taking the direc- 
tion of the subclavian; these vessels were of about equal size; 
and it is remarkable that they were so, considering the great 
bulk of the head as compared with the anterior extremities. 
The second vessel arose only half an inch from the first, was 
5 inches in circumference, and consisted almost wholly of 
carotid. The third vessel arose from the aorta 5 inches 
beyond the second, was 3! inches in circumference, and may — 
have been a superior intercostal, such as was afterwards fou 
in the dolphin. vA 

I regret exceedingly not to have seen the intercostal t 
plexuses, one of the most interesting structures in the ceta- — 
ceans, and one of the discoveries of Mr. Hunter which the — 
French have endeavored to appropriate; they were not Over — 
looked, but the first examination was made under too unfavor- : 
able circumstances for observation. d edo 

The vena porta, the vena cavà where it passes behind the - 
liver, and the hepatic veins, are said to be dilated into reser- 
voirs in some of the cetaceans, to be used, like the ples ; 
during the time of submersion; but nothing of the kind wa — 
found in the present case. One singular fact, however, W" — 
I have not seen noticed, was observed in all of the four s E 
mens; and that was, a pel is ence of the umbilical wine 


eem POE 


F Sperm Whale and other Cetaceans. 149 


ment, and which opened into the vena porta; of course, it 


would be found in the dolphin, which was foetal; in the ` 
whale, it was nearly or quite as large as the thumb. 

The lungs consisted, each, of a single lobe, as in the three 
other specimens, and were of a regular, flattened, oval form, 
the left measuring 25 by 14 inches. The air-cells were not 
visible to the naked eye, being much smaller than in man; 
moreover, they did not communicate through the lung, but 
through one bronchus a definite portion of the lung only 
could be inflated, as in the other mammalia, the surrounding 
structure remaining quite collapsed. Neither did they so 
communicate in any one of the other subjects, except in the 
dolphin, the experiment being fairly tried in each of them. 
The fact of this communication was first noticed by Mr. 
Hunter; but he seems to apply the observation to the ceta- 
cea in general, G. Cuvier, (An. Comp. vol. vii. p. 108,) or 
rather Duvernoy, makes the same general statement with 
regard. to the carnivorous cetacea, and mentions particularly 
the dolphin and the porpoise. 

The trachea was 8 inches in length, 4 inches wide, and 
much flattened antero-posteriorly. Rings about seven in 
number, but very irregular, as in all of the other specimens ; 
Some quite broad, some narrow and running into each other: 
No membranous portion, neither was there in either of the. 


other subjects. The left primary bronchus was 6 inches long, 


right 5 inches; and, from this last, just at its origin 
rather than from the trachea, as generally observed in the 
"Placet, arose a third smaller bronchus, which went to the: 
- Pet part of the right lung. In the division of the bronchi- 
Pasa WaS nothing very remarkable; some very small glands 
| WENO" Seen in" the niacous: membrane, and beneath it were” 
; well-developed transverse fibres. E ag 
“he laryna is one of the most interesting organs in the 
2 in; being elongated upwards so as to project into the 
Cuire: hares, or internal orifice of the blow-hole, thus 
ing, for the purpose of respiration, a direct commu- 


150 Dr. J. B. S. Jackson's Dissections of a 


 nication between the external air and the interior of the 
lungs; the soft palate extends very far backwards, and the 
strong muscles in that region, contracting about the larynx, 
cut off all communication between it and the cavity of the 
mouth. In the collapsed state in which the organs were after 
their removal from the body, the glottis stood erect three 
inches above the posterior edge of the soft palate, and it was 
23 inches in width, the anterior lip being the largest. It 
appeared to consist of an anterior and a posterior cartilage, 
covered by a thin membrane and by cuticle, the whole bearing 
some gross resemblance in form to a turtle's back ; down the 
back of the anterior cartilage there extended a ridge, and along 
the opposite one a corresponding groove, allowing the two to 
close very perfectly together, and superseding the necessity of 
a proper epiglottis, which organ seemed to be wanting, thoug 
it really existed in the form of the anterior cartilage. ‘The 
thyroid cartilage is 3 inches in length anteriorly, 6 inches pos 
teriorly, and the same for the width on one side; form very 
regular. Cricoid not remarkable. ; 
The blow-hole, situated on the top of the head, at the very 
extremity, and rather towards the left side, was 63 inches long, 
and in the form of an f, as observed by Alderson and also 5 
Beale. F. Cuvier says, in one part of his work, (p. 989) that 
the form is semicircular, though in a supplement, (p. 384) » 
quotes largely from Beale’s work, which was then recent, : 
so far corrects himself as to say that it has the form of an * 
The direction was longitudinal, though Hunter makes it ue | 
verse. Captain Chase states, that when the whale blows out 
the orifice becomes circular, and that in an old one he has — ; 
it as large as a bucket ; as to the formation of the spout, about : 
which there has been and is still so much question amongst T 
authors, he regards it unequivocally as the vapor of the expired : 
air with the addition of a very small quantity of water that 
gets into the blow-hole from Without, the water that 15 ik 
in with the food being discharged, he thinks, as it was rece ? 
and not through the blow-hole ; his observations, then; agree 


- 


Sperm Whale and other Cetaceans. 151 


with those of Mr. Beale, who, on this point, is the best of all 
authorities. - Captain Chase has seen the blow-hole cut open, 
and describes it as a single, continuous tube, about as large as 
a man's arm, and without any lateral cavities such as are found 
in the dolphin ; inner surface smooth, and black; it extends 
backwards near the top of the head as far as the eye, and then 
turns down to the throat ; this last descending portion he has 
never examined. 

The following parts have been preserved for the Society's 
Collection : — 1st, the stomach, with the cesophagus, and com- 
mencement of the intestine ; 2d, portions of intestine, show- 
ing the structure at different parts ; 3d, the heart, and large 
vessels; 4th, the tongue, palate, pharynx, larynx, trachea and 
large bronchi ; 5th, the genital organs ; 6th, a cast has been 
made of one of the kidneys. 

Since this dissection was made, I have had an opportunity 
to examine the entire lower jaw from six different subjects, 
and I would here give the result of these observations, as there 
seem to be some erroneous views with regard to the teeth ; 
also, recently, Dr. Henry. Wheatland, of Salem, has examined 
three others, and sent me his observations, which will be added 
to the above. 

The first specimen was from a sperm whale that was said 
to have made 110 barrels of oil, and that was taken only a 


... Week before, by a vessel bound into New Bedford. The length 


a ee cee) ee | AS Ye A eet 


DS eed RI Ce 


~ the 
os 


on the median line was 16: feet, and from the back tooth to 
the articulating surface 51 feet. The teeth were generally more 
or less movable, the gum being still quite fresh; posteriorly 
Y were small, and appeared but little above the gum; on 
might side there were 25, regularly arranged, but on the 
only 24, the number often varying, not merely in different 
viduals of the same species, as a general rule in the ceta- 


left 
indi 


Seans, but in the same individual on the two sides; the ninth 
3nd tenth from the front, on the left side, though of full size, 
"ere so close together as fairly to touch, several of the teeth 
: about them not being opposite to those upon the other side, 

as they generally were. 


159 Dr. J. B. S. Jackson's Dissections of a 


The second specimen was from a whale taken the year before 
between Cape Hatteras and the Bermudas, and said to have 
made 100 bbls. of oil. Length on the median line 15 feet 
7 inches ; between the articulating surfaces 53 feet, and to the 
back tooth 5: feet ; on the right side there were 25 teeth, and 
on the left 27, opposite to each other towards the front, but 
soon became irregular, and were more so than in the other 
specimens ; towards the front also they were quite pointed, 
but further back rounded or ovoid ; the back teeth were much 
the smallest, the surface being worn so as to show the struc- 
ture. F. Cuvier says, that fifty-four is the greatest number of 
teeth that has been met with, and that the number increases 
with the size of the animal ; but, if this last is in proportion to 
the length of the lower jaw, the rule does not apply to the 
present specimens. He says, moreover, that they are conical 
in the young and ovoid in the old; they were conical in the 
small and undoubtedly young specimens presently to be men- 
tioned, but so were the anterior teeth in this second specimen, 
which belonged to a full grown adult. The same author thinks 
that the sperm whale sheds its teeth, and that, too, more than 
once; and T. R. Jones (Comp. Anat. p. 666,) has an.idem - 
with pea to the cetaceans, that, as they advance in 386 
new teeth are formed in the back of the jaw, w whilst those in 
front drop out, the alveoli becoming absorbed ; but, in the 
present specimens, I found nothing to favor either of t 

ns; the front teeth in the largest individuals were 
periods preserved, there were nowhere any deficiencies, and 
there were in one of the smallest specimens about as man 
teeth as are generally found in the adult. : 

The third specimen was 8 feet 5. inches in length, 3. feet 
9 inches between the articulating surfaces, and the same 10 ie 
the back tooth. There were 20 teeth on each side, arranged 
regularly opposite to each other, and very little if at all worn; 

. anteriorly they were comparatively large and strong; midway 
more slender, and posteriorly small. ae 

"The fourth, specimen was 7 feet 10 inches in length; 4 ud : 
between the articulating surfaces, and 3 feet 2 inches to 
back tooth ; on the right side 26 teeth: and on the left 23 ; 


Sperm Whale and other Cetaceans. 153 


The fourth specimen was from a young animal, said to have 
been 18 feet long, and to have made 14 bbls. of oil; taken 
within three days’ sail of Nantucket. It was about 5 feet 8 
inches in length, and had 23 teeth on each side, but, as these 
were cemented in, the number cannot be so fully depended 
upon ; all of them were pointed. 

The sixth specimen, which is in the Society’s Cabinet, is 
5; feet in length, 2 feet 9 inches between the articulating sur- 
faces, and the same to the back tooth. The teeth, which are 
connected by a strip of dried gum, and are perfectly loose in 
the sockets, are 25 in number on the right side, and 24 on 
the left, besides an anterior one on the left side, which has 
evidently been lost; all of them pointed, and some hardly 
Piercing the gum. With the jaw, is the entire cranium, 6: feet 
long, and corresponding generally with G. Cuvier's description 
and figures (Oss. Foss. vol. v. pl. xxiv.) ; the petrous portion 
of the temporal bone, however, remains on one side, and, in- 
Stead of being free, as usual in the cetaceans, is as closely 
connected with the base of the skull as any other bone. 

The seventh specimen (these three last were examined by 
D r. Wyman) was 15! feet in length on the median line, 5 feet 
1 inch between the articulating surfaces, and 4 feet 9 inches to 
the back tooth. On the right side 26 teeth; on the left 25, 

ides a back one, which seems to have been removed. ` 

The eighth specimen is 7: feet in length, between the 
articulating surfaces 3 feet 8 inches, and to the back tooth 3 
feet 2 inches ; 24 teeth on each side. 

The ninth specimen is 8 feet 2 inches in length, between 

articulating surfaces 4 feet 2 inches, and to the back tooth 
3 feet 8 inches; 23 teeth on each side. d 
DISSECTION OF A FGETAL DOLPHIN. aga 
About a fortnight after the dissection of the whale, I re- 
ceived from Dr. Storer a specimen of the above, which was sent 
E him by Dr. William Prescott, of Lynn, with the following 
description of the mother, from whom it had just been removed. 
11 ' 


" Da 
E dd 


VOL. v. 


154 Dr. J. B. S. Jackson's Dissections of a 


The length was 71 feet; color dusky black on the back, 
white on the belly, and lead-colored on the sides ; a dusky line, 
from one to two inches in width, commenced a little above 
the eyes, and, passing along the sides, was lost in the lead color 
within 18 or 20 inches of the tail, and another, much less dis- 
tinct, ran parallel to this. Very exact measurements were also 
given of the position and dimensions of the external parts. 
'The animal had just been harpooned, and seemed to be quite 
new to the fishermen. 

The fœtus must have been mature, or very nearly so, being 
38 inches, or nearly half the length of the mother. Accord- 
ing to Mr. Owen, the cetacea, in general, are remarkable for 
the large size of the fœtus at birth. It had Sir William Jar- 
dine's characteristics of a true dolphin, the “ convex forehead 
and the snout in form of a beak, distinguished from the fore- 
head by a marked furrow;" in form, moreover, it pretty 
nearly resembled the Delph. delphis, L., as figured in the 
Naturalist’s Library, though it will be shown to differ in 
structure from that species, if, indeed, it is always the same 
species that is described under that name. The back was of 
a dark bluish gray, and the belly nearly a salmon color, but 
this last may originally have been white, as the same change 
color was observed in the D. globiceps ; no longitudinal stripes, 
as in the mother, but some very indistinct, broad, transverse 
stripes were seen towards the back.  'The teeth had not yet 
appeared. Since the dissection the animal has been stuffed, 
and the specimen is now in the Boston Museum. 

As to the number of vertebrx, there were 7 cervical, 14 
dorsal, and 55 posterior to these. In the Dauphin ordinair? 
(by which is understood the Ð. delphis, L.) there are 
by G. Cuvier to be 14 dorsal, and 52 posterior to these 
(Anat. Comp. i. 103,) though in tlie Oss. Fossiles (v. 303) 
‘he says the dorsal are 13, and the whole number, without the 
cervical, 60, leaving 47 only posterior to the dorsal; ^ 
Cuvier (Cet. p. 140) quotes this last. Lesson (Cet. P: - 
says there are 13 dorsal and 53 lumbar in the n 


i, 


Sperm Whale and other Cétaceans. 155 


phin, and in Griffith's Cuvier the same numbers are given ; 
Sir William Jardine says 12 dorsal and 52 lumbar. Of the cer- 
vical vertebrae, the first and second were large and scarcely 
movable upon each other; the other five were much smaller 
and rather more movable, the second being more, and the 
seventh less developed than in the D. delphis, accord- 
ing to Cuvier (Oss. Foss. v. 303) ; these vertebrae, he says, are 
fused into a single piece, and yet, he elsewhere says, (Anat. 
Comp. i. 105,) that in the dolphins the atlas and axis only are 
united, the other cervical vertebrze remaining separate, though 
extremely thin. Lesson (Cet. p. 226) describes the six first 
as quite thin in the D. delphis, and the last as some- 
what thick. These discrepancies, upon so important a point 
as the number and form of the vertebrae, can only be explained 
by the confounding of species, and, with regard to the present 
individual, its specific appellation must be left undetermined. 
The stomach, with the cesophagus, and part of the intestine, 
having been inflated, dried and varnished, showed the form, 
and, to a certain extent, the structure of the different cavities, 
better than if they had been laid open, and from this specimen 
a Very correct drawing was taken by Dr. Parker. (PI. XIV. 
fig. 2.) The esophagus is 5: inches in length, and about 7 
lines in diameter ; the first cavity of the stomach (a), which is 
perfectly identical with it in structure, dilates gradually, and is 
l; by 1 inch. The second cavity (b), continued in a line with 
e esophagus, is about 1: inches in length, and terminates in 
à blunt cone, so far corresponding with the general description 
by Mr. Hunter and others of the first; it differs, however, 
ruurely in structure from what is here described as the first, 
. 8 More red, thicker, and much more muscular; the two 
are also separated by a deep groove externally, and a corres- - 
Ponding fold of membrane within, though they still com- 
aiia freely, (portions of the cavities have been cut away 
80 as to show their interna] relations) ; it is equally remarkable, 
then, whether considered as an additional cavity, or as a mod- 
“aon of the first, which is so generally uniform in shape and 


156 Dr. J. B. S. Jackson's Dissections of a 


structure ; and it is the more interesting as something of the 
kind was found in the globiceps. Sir E. Home has described 
and figured (Phil. Trans. 1807) the stomach of the very 
species (D. delphis, L.) which the present individual most 
nearly resembles externally, and the first cavity is continuous 
and uniform, as usual in the cetaceans. The third cavity (c); 
generally described as the second, is 2 inches by 1 inch, curved 
upon itself, and communicates freely with the first; in the 
recent state it felt very thick and fleshy, and now strongly 
marked rug: are seen upon the inner surface, giving it some- 
what of a coarse honeycomb structure. The fourth, not seen 
in the figure, is a small, rounded cavity, about 1 inch in diam- 
eter, and resembles the intestine in structure now that it 18 
dried ; its communication with the third is not two lines distant 
from that between the first and third cavities ; in some of the 
cetacea this small cavity is said not to appear externally. 
The fifth cavity (d) is about 3} inches in length, somewhat 
dilated at first, but towards the further extremity about four 
lines in diameter; it is very strongly bent upon itself, and in 
structure resembles the fourth. Between the third and f 
cavities, the fourth and fifth, the fifth and the sixth, as many 
would have it, there is stretched a thin transverse septum, pe™ 
forated by a very small opening. : 
'The intestine was 20 feet 8 inches in length, or about ws 
and a half times that of the animal, whereas it should be eleven 
or twelve times, according to Fred. Cuvier (Cet. P 89? 
G. Cuvier does not give the length in the dolphin or papa”; 
but merely remarks upon it as “ passablement long.” Just at 
its commencement it is considerably dilated, and measures In 
the dried specimen (e) 1 inch in diameter; this is 8 E 
described as an additional cavity of the stomach (as above 
stated,) but, in the present ease, from the gradual diminution 
of size and the absence of anything like an abrupt curve, such 
as was noticed in the whale, it is impossible to regard it other- 
wise than as part of the intestine; the con i ipm | 
the last eavity of the stomach is very small. The folds in the | 


Sperm Whale and other Cetaceans. 151 


mucous membrane were wholly longitudinal and not abundant. 
One narrow Peyer's patch, 8 inches in length, was found 
below the middle of the intestine, and two smaller ones higher 
up; they were not strongly marked, though the follicles were 
distinct ; no other appearances of glands, except in the rectum, 
where they were very numerous though minute. The dif- 
ference in length and structure of the intestine in this specimen 
and the last, was very remarkable. ` 

The hepatic duct opened, as usual in the cetacea, into the 
dilated portion of the duodenum, two lines only from its com- 
mencement, and not near its termination, as stated by G- 
Cuvier; neither was there any dilatation of the duct in its 
passage through the parietes of the intestine, as described by 
him, or rather by Duvernoy, in the common dolphin. (Anat. 
Comp. vol. iv. part 9d, p. 531.) The hepatic veins were 
large. The umbilical vein opened largely into the vena porte, 
but the opening into the general venous system was not found. 
No dilatation of the vena ports: near to the liver was observed, 
as has been described in the dolphin. ! 

The heart, which is generally described as semilunar, had 
ks apex quite marked, contrasting strongly with the whale’s, 
as 1 did also with regard to the muscular columns, which were 
not strongly developed in any of the cavities. The fossa ovalis 
was quite marked, at the bottom of which was an exceedingly 
delicate membrane, and at the upper part of this, was the 
foramen ovale, which seemed quite small; the ductus arteri- 
asus, also, was small. 

, The aorta, which was not dilated, as some have described 
It in the dolphin, sent off two vessels from the arch close 
^ The right gave, first, a large branch, whieh was 
ow as the superior intercostal, and yet the recürrent 
ich of the par vagum passed around it, as if it had been the 

of Vian ; secondly, a large branch which entered the base 

the skull, and may be called the internal carotid ; thirdly, a 

smaller branch, which also passed up the neck, and 
may be called the external carotid ; fourthly, a large trunk, 


158 Dr. J. B. S. Jackson's Dissections of a 


which subdivided into, first, the subclavian; and, secondly, a 
large branch which followed the phrenic nerve, and was distri- 
buted like it upon the diaphragm, sending off a very’ small 
internal mammary artery near its origin. The left innominata 
divided mainly like the right, but the subclavian was acci- 
dentally cut off. The left superior intercostal arose separately 
from the aorta, one inch beyond the second great trunk, a 
vessel corresponding in situation being also found in the whale. 
The plexus on each side of the spine was well marked, and, 

on cutting away extensively the wings from the bodies of the 
vertebra, it was seen to pass freely into the spinal cavity, and 
completely to surround the theca, being there very strongly 
marked. In the lower part of the abdomen the plexuses were 
not so distinct. 

"The air-cells communicated, so that through one of the 
secondary bronchi the whole lung could be inflated ; in size 
they about equalled those of man, being considerably larget 
than in the whale. The muscular fibres, which have been 
described as surrounding the lungs, I did not find. The 
trachea was much flattened antero-posteriorly, and fifteen rings 
were counted on one side. Just above the bifurcation a large 
bronchus was given off to the upper part of the right lung, 
and in the substance of the lungs the rings were continue 
nearly or quite down into the smallest tubes, as has been often 

"Phe spiracle, or blow-hole, being exposed on one side by à 
longitudinal section through the skull, was found to be a regt- 
lar and continuous passage for about one half its extent UP 
wards from the fauces. The upper half was very Heg 
being dilated mainly into two large sacs, each of which 
probably hold $jss. or more, and which seemed to burrow 
beneath the skin as the finger was passed into them through 
the external semilunar orifice ; the expulsor muscles 
these sacs were very large. 

Mr. Hunter says of the cetacea generally, «J could eid 

observe anything like a thyroid gland.” It existed, boWeYe^ — 


3 
would 


Sperm Whale and other Cetaceans. 159 


in the present case, as a soft mass, of a dark red color, situated 
just below the larynx, and in form and size resembling the 
same organ in man ; it was also found in the globiceps, and I 
think it must have existed in the porpoise. I was not aware, 
when these observations were made, that this body had been 
met with in any of the cetaceans, but I have recently seen 
Mr. Owen's statement that it is found in the porpoise and 
bottle-nose dolphin.' ` 

The thymus gland was quite large, and, in structure ap- 
peared to resemble the same in man, though, on a single trans- 
verse ineision, I found no cavity. Whole length 3i inches ; 
body 14 by 15 lines, and crura half an inch in width. 


represented in the Cyclopedia of Anatomy and Physiology. 
The vasa deferentia were large and quite distinct, and opened 
Separately on each side of the verumontanum, which was also 
quite large. The vesicule seminales are wanting in the 
cetacea, according to the best authorities, and as shown in this 
and the two next dissections ; Pallas has described them in the 
Beluga, as quoted by F. Cuvier, (p. 211) but this is the only 
case, $0 far as I can learn, in which they have been observed. 
In the present case there is a marked dilatation of the last half 
inch of the vasa, this portion being firm, white, smooth on the 
inner surface, and measuring 1 inch transversely when cut open. 
A similar dilatation was found in the globiceps and porpoise, 
and yet I have not seen the fact noticed by any anatomist. 

? The brain was from various causes unfit for a full examina- 
tion. The weight of the cerebrum was 57 ounces, (avoir du ^s 5, 
and of the cerebellum 1; ounces. The two upper tubere 
quadrigemina were of medium size, but the two others were 


x ince i prelo UPS, A , j H 
hay. this paper was read before the Society, some additions and alterations 


160 Dr. J. B. S. Jackson's Dissections of a 


very large and directed obliquely outwards. In place of the 
corpora pyramidalia and olivaria was a defined, circular, raised 
mass, about : inch in diameter and very unlike Tiedemann’s 
figure of the D. delphis. The spinal marrow was rather 
small and uniformly so, closely invested by the dura mater, 
as remarked by Mr. Hunter, and formed. the cauda equina 
at about the tenth vertebra from the dorsal. The cerebral 
nerves generally were large, except the first pair, of which 
no trace could be found ; externally, the portio dura, the par 
vagum and some others appeared immensely large. 

'The pupil of the eye was of an elongated, rather oval form, 
and not heart-shaped, as in the D. delphis, according to F. 
Cuvier, Lesson, and Sir William Jardine ; lens spherical ; pig- 
mentum not continued over the choroid coat, which has rather 

 &greenish hue; numerous and distinct orifices of glands were 
found in the conjunctiva where it is reflected over the globe, 
the mucous secretion from which Mr. Hunter supposed w 
answer the purpose of the lachrymal gland, which is small in 
the cetacea. The external opening of the ear was just large 
enough to admit a small pin, and communicated with the 1n- 
ternal organ apparently by means of a single cartilage. 


OF THE PHOC(ENA GLOBICEPS. (Cuv.) 
This animal was harpooned near the bath-house at Craigie's 
bridge, June 16th, 1842, and I saw it on the same day. It 
looked quite thin, and on the right side the surface was -— 
even to a considerable extent, as if cicatrized ; this appear 
ance is interesting, as something of the kind seems tO have 
been observed in another individual of the same species” 
Mr. Couch, (Mag. of Nat. Hist. July, 1842.) It was of an 
uniform, dark slate color, except on the belly, where -— ‘ass 
ill-defined, narrow, clouded, white streak, extending from * d 
neath the jaw to about the anus, being much -broader an 
whiter in some parts than others, and most so beneath the 
jaw. “Weight estimated at 255 Ibs. si e n e. 
The figure at the end of the volume, by Dr. William © 


Sperm Whale and other Cetaceans. 161 


Parker, represents the animal as it appeared after the removal 
of the organs; and, from the rounded form of the head, the 
slight projection of the upper jaw, the narrow, elongated, 
pointed anterior fins, and the color as above described, I think 
there can be no doubt of its being the globiceps. 
Measurements, taken on the first day, were as follows: from 
the anterior extremity of the head to the centre of the tail, 7 
feet 2 inches; to the pectoral fin, 20 inches; to the dorsal, 38 
inches; to the blow-hole, 92 inches; to the eye, 91 inches; 
to the penis, 4 feet 1 inch, and to the anus, 4 feet 8 inches. 
Span of tail 21 inches, with a notch 1 inch deep in the 
centre; pectoral fin 51 inches across the base; 21 inches 
along the anterior edge, and 15; inches along the posterior. 
Dorsal fin about 15 inches across the base, 18 inches along the 
anterior edge, and 6 inches along the posterior. Circum- 
ference in front of dorsal fin, 3 feet 10 inches; blow-hole 
concave anteriorly, and 13 inches across, from tip to tip; eye 
iof an inch. The external opening of the ear was so small 
as only to admit a pin, and was not found till after the cartilage 
had been cut through ; according to Cuvier, and the statemen 
18 repeated by Sir William Jardine and by Mr. Beale, this 
opening was not discovered in any one of the seventy globiceps 
stranded in Brittany in 1812; one of these specimens was sent 
to G. Cuvier, besides many of the heads and other parts, (Oss. 
Foss. v, 985); but I do not find that he alludes to the external 
ear, nor scarcely to any other point of anatomy, except the 
Stomach, which he describes in the Anatomie Comparée. ; 
Of the teeth, there were counted, on the left side, nine m 
the upper jaw and three in the lower, several of them being 
quite loose. On dissection, there were found to be nine ou 
ch side in the upper jaw; in the lower, eight on each side, 
_ behind these two others on the right side which were con- 
siderably smaller than the rest. | -— 
The stomach inflated and dried, is represented in Plate XV. 
rawn by Dr. J. Wyman, and portions of the parietes having 
Cut away as in case of the dolphin, the communication 


162 Dr. J. B. S. Jackson's Dissections of a 


between the cavities was distinctly shown. The Ist (b) was 
11: inches in length, and 42 inches in width superiorly. 
The 9d (c and c) was of a somewhat globular form, and 
smaller than the first, with which it communicated largely ; 
when recent, it felt about as thick as the first, though evi- 
dently quite different in structure; and, on being dried, the 
characteristic rugæ are distinctly seen. Between these two, 
is a small supplementary cavity, partially seen in the figure 
(d), of a crescentic form, extending about half round the 
organ, and opening largely throughout its whole extent into 
the first cavity, with which it seems to be connected; the 
parietes, however, are thinner than those of the first; it is 
separated from both the cavities by broad septa, and the 
limits externally are well marked, so that it should perhaps 
be rather regarded as a distinct cavity. The third cavity 
(e) is quite small, but perfectly distinct, and equal to be- 
tween one and two inches in diameter. The fourth (f) 8 
about three times as large as the last, and equally distinct, 
of a rounded form, and quite prominent. "The fifth (8) , 
elongated, curved upon itself, and thin like the two last ; it 1s 
13} inches in length, following the curve, and about 6} inches 
in circumference midway, though larger at the two extremities. 
Connected with these is what has been described as an ad- 
ditional cavity of the stomach, but which, as above stated, I 
should certainly regard as a dilatation of the intestine. This 
cavity (h) is 32 inches long, 7: inches in circumference at 15 
commencement, and 3j inches at its termination, at which last 
part there is a marked contraction (i), but without the feel of 
anything like pylorus. Immediately below this, the intestine 
omes suddenly much thicker, as if from the commencement 
of valvulæ conniventes. As in the dolphin, the second and 
third cavities of the stomach, the third and fourth, the fourth 
and fifth, the fifth and sixth, as many would call the last, are 
divided by a thin, transverse septum, perforated by a $t 


"The intestine was 57 feet, or eight times the length of the 


Sperm Whale and other Cetaceans. 163 


animal. Being cut open, it measured transversely 1} inches 
on an average, 9! inches at the upper or largest part, and 
2 inches at the largest part of the rectum. |. Valvulee conniv. 
strongly developed, except in the last 10 or 12 feet, and most 
so in the upper part; the valves were transverse, instead of 
being oblique as in the whale; and it is remarkable that 
G. Cuvier should not have mentioned these in the globiceps, 
when he is speaking (Anat. Comp.) of the longitudinal folds 
in the intestine of the porpoise and the dolphin; neither is 
anything said by Mr. Hunter of marked transverse rugze, nor 
by F. Cuvier, nor Lesson, so far as I have seen. In the last 
10 or 12 feet, the mucous membrane was in irregular folds, 
more longitudinal than transverse. No Peyer's nor other 
glands seen. Muscular coat thick, the longitudinal fibres 
being quite marked at tlie upper part. The intestine termi- 
nates at last, not directly upon the surface of the body, but 
In a fissure eight or ten inches in length. 

The right lobe of the liver was from two to three times 
as large as the left. The vena cava passed in a groove behind 
the organ; umbilical vein pervious, opening freely into the 
vena porte, but seemed to be gradually obliterated towards 
the umbilicus. The hepatic duct ran directly to the intes- 
2 then turned abruptly, and ran along the dilated portion 
of intestine, forming a part of its parietes, and opened just 
E = contraction between this portion and the proper in- 
testine. The duct was considerably larger where it turned 
than at first, measuring about half an inch across when cut 
pen ; continued large and thick in the parietes of the intes- 
tine, but without any dilatation. 2 gor 
- The pancreas was a well-defined organ, 2 by 4 inches in 
extent, white, quite soft, but glandular as in man. The duct 
"Pened into the hepatic, where it turned, and was 7 lines 
“cross when cut open in the substance of the gland. - 

Spleen connected with first cavity of stomach; a dark red, 
very firm organ, of a flattened spherical form, about 4 inches 
in diameter, and 1i inches thick; also two smaller, supple- 
mentary organs. 


- 


164 Dr. J. B. S. Jackson's Dissections of a 


The heart was a strongly developed, muscular organ, not 
flattened, nor unusually broad, the apex being sufficiently 
marked, though between the ventricles there is a considerable 
groove. Ventricular portion 7 inches across the base, and 
about 5 inches long. Some muscular interlacement in ap- 
pendices of auricles. Foramen ovale closed, with very little 
of a fossa on the right, and none on the left side. Tricuspid 
valve 71 inches along the adherent edge, and well developed. 
Right ventricle 4 to } of an inch thick, and the muscular 
columns: rather coarse. Pulmonary artery 42 inches in cir- 
cumference just above the valves, and aorta 3? inches. Left 
ventricle one inch at thickest part. "The aorta dilated consid- 
erably, though gradually, towards the arch, where it gave off 
two large branches of about equal size, and afterwards a 
smaller one; all of which seemed to be distributed very much 
as in the dolphin. Intercostal plexus well marked. A large 
vein, entering the right side of the thorax between the upper 
dorsal vertebrze, was undoubtedly the azygos, as described 
by Breschet (Annales des Sc. Nat. 1834) in the phocoena. 
The lower cava received a large vessel from the lower part 
of the thorax, just before entering the auricle. 

The lungs were very tough or leathery to the feel, coarse 
in structure, and invested by a thick membrane. 
organs were pretty extensively diseased, being infiltrated 
with a light yellowish substance, something between pus 
and lymph, though nowhere hepatized, and without any 
well-marked tuberculous deposit. At the anterior inferior 
part of each lung-was a large gland, similarly diseased, great 
numbers of enlarged lymphatics being seen on the outer 
surface of the lungs going to these; several glands were 
also found in the neck and about the lungs, enlarged and 
diseased. Mr. J. Coüch, above quoted, remarks, that sped 
of the cetaceous animals taken. in England have run them- 
selves on shore; a circumstance which has been ascribe > 
with much appearance of probability, to the influence of 
sickness." Trachea, 4i inches long, and lj inches Wide; 


* 


Sperm Whale and other Cetaceans. — 165 


rings very irregular. Bronchus, 2 of an inch in diameter, 
sent off from about the middle of the trachea to the upper 
part of the right lung; the primary bronchi were about 
1} inches long, and the rings were continued into the smallest 
tubes that were opened. 

Thyroid gland in the usual place, dark red, and soft; 
3j inches transversely, and about 1: inches longitudinally. 
This body, as already stated, Mr. Hunter did not find in the 
cetaceans. 

The thyroid cartilage was quite irregular, the limit between 
this and the epiglottis not being felt. The cricoid was well 
developed posteriorly, but anteriorly it. terminated in two 
rather blunt points, which, though they approximated, did not 
unite; the same is found in the beluga; according to Dr. 
Barclay, (Wernerian "Trans. 3d vol) and he is the only 
Writer, so far as I have seen, who has mentioned the fact ; 
I believe it existed also in the porpoise. Epiglottis about 
35 inches long, and 2 of an inch wide, though wider at the 
top. Arytenoid cartilages about 3 inches long, not rising 
quite so high as the epiglottis, nearly united at the top, but 
more separated below; and seeming to run into the cricoid. 
Glottis quite distensible. 

Pharynx contracted about glottis, but, above this, capacious. 
Mucous follicles in the posterior nares, and the muscular 
structure strongly developed, as described by Hunter, and as 
they were in the dolphin. 
lhe renal capsules, situated above the kidneys, were about 
to 2 inches in diameter, and 3 or 4 lines thick. Bladder 
. a4; portion towards the urethra long and narrow, as it was 
in the porpoise, ae. 

Testes and epididymis very much as in the dolphin; the 
*i inches by 2 of an inch. The vasa deferentia were 
us nearly to the bladder, then straight, and, for the last 
ches, so near as to appear like one tube. Behind the 
“ader, they were 1! lines in diameter; and, on being cut 
Open, the parietes were found quite thick, and the canal 


H 


2 in 


166 Dr. J. B. S. Jackson's Dissections of a 


1: lines across. For about 2 inches before their termination, 
they became quite thin, and the canal increased to 5 lines; 
dilatation not sudden ; opened at last separately on the veru- 
montanum by a small orifice or slit. 

Connected with the vasa deferentia, and forming undoubt- 
edly a part of the genital system, was a single canal, 2j inches 
long, opening on the verumontanum, just in front of the 
vasa, and so closely connected with them as not distinctly 
to appear, except for about ! of an inch just before the vasa 
came together. At this last part, where it terminated in a 
cul de sac, it appeared as large as the vasa, but was thinner, 
and the cavity larger, the inner surface being white and 
rugous. It afterwards became smaller, but, before termina- 
tion, the cavity enlarged to 5 or 6 lines. No glands seen on 
the inner surface. A similar canal was found in the porpoise. 

Prostate large; ducts large and numerous, and o 
on each side of the verumontanum. 
- Penis 11 inches in length, and 1; inches in diameter 
midway ; no septum ; fibrous parietes thick and dense. The 
last 41 inches tapers to a point, and is free, though concealed 
beneath the surface of the body. «Erector muscles strongly 
developed, but the acceleratores less so. A strong retractor 
pair, also, appearing like one muscle, arose near the perineum, 
and was inserted about the commencement of the free portion 
of the organ. FESSA 

The animal having been purchased for the Society; the 
bones were macerated with a view to the skeleton; but they 
were found to be too imperfectly ossified, some of 
epiphyses being not merely separate but scarcely formed. 
The vertebre were 58 in number; bodies of 6 of the 
cervical co-ossified ; 11 dorsal, as stated by Cuvier in the 
globiceps (Oss. Foss. vol. v.); but posterior to these were 40, 
whereas he makes but 37. The cranium corresponded suffi- 
ciently well with his description and figures of the globiceps 
(pl. xxi.), with which it was very carefully compared, 


Sperm Whale and other Cetaceans 167 


under surface of the superior maxillary bones in both our 
specimens, however, are less broad and flat than he represents 
them. In the young one, there is considerable space between 
the occipital ridge and the nasal bones, formed, I suppose, by 
the interparietal bones fused to the occiput; the foramen 
opticum is not formed, but, in the place of it, a deep notch 
in the ant. sphenoid ; in the post. sphenoid is a large foramen, 
which I supposed to be the carotid, bat no rotundum nor ova- 
le, neither was there in the old specimen, though the optic was 
well formed. The condyloid foramina, in both specimens, 
were found in the lateral portion of the occiput. No bony 
tentorium, though, in the old specimen, it was "well marked. 
The sternum was composed of four pieces, the third being in 
two lateral portions, and the fourth quite cartilaginous ; deep 
notch in the first, as stated by Cuvier. Eleven pairs of ribs, 
the last five being connected only with the transverse pro- 
cesses of the vertebree, as stated by Cuvier ; cartilages ossified. 
Pelvic bones about 93 inches long, and half an inch in diam- 
eter. As to the phalanges, from the very imperfect degree 
of Ossification, the exact number was not ascertained, but 
they did not seem to correspond with Cuvier's description. - 


_ ANATOMY OF THE PORPOISE (ProcexA communis, L.) 


`- July 13th, 1842, Dr. Storer saw and examined a specimen 
that had just been taken at Nahant. Length 4 feet 5 inches. 
Externally it resembled the figure of the common porpoise in 
the Naturalist’s Library, though the form of the head was more 
like that of the Cape porpoise in the same plate. Pectoral fins 

“colored above, like the upper part of the body generally, 
but White below; in the work just quoted they are said to be 
brownish. Dorsal emarginated just back of the tip, and at the 
“pper part, anteriorly, it exhibited quite a number of small tuber- 
cles or dentations. At the suggestion of Dr. Storer, the organs 
Were then carefully removed by Mr. Johnson, of Nahant, and 
on the following day, were sent to me in a perfectly fresh state. 


168 Dr. J. B. S. Jackson's Dissections of a 
i ; 


The first cavity of the stomach was somewhat heart-shaped, 
and had a marked mamillary process at the apex, though no 
corresponding depression internally. Length 8 inches, and 
transversely, at the upper part, 6 inches. Cuticular coat thick, 
dense, dead white, and much more rugous than in the œso- 
phagus. Cavity nearly full of half-digested fish and bones, 
showing that it is not a mere reservoir, as Hunter supposed. 
Second cavity, of a regular, elongated form, somewhat curved 
upon itself, 7 by 3 inches before being cut open, and very 
thick to the feel. The orifice was not far from the «esophagus, 
and admitted the fore-finger, but the outlet was considerably 
smaller; no projections about the orifice, as stated in the 
Cyclop. of Anat. & Phys. Contained only a little thick liquid. 
Mucous membrane everywhere thrown into dark red, very 
thick and prominent, longitudinal, close-set rugze, and, in cut- 
ting it across, the linear appearance was seen, which has 
been described by Sir David Brewster in the porpoise as tubu- 
lar (Cyclop. of Anat. & Phys.) ; the limit between this and 
the cuticular coat of the first stomach was strongly defined, 
but there were not the strongly marked rug about the orifice, 
described by G. Cuvier. Muscular coat thin, allowing the 
ruge of the mucous membrane to be seen through from the 
external surface, like the convolutions through the membranes 
of the brain. "The third cavity was exceedingly small, though 
as distinct as any of the rest; limits externally well marked, 
and measured 1; by 3 inches. "The orifice is amongst the 
ruge of the second cavity, a short distance from its extremity, 
and admits the last joint of the little finger, so that it can be 
passed about within its cavity ; the outlet is from 4 to 5 lines 
in diameter. Structure and feel of this and the next, thin am 
membranous. Fourth cavity, quite serpentine in form} 
inches following the curve; transversely, about 1j inch mie 
way, and 13 inch at each extremity, before being opene® ; 
outlet 2; lines in diameter. Contained little or nothing: 
Mucous membrane firm and moderately thick. = 

"Intestine, 61; feet, or nearly 14 times the length of the 


1 


I 


Sperm Whale and other Cetaceans. 169 


animal, varying considerably from the last two specimens, as 
they all three do from F. Cuvier's statement. (Cétacés, p. 86.) 
Lower half, generally about the size of the fore-finger, increas- 
ing somewhat downwards, though, for the last foot or more, it 
becomes much smaller ; upper half, to a considerable extent, 
smaller than the little finger, though longer at the very upper 
part ; according to F. Cuvier, the diameter of the intestine, in 
the * dauphins et marsouins,” is regular, diminishing but very 
little from the pylorus to the anus; these would include the 
Present. specimen and the globiceps, as well as the dolphin, 
and yet his remark is not confirmed in either case. The dila- 
tation at the commencement of the intestine was strongly 
marked : 4! inches long, and 23 inches transversely at com- 
mencement; parietes about as thick as the intestine below, 
ut the mucous membrane of the two differed greatly in 
structure, and the change was rather abrupt, though there was 
no contraction nor anything like a valve. The mucous mem- 
brane of the dilated part was quite smooth, polished, some- 
what transparent, and, after being in spirit for one night, 
showed several opaque points which were evidently glands, 
Whereas that of the intestine immediately below was just the 
reverse, opaque with marked longitudinal rugz. These rugæ 
extended more or less throughout the intestine, but were not. 
very numerous, being much less than in the dolphin; none 
transverse, Several patches of Peyer’s glands were seen, } to 
+ ch wide; generally several inches, and one of them 15 
inches in length ; the follicles, which were small, and very 
m Set, were not situated directly upon the inner surface of 
intestine, but upon a distinct fold, which was attached to 
~ mucous membrane by its centre only. Cuticle continued 
about 3 inches within the rectum. Some inflammation and en- 
Frei t of the solitary glands was observed, and some of 
! Were ulcerated, 
bebe lobe of the liver two or three times larger than the 
^w ee vein pervious, as above stated. Some disease 
“US Organ also, being such as I have occasionally seen 
Tv 12 


170 Dr. J. B. S. Jackson’s Dissections of a 


in man; apparently a partial obliteration of the ducts, and a 
collection of the secretion beyond. The hepatic duct opened 
directly into the dilated portion of the intestine, upon a little 
protuberance, half an inch before the rugous portion of the 
intestine began ; no dilatation. The pancreatic duct opened 
into the hepatic, not far from its termination. 

Spleen about 2 of an inch in diameter, and closely attached 
to the first cavity of the stomach, with three or four others of 
the size of peas scattered in the omentum at some distance. 

The lungs were fleshy to the feel, but much less so than in 

the globiceps ; air-cells quite as large as in man. The cricoid 
cartilage had been cut through in the removal of the organs, 
but from what remained, it appeared, as in the globiceps, not to 
close anteriorly. A dark red, firm body was found in the 
place of the thyroid gland, but this, too, had been cut across. 
In the bronchi were great numbers of thread-like worms, 
probably filariæ, and quite a collection were seen hanging from 
an open ulcer upon the inner surface of the stomach ; severa 
ascarides were also found free in the cavity of this last organ. 
~ Of the heart. The apex was well marked, and the structure 
not remarkable. Fossa ovalis rather deep, but foramen closed. 
Two vessels given off at the arch of the aorta close together, 
and a third a little way beyond. 

The festes, 3; inches long, and 1: inch wide, appeared 
much enlarged, or swollen, which probably was the case, 8 
the animal was killed during what is supposed to be the rutting 
season. Epididymis not separated from the gland, as in - 
globiceps and dolphin. Vasa deferentia tortuous at first, but 
straight for some distance before termination, whereas, accord- 
ing to G. Cuvier, they are tortuous, in the porpoise, aS far as 
the opening in the urethra ; opening separately upon the veru- 
montanum, which is moderately developed. Before termin?" 
ting they dilate, as above stated, measuring from four to five 
lines transversely, when cut open. Here again was an organ, 
similar to that above described in the globiceps, and which 

5 go onc ntfi. un i 


maw nash 


CN wee Ly 


Sperm Whale and other Cetaceans. 171 


being so small as to be overlooked. A single canal, opening 
on the verumontanum, just in front of the vasa deferentia, and 
closely connected with these last, so that it did not appear 
except for about 11 inch before the vasa came together. At 
this last part, it was much smaller and thinner than the vasa, 
and, as it extended upwards, it became so small, thin and trans- 
parent, that, when first seen, I took it for an enlarged lymph- 
atic ; it tapered off to a point, and was gradually lost. After 
it joined the vasa, the cavity enlarged considerably, so that a 
probe moved freely within it, and it contained some transparent, 
viscid fluid, whereas that in the vasa was more opaque. This 
organ is not mentioned by G. Cuvier in his description of 
the genital organs of the porpoise, as quoted by F. Cuvier, 
(Cétacés, p. 172,) neither has it before been observed in any 
of the cetaceans, so far as I can learn. 

The prostate was tolerably large, and seemed to be a tissue 
of ducts filled with a transparent, viscid fluid ; the under sur- 
face covered by a strong muscle. 

_ The penis seemed very large for the size of the animal: 18 
inches from the tip to the membranous portion, and 43 inches in 
circumference at the largest part. Free portion concealed 
beneath the surface of the body, 6 inches in length, and taper- 
ing, though not quite so pointed as in the globiceps. No 
septum. Mr. Hunter remarks, on the urethra, as being near 
= centre of the organ in the porpoise, but in the present case 
it was not much more so than in the mammalia generally. 
The retractor muscles seemed to be continuous with the 
muscles about the lower part of the rectum, and strongly de- 
i » though the erectors were smaller than in the globi- 

This finishes the detail of these dissections; and I think 
they Prove the truth of what has been said with regard to the 
iii les and omissions that are to be found in the standard 
facts c. bove quoted; and I have only further to add, if the 
PW gy confirmation, that the most important parts from 

three specimens, as well as those of the first, have been 
Preserved, and can at any time be reéxamined. 


172 John Lewis Russell on the 


ART. XII. — MUSCI OF EASTERN MASSACHUSETTS. By Jonn Lewis 
RvssELL, A. A. S., Corresponding Member of the Boston Society of Natural 
History, &c., &c. Read December 4, 1844. 


"Wocvr» we seek for elegance amid the minuter wonders of 
the vegetable kingdom — for delicacy of structure; for in- 
stances of exquisite design, or for subjects of patient and 
instructive study ; to no department of scientific research may 
we turn, with greater hope of success, than to the Mosses. 
Their tiny roots; their curious leaves, rigid and like bristles in 
some, or broad or simple in others, or of the most complicated 
tissue of network in others, — in all, a great variety : and so fitly 
adapted to the circumstances of their places of growth ; their 
anomalous floral organs, but dimly shadowing forth the sexual 
lift in phenog plants ; the grace of their fruitstalks, 
(sete); the proportion, of their capsules; the peristome of a 
simplex or else of a complex character; the columella invested 
with spores (seeds) and operculum, to protect them from 
injury when immature ; the veil or calyptra surmounting the 
whole, and cast aside, when no longer needed, by a variety of 
ingenious devices; their mode of propagation ; utility to man; 
and indirect agency in the economy of the material world : 
superadded, the names of illustrious men who have made them 
their study, — these, and other circumstances beside; render 
an accurate knowledge of them an object of value and of con- 
stant interest. 2906 

The species mentioned in this paper, were determined from 
specimens, collected, as will be seen, in the vicinity of Boston ; 
many of which were presented to me by different friends, and 
others collected by myself. "Those about which I entertained 
doubts, were compared with authentic American, British i 
European specimens, in several herbaria, especially !n rich 
collections of B. D. Greene, to whose generosity and cope 
ration I am most particularly indebted. For their systemate 


arrangement, I have mainly followed the Synopsis of Gener? 


Mosses of Eastern Massachusetts. 173 
adopted by Hooker in the second volume of the British Flora, 
Part I! 


Muscr Acrocarri Asronur. 


Mosses with terminal fruitstalks; capsules destitute of a 
mouth (stoma) in consequence of the adhesion of the lid 
(operculum.) 

Puascum patens. Hedw. Sp. Musc. p. 20.  Muscol. Brit. 
P- 7, tab. 5. Br. Fl. p. 3. Brid. Bry. Univ. I. p. 338. 
wet soil ; fruit in September. Chelmsford! 

P. itia. (Linn. Muscol. Brit. p. 6, tab. 5. Brid. 
pe P 1. Brid: Bry. Univ. I. p. 37. Sandy soil: Ply- 


Mvscr Acnocangpi GyMNosTOMI. 7 


Mosses with terminal fruitstalks ; lid deciduous; mouth of 
the sinyale without a fringe (peristome. ) 


ceci 
Brid, Meth, M sous Nova Muscorum, &c. ; a Sam. El. a e Goth, 1819. 
Brid. Musc. Rec. Muscologia Recentiorum ; a Sam. El. a Bri 3 vols. 4to. 
Brid. Sp. Muse, 
El. a Arare Gothæ 
Li PU. pem Universa, &c.; a Sam. El a  Bádel-Brider 
sme 1826, ^ vols. 
d Drummond: d's Musei Americani. Monsen collected in British North America, 
uring fes Second Land Expedition under Sir John Franklin, K 
— T orum Frondosorum. Op. P w— Editum a 


Pappleinces to the same work: or, Species peste a Sam. 


- Muse, 
Fr. ty i 
dim «8r. Suppl. Supplement to thé above work ; in several pou by = — 


Hook, § Greville : in Brewster's Journal of Science. Vol. i kc 
Londón, 1 t mi Hooker and Taylor's Muscologia 


dy A Flora, Vol. ii.: or, the English: Flora of Sir ir James Ea r 
xxiv., Cryptogamia. By Wm. Jackson Hooker, LL. D., F. 
, 1833 


Musei "tige i vols. London, 1818. 

Muscoru ndon, 1768, (the plates.) 
Dna of jme in the the Dillenia Herbarium ; Li G. A. W. Amott, Esq. and Wil- 
J. Hooker: in ’s Journal of Botany, vol. i. pp. 88, 97. — 


174 John Lewis Russell on the 


Spuaenum squarrosum. (Weber and Mohr.) Muscol. Brit. 
p. 14, tab. 4. Br. Fl. II. p. 5. Finely in fruit. Tewksbury, 
B. D. Greene ! 

S. obtusifolium. (Ehr.) Br. Fl. 1. c.. With the tops of 
the stems and branches rose-colored, without fruit: Man- 
chester, Oakes ! also — var. 8 minus. Br. Fl. 1. c. With 
fruit. Hingham! 

S. acutifolium. (Ehr.) Br. FI. l. c. Schwaégr. Suppl. I. 
p. 15, tab. 5. Danvers! also, in water of four feet depth, in 
Magnolia Swamp, Manchester, Oakes ! 

Gymyostomum fasciculare. Hedw. Sp. Musc. p. 38, tab. 4, 

.5-8. Muscol. Brit. p. 93, tab. 7. Br. Fl. II. p. 9. Sandy 
sol. Chelmsford ! 

G. truncatulum. (Hoffm.) Var. « (capsule turbinate.) 
Br. Fl. p. 8.  Muscol. Brit. p. 22, tab. 7. Chelmsford ! — 
Var: 8 (capsule oblong.) Muscol. Brit. l. c. Br. Fl. l. c 
Sandy garden-walks: fruit, October. Salem! 

- G. pyriforme. (Hedw.) Muscol. Brit. p. 24, tab. 7. Dill. 
Muse. tab. 44, fig. 6. Hedw. Sp. Musc. p. 38. Vicinity of 
Salem ! ; 

ScnisTIDIUM. Brid. Bry. Univ. tab. 1. 

S. serratum. Wilson, in Drummond's Southern United 
States Musci, No. 20. Growing with Phascum patens. 
Chelmsford!  Fructification, March. 

AxrcrTANGrUM ciliatum. Hedw. Sp. Musc. p. 40. Muscol. 
Brit. p. 96, tab. 6. Br. Fl. II. p. 11. Common on bowlders, 
rocks and stone walls, appearing very green in moist weather. 

A. filiforme. (Hedw.) Catalogue of Plants growing with- 
out cultivation in Massachusetts, appended to Hitcheock's 
Geological Report of the State, &c. Brid. Sp. Musc. I. p. 23, 
sub Anictang. ciliato, and considered a variety. Collected 
by Andrew L. Russell, on Taghannoe Mountain, Sheffield ! - 


oss Mvscr Acrocarpi Pertsromt. 
Mosses with terminal fruitstalks; lid deciduous; mouth of 
the capsule furnished with a peristome. 


Mosses of Eastern Massachusetts. 115 


APLOPERISTOMI. 
(With single peristomes. ) 

Diruyscium foliosum. (Mohr.) Muscol, Brit. p. 32, tab. 
8. Br. Fl. IL p. 13. "This little moss seems to have a wide 
distribution and various situations of growth. I have found it 
in the pine woods of Sandwich ; on shady hill-sides at Ply- 
mouth; in similar situations at Hingham; in profuse abun- 
dance on a hard-trodden path in woods at Danvers, literally 
affording a carpet of bristly perichztia; I have specimens from 
Dr. Porter, Plainfield! and it occurs also, in abundance, 
about Ipswich, Oakes ! 

Terraruts pellucida. Hedw. Sp. Muse. p. 45, tab. 7, fig. 1. 
Muscol Brit. p. 33, tab. 8, &c. Abundant on decaying 
stumps of trees in shade of woods, and easily distinguished by 
its peristome of four teeth, and the frequent occurrence of 
rosular, obcordate leaves on the tops of the barren stems. 

! Plymouth ! Ipswich ! 

SPLACHNUM ampullaceum. (Linn.) Muscol. Brit. p. 39. 
tab. 9. Br. Fl. IT. p. 15. Schwaéer. Suppl. II. p. 52. Shady 
borders of woods, Manchester, Oakes ! 

Wzissra microdonta. Hedw. Sp. Musc. p. 67, tab. 11, 
fig. 1-13. Synonym. Weissia viridula 8 microdus. Brid. 
Bry. Univ, Į, p. 335. Crevices of rocks at the limekilns, 
Chelmsford ! ‘also on shady borders of woods, South Hingham ! 
Fructification, October. - 

"+ Controversa. (Hedw.)  Muscol. Brit. p. 84, tab. 15. 
Fruit in November, Hingham ! 
W. acuta, (Hedw.) Muscol. Brit. p. 87, tab. 15. Br. Fl. 
II. p. 24, Vicinity of Boston. B. D. Greene! 

W. lanceolata. Hooker & Taylor. Muscol. Brit. p. 80, 
tab. 14. Br. FI II. p.20. Sheffield ; Andrew L. Russell ! 

Gronna pilifera. (Pal. de Beauv.) Brid. Bryol. Univ. I. 
P. 173. Synonym. Grimmia Pennsylvanica, Schwaégr. 
Suppl. tab. 25. On rocks, Brookline. George B. Emerson! 
also, finely in fruit, in similar situations, South Hingham ! 


116 John Lewis Russell on the 


G. maritima. ('Turn.)  Muscol. Brit. p. 66, tab. 13. 
Schwaégr. Suppl. I. p. 95, tab. 22. On rocks, Nahant, B. 
D. Greene ! 

G. alpicola. (Swartz.) Brid. Bry. Univ. I. p. 165. Hedw. 
Sp. Musc. p. 77, tab. 15, fig. 1-5, (leaf not sufficiently ellip- 
tical.} Considered to be hardly distinct from Grimmia apo- 
carpa. Hab. Nahant, B. D. Greene! 

G. pulvinata: (Smith.)  Muscol. Brit. p. 68, tab. 13. 
Synonym. Fissidens pulvinatus : Hedw. Sp. Musc. p. 158, 
tab. 40. Abundant on rocks: Young fruit appearing in 
November. Chelmsford ! ! 

Dipymopon purpureum. Hook. & Tayl. Muscol. Brit. p. 
113, tab. 20. Br. FI. II. p. 28. I have beautiful specimens 
of this moss, from the western part of the State, received from 
Dr. Porter ! ; 

D. capillaceus. (Schrad.) Muscol. Brit. p. 119, tab. 20. 
Resembles some of the smaller Brya. Occurring with perfect 
fruit in January, Hingham ! also Salem ! ; 
 "TurcHosrowux pallidum. Hedw. St. Cr. vol. I. tab. 27. 
Brid. Bry. Univ. I. p. 489. “Environs of Boston,” B. D. 
Greene ! 


Var. 8 strictum. (Swartz.) Schwaegr. Suppl. tab. 
123: a more delicate and smaller form, occurring at Ply- 
mouth !. Hingham ! 


Dicranum. § Leaves bifarious, Fissrpens. Hedw. 

D. (Fissidens) adiantoides. (Swartz) Br. Fl. I. p. 36 
Muscol. Brit. &c. tab. 16. In shade of woods, and neat 
water: Hubbardston! Hingham ! Chelmsford ! 

— $$ Leaves inserted on all sides of the stem. 

Dicranum glaucum. Hedw. Sp. Musc. p. 135. Schwaegr: 
Suppl. I. p. 187. tab. 48. Br. Fl. I. p. 37, &c. Western 
Massachusetts ; with fruit, from Dr. Porter ! with fine fructi- 
fication, from Manchester, Oakes! also common in 
woods about Boston ! : 


Mosses of Eastern Massachusetts. "A79 


D. flagellare. Hedw. Sp. Musc. p. 130. Brid. Bry. Univ. 
I. p. 422. In dense tufts at the roots of white cedar ( Cupres- 
sus thuyoides, Linn.) in sphagnous swamps, Hingham! 
Scituate ! also Ipswich, Oakes! Obs.. The flagella must not 
be mistaken for young fructification just rising, which they 
resemble in a striking manner. | 

D. heteromallum. (Linn.) Hedw. Sp. Musc. p. 128. Dill. 
Muse. tab. 47. figs. 37, 38. Muscol. Brit. &c. tab. 18: In 
perfect fruit, December, Hingham! also abundant near the 
habitat of Oakesia Conradi (Tuckerman,) at the cemetery, 
Plymouth ! 

— D. varium. (Hedw.) Muscol. Brit. p. 102. tab. 17. Brid. 
Bry. Univ. I. p.435. Chelmsford! Hingham ! $4 

D. scoparium. (Hedw.) Muscol. Brit. p. 101. tab. 18. 
Brid. Bry. Univ. I. p.410. Common. Chelmsford! Hing- 
ham! Salem! Ipswich! &c. 

D. rugosum. (Dill. Hoffm.) Brid. Bry. Univ. I. p. 414. 
Synonym. Dicranum polysetum. (Swartz.) Schwaégr. Suppl. 
I. p. 165. tab. 41. In pine woods, near the Middlesex Canal, 
Chelmsford ! also Ipswich, Oakes ! 

D. strictum. (Schleicher.) Schwaégr. Suppl. I. p. 188. 
tab. 43. Hingham ! also Ipswich, Oakes ! 

D. longifolium. Hedw. Sp. Muse. p. 130. Muscol. Brit. 
p. 83. tab. 16. Brid. Bry. Univ. I. p. 430. Prospect Hill, 
Waltham ! ` 7 


— $$$ Capsule swelling at its base, Oxcormonvs, Bridel. 
E (Oncophorus) falcatum. Brid. Bry. Univ. E p. 389. 
edw. Sp. Musc. p. 150. tab. 32. fig. 1-7. “Environs of 
Boston? p. D. Greene ! ; : pem 
" TonrvrA unguiculata. (Hook. & Tayl.) M uscol. Brit. P. 
T. tab. 12. Br. Fl, IL p, 45. Plymouth, Andrew L. 
Russell ! T. 

P OLYTRICHUM. $ Calyptra nuke © ATHARINEA. Ehr. 

P. (Catharinea) undulatum. Hedw. Sp. Musc. p. 98. 


178 John Lewis Russell on the 


Muscol. Brit. p. 43. tab. 10. Brid. Bry. Univ. II. p. 102. 
Margin of brooks, Chelmsford ! Plymouth ! ; 

P. (Catharinea) angustatum. Brid. Sp. Musc. I. p. 79. 
Hook. Musc. Exot. tab. 50. Brid: Bry. Univ. II. p. 105. On 
moist, grassy banks. Common. Synonyms. P. (Catharinea) 
incurvatum. Mihi. Journal Essex County Natural History 
Society, p. 92 (where dele * Polytrichum levigatum Wahl.") 
— Polytr. controversum. Hedw. Sp. Musc. p. 98. Dill. 
Musc. tab. 46. fig. 19. Brid; Bry. Univ. II. p. 105. A va- 
riety, growing on decayed trunks of trees, and also on the 
ground in shady woods. Chelmsford ! 


— $$ Calyptra invested with filaments, Pouxrricuum; Auct. 


P. commune. (Linn.) Muscol. Brit. p. 46, tab. 10. Br. 
Fl. p. 49. Abundant in sunny pastures, and varying much gr 
size. 

_ P. piliferum. (Schreb.) Brid. Bry. Univ. II. p. 142. Mus- 
col. Brit. p. 44, tab. 10. Common on rocks; distinguished 
by its long, pellucid, hair-like, pointed leaves. 

P. Pennsylvanicum. Hedw. Sp. Musc. p. 96. Dill. Muse. 
tab. 55, fig. 12. Synonyms. Polytrichum boreale, Mihi, in 
Journ. Essex Co. Nat. Hist. Soc. p. 92, (a dwarf condition.) 
Pogonatum brevicaule. -Brid. Bry. Univ. Il. p. 144. 
This is a small species, with leaves closely appressed to the 
stem, and subject to much variation in the length of 1 
peduncle. Abundant on sandy soil, gravelly banks, = 
Chelmsford! Hingham! Finely in fructification amidst & 
thick stratum of pale green, confervoid filaments, (its primor- 
dial growth.) December. South Hingham ! 


J DiProrznisTowtr. 
(With double peristomes.) | 
Funaria hygrometrica.. Hedw. Sp. Musc. p- 
Musc. tab. 62. fig. 75. Muscol. Brit. p. 121. tab. 
burnt spots in woods; also by road sides, Chelmsford ! 


172. Dill. 
90. On 
In 


Mosses of Eastern Massachusetts. 179 


shade of woods, Danvers! Hingham! Plymouth! On garden 
paths, Salem ! 3 


$ Orrnorricuum. (Obs. Sometimes the inner peristome is 
wanting. 


| 1 Species with single peristome. 


O. saxatile. Brid. Sp. Musc. II. p. 9. — Meth. p. 110. 
— Bry. Univ. I. p. 274. . Vicinity of Salem! 


tt Species with double peristome. 


O. affine. (Schrad.) Muscol. Brit. p. 197. Br. Fl. II. p. 
94. A small species on bark of trees. Common. , 
O. Hutchinsic. (Smith.) Muscol. Brit. p. 131. tab. 21. 
Schwaégr. Suppl. II. p. 145. tab. 138. Br. Fl. II. p. 56. 
rocks, among ‘Anictangium ciliatum. Chelmsford ! 
O. strictum. Brid. Bry. Univ. I. p. 289. On rocks ; Ips- 
Wich, Oakes ! also Chelmsford ! 


— $$ Leaves or foliage crisped : Urota, Mohr. 


O. (Ulota) crispum. Hedw. Sp. Musc. p. 162. Brid. 
Meth. EI, = Bry. Univ. I. p. 299. Muscol. Brit. p. 133. 
hs 21. On trunks of white maple (Acer eriocarpum, M’x.) 
Hingham | also Ipswich, Oakes ! x : : 

DnvswoxprA, Hooker, in Drummondi Musci Americani. 

D. clavellata. (Dill) Drummondi Musci Am. No. 62. 

Jnonyms. Orthotrichum clavellatum. Hooker & Gre- 
ville, in Brewster's Edinburgh Journal of Science, Vol. I. p. 
114, tab. 4. Dill Musc. tab. 85, fig. 17. — Gymnostomum 
Prorepens. Hedw, Sp. Musc. p. 35, tab. 3. — Leiotheca 

a. Brid. Bry. Univ. I. p. 728. On trees, Waltham: 
also Ipswich, Oakes ! 


$ Brrum. With a single fruitstalk. 
B. androgynum, Hedw. Sp. Musc, p. 178. Dill. Musc. 


180 John Lewis Russell on the 


tab. 31. fig. 9. Muscol. Brit. tab. 98. Fruit in June: 
Chelmsford ! also finely in fruit, May, Hingham ! 

B. palustre. (Swartz.) Br. Fl. II. p. 57. Muscol. Brit. 
tab. 98. In moist situations and among bushes in edges of 
woods; generally furnished with barren heads  (capitula.) 
Young fruit November, Chelmsford ! 

— B. argenteum. (Linn.) Muscol. Brit. tab. 99. Br. Fl. IL. 
p. 60. Hedw. Sp. Musc. p. 181. Brid. Bry. Univ. I. p. 
657. On hard trodden paths; garden walks ; old walls, and 
on soil in pots of cultivated plants: fruiting in October. 
Common. 


p. 201, tab. 29. Dill. Musc. tab. 50, fig. 6. In rocky pas- 
tures and roadsides: fruit in early spring. Common. y 

B. nutans. (Schreb.) Br. Fl. II. p. 61. Muscol. prit. 
tab. 29. Dill. Muse. tab. 50, fig. 61, &c. On old decaying 
stumps of trees: fruit in June. Capsule and fruitstalk of an 
orange-red color when mature. Hingham ! 

B. ciliare. Greville, in Annals of the Lyceum of Natural 
History, of New York, Vol. I. p. 273, tab. 23. Resembles 
B. ligulatum, Schreb., and also B. affine, Blandov. much 
more, but distinguished from the former by serratures at the 
edge of the leaf, consisting of articulated cili#, and from ud 
latter by a solitary fruitstalk; Margin of brooks. Hingham 
“Environs of Boston,” B. D. Greene! 


Mosses of Eastern Massachusetts. 181 


— $$ With several fruitstalks, Porra, Bridd. 


B. (Polla) roseum. (Schreb.) Br. Fl. p. 63. Muscol. Brit. 
tab. 299. Synonyms: Mnium roseum. Hedw. Sp. Muse. 
p.194. Dill. Musc. tab. 59, fig. 77. — Bryum rosaceum. 
M'x. Fl. Bor. Am. II. p. 306. Brid. Bry. Univ. I. p. 696. 
On comparison of specimens of this superb moss with the 
Bryum roseum of Europe, it would certainly, at first sight, 
seem to be distinct, although considered identical in Drum- 
mond's Musc. Amer:- Its habit is very much like that of 
Bryum umbraculum, Hooker, Musc. Exot. tab. 133. It is 
a profuse fruit-bearer, producing frequently five peduncles 
from the same stem, exceeding in size the European co- 
species, and remarkable for its beauty. In shade of pine 
Woods, on decaying logs and stumps of trees. Chelmsford! 
Also Tewksbury, B. D. Greene! Y also possess specimens 
without fruit, which I gathered at Lancaster, N. H., near the 
White Mountains. 

B. (Polla) rostratum. (Schrad.) Brid. Bry. Univ. I. p. 
tes Muscol. Brit. p. 208, tab. 30. Synonym: Bryum 
neirostr um. Brid. Meth. p. 119. On wet rocks, Hing- 


B. (Polla) punctatum. (Schreb.) Brid. Bry. Univ. I. p. 
306. Muscol. Brit. p. 207, tab. 30. Synonym: Mnium 
Puncatum, Dill. Musc. tab. 53, fig. 81. An elegant species. 
“n the margin of Cold Spring Brook, Hingham! Also Ips- 
wich, Oakes ! 

B. (Polla) cuspidatum. (Linn.) Brid. Bry. Univ. I. p. 702. 

uscol. Brit. tab. 31, Br. FI. IL p. 64. Fruit in April. 

"mslord! Also Ipswich, Oakes! Also Hingham! =~ 
(Polla) hornum. (Linn. Brid. Bry. Univ. I. p. 695. 
tah C9. Brit. p. 209, tab. 31. Br. FI. IT. p. 64. Dill Musc. 
ge fig. 71. Gathered in fine fruit at Tewksbury, by 

"serene! Also without fruit, Hingham ! | 

3. (Polla) marginatum. (Dicks) Hook. and Tayl. Mus- 

col. Brit. p, 208, tab. 31. Br. Fl. II. p. 64. Syn. Bry. ser- 


189 -< John Lewis Russell on the 


ratum. Brid. Meth. p. 119. — Bryol. Univ. I. p. 689. With 
young fruit, October. On moist rocks, Prospect Hill, Waltham! 

AnnHENOPTERUM heterostichum. Hedw. Sp. Musc. p. 
198, tab. 46, fig. 1-9.  M'x. Fl. Bor. Am. II. p. 313... Brid. 
Meth. p. 121. Synonyms: Mnium heterostichum. Brid. 
Bryol. Univ. II. p. 19. — Bryum heteropterum. © Dill. Muse. 
tab. 45, fig. 11. Shade of woods, Hingham! ‘Environs 


Bartramia longifolia. Hooker, Musc. Exot. tab. 68. 
Brid. Bry. Univ. Il. p. 39. In the crevices of shady rocks. 
Common. ' 

B. fontana. (Swartz.) Br. Fl. II. p. 67. Muscol. Brit. p. 
146, tab. 23. Dill. Musc. tab. 44, fig. 2. On rocks over 
which water trickles. Danvers! 

B. crispa. (Swartz.) Brid. Rec. Musc. Vol. 2, Part IIL 
table 1, fig. 4. Brid. Sp. Musc: III. p. 84. — Bry. Univ. II. 
p.41. Duxbury! also Ipswich, Oakes ! ; 

Buxsavmia aphylla. (Linn.) Br. Fl. II. p. 68. Muscol. 
Brit. p. 143, tab. 92. Dill. Musc. tab. 68, fig. 5. A single 
specimen, discerned by B. D. Greene, in the pine woods at 
Sandwich! Also, a group of several, in a shady spot in 
woods, South Hingham! (This moss may be justly com 
sidered rare, as well as singular and curious ; and, with 
exception of the single specimen gathered several years since 
by Mr. Greene, it never came under my. observation, until I 
found it comparatively plenty, in the autumn of 1843, just 
rising into fruit in November.) 


Moscr Prevrocarrr PrnisTowtr. 


Mosses with lateral fruitstalks: mouth of the capsule fur- 
nished with peristome. 


APLOPERISTOMI. 
~ (With single peristome.) 
kum intricatum. Hedw. Sp. Musc. Pp- 85: 


Mosses of Eastern Massachusetts. 183 


tab. 18. fig. 1-5. Brid. Bry. Univ. II. p. 179. Brid. Meth. 
p. 127, &c. On apple trees, Chelmsford! On Elms; Hing- 
ham! Found also at Ipswich, by Mr. Oakes! (Its habit is 
densely czxespitose, with surculi irregularly extending outwards, 
and bearing short, upright branches.) Fruit in December. 

Pt. hirtellum. Hedw. Sp. Musc. p. 83, tab. 17, fig. 6. 
Brid. Bry. Univ. II. p. 188, &c. Synonym. Pterigonium 
hirtellum. Schwaégr. Suppl. p. 108. Investing the bottoms 
of trunks of trees with a dense, green layer, elegantly extend- 
ing itself upwards in feathery surculi, and generally abundant 
in fruit; in which state, after the fall of the operculum, may 
be easily seen the white teeth of the peristome, singularly co- 
hering at their tips. Common. : 

Levcopon brachypus. Brid. Bry. Univ. II. p. 210. From 
collections of B. D. Greene, under the name of Leucodon 

eviselum, and gathered by him in Tewksbury! Also from 
Ipswich, Oakes ! 


DIPLOPERISTOMI. 
(With double peristomes.) 
A. Interior peristome with free ciliæ. 

Neckera pennata. Hedw. Sp. Musc. p. 200. . Br. FI. II. 
p. Tl. Muscol. Brit. Suppl. Tab. 4. On trunks of birch and 
of some other trees, Hingham! abundant at Hubbardston ! 
also Ipswich, Oakes ! our 

N. cladorhizans. Hedw. Sp. Musc. p. 207, tab. 47, fig- 
Ii. M'x. Fl. Bor. Am. II. pp. 307, 308. In the shade. 
Chelmsford ! ere 
N. seductrix. Hedw. Sp. Musc. p. 208, tab. 41, fig. 8-13. 


. 


Brid. Meth, p. 138, Near the roots of trees, Chelmsford! . 
P- Interior peristome consisting. of a reticulated, conical 
membrane. 

Foxrıvatts antipyretica. (Linn.) Muscol. Brit. p. 140, 

22. Dill Musc. 33, fig. 1. Brid, Bry. Univ. II. p. 655. 


184 John Lewis Russell on the 


Rivers’; streams ; brooks, Common. Seldom found with fruit. 
Larger than the European co-species in length of stem and 
breadth of foliage. Hingham! Chelmsford! also Marshfield, 
Dr. Porter! 

F. squamosa. .(Linn.)  Muscol Brit. l. c. Brid. Bry. 
Univ. II. p. 657. A smaller, flat-leaved species. Western 
part of the State, Dr. Porter! Also, found abundant in 
brooks at Hingham ! 

F. capillacea. (Dickson.) . Muscol. Brit. p. 142, tab. 22, 
Br. Fl. p. 74. Dill. Musc. tab. 33, fig. 5.  Brid. Bry. Univ. 
Il. p. 660. Hingham! Also from Dr. Porter ! 

F. subulata. (Pal.de Beauv.) Brid. Meth. p. 186. — Bry. 
Univ. II. p. 661. Hanging on bushes, principally the Ce- 
phalanthus occidentalis, Linn., in partially desiccated mill- 
ponds, and full of fruit in November, Chelmsford ! also, in 
similar situations, Hingham! Obs. ‘The occasional depriva- 
tion of water seems necessary to produce fructification in 
species of mosses whose habitat is in streams. 


c. Exterior peristome, consisting of sixteen lanceolate, 

linear, acute teeth, bent inward; interior, of a membrane 
split to the base into as many cilia, which are frequently 
connected by transverse bars. 
- Curmacium Americanum. (Rich'd.) Brid. Sp. Musc. II. 
p. 45. —Bry. Univ. II. p. 273. A beautiful, tree-like moss, 
and not uncommon. Hingham! Chelmsford! Waltham! 
Also Ipswich, Oakes ! 

pn. Exterior peristome, consisting of sixteen subulate teeth, 
bent inward ; interior, of a membrane split into sixteen linear, 
equal cili, or processes. 

Lzskra compressa. Hedw. Sp. Muse. p. 231, tab. 56, 
fig. 1-7. Brid. Meth. p. 141. — Bry. Univ. II. p. 287. On 
the ground, and at roots of trees. Plymouth! Hingham! 
Ipswich ! 

- L. acuminata. Hedw. Sp. Musc. p. 224, tab. 56, fig- 
14-18, Brid. Meth. p. 144. — Bry. Univ. II. p. 296. | 


Mosses of Eastern Massachusetts. 185 


roots of trees, with both ripe and immature capsules. ^ De- 
cember. Hingham! Plymouth! 

“L. imbricatula. Hedw. Sp. Muse. l. c. t. 52, fig. 1-6. 
Brid. Meth. l. c. — Bry. Univ. p. 298. Abundant on trunks 
of trees, twigs; and pieces of wood, very near to streams. 
Hingham ! 

L. gracilescens. Hedw. Sp. Musc. p. 222, tab. 56, fig. 


Op. cit. II. p. 74.  — Bry. Univ. Il: p. 314. Ipswich, from 


+E attenuata. (Schreb.) Hedw. Op. cit. p. 230. Dill. 
Muse. tab. 42, fig. 66. Brid. Meth. p. 147. — Bry: Univ. p. 
817. Among jungermannie and lichens on bark of fruit- 
trees. Chelmsford ! 


E. Outer peristome of 16 teeth; inner, of a membrane 
cut into-16 equal segments, with filiform processes between 


Hxrxvw riparium. (Linn.) Muscol. Brit. p. 152, tab. 94. 
D ill. Muse. tab. 40, fig. 44, x. Growing on stones in brooks. 
Fruit in December. Hingham! Chelmsford ! E 
— H. salebrosum. (Hoffm.) Brid. Bry. Univ. IL. p. 477. 
On grassy banks, among rocks, and in pastures. Common. 
Hingham! Salem! &c. 
H. polyantha. (Hooker.) Muscol. Brit. p. 164. Suppl. 
| Tab. 5. Br. Fl, p. 82. (A Leskea?) In young fruit, De- 
“mber. Hingham | i C. B 
H. | rum. (Linn.) Muscol. Brit. p. 168, tab. 25, 
Brid. Meth, p. 164, . Bry. Univ. Il. p. 444. Common 
bon bushes in very wet situations, or near brooks. Hing- 
H. splendens. Hedw. Sp. Muse. p. 262, tab. 67, fig. 6-9. 
Muscol, Brit. p. 170, d Dill. Musc. tab. 35, fig. 13. 
YOL, y, 13 


C rii 
: a 


186 John Lewis Russell on the 


In the deep shade of woods. Hingham! Also Ipswich, 
Oakes ! 

H. proliferum. (Linn.) Muscol. Brit, p. 170, tab. 25. 
Br. Fl. p. 85. Dill. Musc. tab. 35, fig. 14, and tab. 83, fig. 6. 
In woods and among bushes. An elegant species, and liable 
to considerable variation. Chelmsford! Hingham! Also 
Ipswich, Oakes ! 

H. minutulum. Hedw. Sp. Musc. p. 260. Brid. Sp. 
Muse. II. p. 141. — Bry. Univ. IL. p. 578. In woods, on 
the ground. Fruit in November. Hingham ! 

H. prelongwm. (Linn.) Brid. Bry. Univ. II. p. 399. 
Hedw. Sp. Musc. p. 258. Dill. Musc. tab. 35, fig. 15, &c. 
On overflowed banks of streams. Young fruit in May. 
Hingham ! Scenes a 

H. rutabulum. (Linn.) Hedw. Sp. Musc. p. 276. Br. 
Fl. II. p. 88. Dill. Musc. tab. 38, fig. 29, &c. Shedding 
its seeds (spores) in April. Hubbardston! i 

H. sipho. (Pal. de Beauv.) Brid. Meth. p. 154. — Bry. 
Univ. II. p. 391. On overflowed rocks in ravines, &c. Fruit 
in August. Hingham! NOH 

H. undulatum. (Linn.)  Muscol. Brit. p. 153, tab. 24. 
Brid. Bry. Univ. II. p. 397. “Environs of Boston," B. D. 
Greene ! ' 1 

H. serpens. (Linn.) Muscol. Brit. p. 155, tab. 24, On 
roots of alders, (Alnus serrulata, Willd.) and on decaying 
wood. Fruit in May.  Chelmsford!. Very common. A 
species subject to very great variation. E j tá 

H. Schreberi. (Willd.) Muscol. Brit. p. 159. Dill. Muse. 
tab. 40, fig. 47. Brid. Bry. Univ. II. p. 420. Hingham: 
Also Manchester, Oakes ! io EET 

H. Boscii. (Schwaegr. Brid. Bry. Univ. Il. P- A. 
Synonym: Hypnum illecebrum. Hedw. Sp. Muse. P- 252, 
tab. 66, fig. 1, 2, (leaf and capsule.) On shady rocks 
and on decaying stumps of trees in moist places. Hing- 


-H. eatenulatum. Brid. Bry. Univ. II. p.450. M an 


Mosses of Eastern Massachusetts. 187 


Brit. p. 160, tab. 24. Not Hypnum conferva, Schwaegr. 
Near Marblehead ! Dall 

H. moniliforme. (Wahl.)- Muscol. Brit. p. 159, tab. 24. 
On dry rocks. Hingham! j 

H. abbreviatum. Hedw. Sp. Musc. p. 249, tab. 45, fig. 
1-4. In wet situations, on roots of trees, and in crevices of 
rocks. Fruit in November. Hingham! 

H. cordifolium. (Hedw.) . Brid. Bry. Univ. II. p. 565. 
Muscol. Brit. p. 179, tab. 96. Synonym: Hypnum phyllo- 
rhizans, (Pal. de Beauv.) fide Brid. Op. cit. Vicinity of 
Boston, B. D. Greene! Also about Hingham! Obs. The 
leaves vary in shape, and frequently throw out roots at their 
tips. ! 


H. triquetrum. (Linn.) Br. Fl. II. p. 91. Drummond’s 
Musci Americani, No. 182. Dill. Musc. tab. 38, fig. 98. 
On shady hillsides. Fruit in May. Chelmsford! Hingham! 
Ipswich! Also finely in fruit at Mount Auburn, Cambridge! 

H. fluitans. (Linn.) Br. Fl. II. p. 93. Dill. Musc. tab. 

» Hg. 33. In a small brook, Chelmsford ! 

H. cupressiforme. (Linn.) Muscol. Brit. p. 189, tab. 97. 
Br. Fl. IL p. 95. Dill. Musc. tab. 37, fig. 23; and tab. 36, 
fig. 22; and tab. 41, fig. 53. A most common speciés, on- 
rocks, trees, &c. and liable to very many varieties. Fruit in 
-AnUary. Chelmsford! ‘Hingham! Ipswich! On the liv- 
ing trunks of red cedar, (Juniperus Virginiana,) and of the 
hemlock-spruce, (Pinus Canadensis, L.) it produces most 
elegant, slender ramuli of more than. 12 inches length, and 
Without fructification ; in which “condition. it becomes the 
H. cupressiforme var. 9 filiformis, Brid. Bry. Univ. IL. p- 

Qo OF var. y tenue, Muscol. Brit. l. c. Of this variety- 
I have found large specimens of much beauty in Hingham! | 

: Serrulatum. (Mubl., Hedw.) Hedw. Sp. Muse. p. 
735, tab. 60, fig. 1-4. Brid. Meth. p. 154. —Bry. Univ. 
Il. p. 390. Grassy banks, in the shade, Duxbury! Woods, 
Hingham | Chelmsford! Also Manchester, Oakes ! 

H. eurvifolium. (Muhl., Hedw.) Hedw. Sp. Musc. p. 


188 Mosses of Eastern Massachusetts. 


285, tab. 75, fi 9. Brid. Meth. p. 178. —Bry. Univ. 
II. p. 613. Grassy banks, and by roadsides. Fruit in Jan- 
uary. Common. Hingham! ; 

H. imponens. (Muhl., Hedw.) Hedw. Sp. Muse. p. 290, 
tab. 77, fig. 1-5. Brid. Meth. p. 179, &c. Hingham! Ips- 
wich! 

H. reptile. (M’x.) Brid. Meth. l.c. — Bry. Univ. II. p. 

* Environs of Boston," B. D. Greene! 

-H. molluscum. (Hedw.) Br. Fl. II. p. 96. . Muscol. Brit. 
p. 191, tab. 27. Dill. Musc. tab. 36, fig. 90, A. Finely in 
fruit in a white cedar swamp in January. . Scituate! - 

H. crista-castrensis. (Linn. Hedw. Sp. Muse. p. 981, 
tab. 76, fig. 1+4. Br. Fl. p. 96.  Muscol. Brit. p. 191, tab. 
27. In woods, on perpendicular faces of rocks, and similar 
shady situations, not uncommon, and of most elegant contour. 
Hubbardston! Also Manchester, Oakes ! 


"d 


. Dovstrut Species. 


Hrrxvw filicinum? (Linn.) Br. Fl. p. 92. Hedw. Sp. 
Musc. p. 286, tab. 76, fig. 5-10. Brid. Bry. Univ. I. P. 
527. Barren stems, collected at Sheffield, by A. L. Ru sell 

Gymnosromum ovatum? (Hedw.) ' Muscol. Brit. P. 21, 
tab. 7. With leaves more obovate, and furnished with 
shorter hair point, than described in work cited, but pro 
ducing in great abundance the gemme in the middle -—-— 


nerve, on the upper side of the leaf. On trunks of - 
Chelmsford and Hingham! a 
yas 


Araneides of the United States. 189 


ART. XIIL — DESCRIPTIONS AND FIGURES OF THE ARANEIDES OF 
THE UNITED STATES. By NicHoLAs MancrrLvs Hentz, Tuscaloosa, 
Alabama, 


[Continued from: Vol. IV. page 396.] 
4. DOLOMEDES SCRIPTUS. 
Plate XVI. Fig. 1. 


— Description. - Pale brownish; cephalothorax varied with 
black and white ; abdomen with a broad blackish band intet- 
sected by waved white lines, and usually edged with whitish, 
pale spotless underneath ; feet varied with obscure brown, 
ultimate joint tipped with blackish. 

Observations. This species was found in great numbers 
on the margin of a stream under stones. The two triangular 
black spots, visible on the cephalothorax of D. wrinator and 
D. lanceolatus, are obsolete on this. Many were examined, 
and agreed with this, only the white edge of the band being 
less distinet in some. 

Habitat; Alabama. March. 


5. DOLOMEDES ALBINEUS. 
Pine XyL. 154 . c — 


Description, Mouse-colored ; abdomen varied with angu- 
lar markings above, beneath with a yellowish longitudinal 
and, edged with black ; feet with alternate black and white 
rings, the white rings formed by long white hairs; the legs 
have also a few black bristles ; male with legs 1. 2.4. 2. As - 

8e as D. tenebrosus nearly.  . : ju es doe 
tak vations. This species which, at first sight, might be 

en fór D, tenebrosus, does not dwell habitually in caves 
and cellars, but ig usually found on the trunk of trees, yet in 
dark shady places. Several females were found, and a male, 
also, One of those females was captured by a child, who 
transfixed her hom with a pin. Finding she was full 


190 - Hentz's Descriptions of the 


of eggs, I was dios to see whether she could survive the 
wound. I placed her in a glass jar, and, according to my ex- 
pectations, nature made an effort, that she might live for the 
protection of her progeny. The wound, which in other cases 
would have proved immediately mortal, healed readily, and 
after remaining inactive about tliree days, she made a cocoon 
of a light brown color and orbicular, in which her eggs were 
placed. She held it constantly grasped in her cheliceres, and 
seemed intent on watching it to: the last, but the effort being 
made, her strength failed ; the wound opened again, and the 
fluids running out, she very gradually lost all her muscular 
powers, but faithful to her duties, the last thing which she 
held was the ball containing her future family. Can maternal 
tenderness be more strikingly S 
Habitat. Alabama. 


: _(Řipuariæ ae 6: DOLOMEDES URINATOR. ~ 
. Plate XVI. Fig. 3. 


"Doortehos: Livid brown, somewhat hairy ; ` cophalothorax 
with obscure marks uniting towards the centre, two approxi- 
mate wedgelike black spots on the disc; a black spot behind 
the external posterior eyes ; abdomen died with curved black- 
ish lines, and with eight, ten, or twelve white dots : surrounded 
with black ; feet with brownish rings. 

z EE E This large spider is found near water, on 
which it runs with great swiftness.. Wher closely pursued, " 
dives under the surface, and conceals itself under some leaves 
or rubbish till danger is past. It is to this species, esed : 
though possibly to D. lanceolatus; that must be refi 
sketch sent me by Dr. T. W. Harris, with the description oi 
the web made by the female. T have not yet been fortunate 
enough to find the web of either species. I have found a 
specimen of this, on the 3d of March, in Alabama, batir p 
the sunshine on the south side òf a tree, on the 
Cypress creek. I took it for Mrcrommara Carolinensis, not* 
| ts. large: size, but its markings 


O. 


Araneides of the United States. 191 


entirely with this; only its general "m bordering on 
testaceous or pale brown. 3 
Habitat. North Carolina, Alabama. 


7. DOLOMEDES LANCEOLATUS. 
Plate XVII. Fig. 12. 


Description. Brownish ; cephalothorax with two appróxi- 
mated triangular black spots, and a yellowish band round the 
disc which does not extend to the margin, and is interrupted 
at base ; abdomen with a yellowish band, which has on each 
side two branches directed towards the disc ;. feet varied with 

rings. i z : 

Observations. This spider is always found near or on 
Water, running on it with surprising agility, preying often on 
large aquatic insects. A female of Dolomedes was twice found 
on high bushes by my friend, T. W. Harris, in Milton, Massa- 
chusetts, * on a large, irregular, loose, horizontal web, at one 
extremity of which was situated her follicle, or egg-bag, cov- 
ered with young. The parent appeared watching them at 
some distance.” "This spider can dive and stay a considerable 
time under water, to avoid its enemies.. It was found in 
Mareh, in Alabama, under stones near a stream of water. — 
en, - North and South Carolina, Massachusetts, Ala- 

a. : ; gos 


8. DOLOMEDES SEXPUNCTATUS. 
Plate XVI. Fig. 5,6. i ; 
Greenish ; cephalothorax with a blackish margin, a. white 
line ea side, terminating at the anterior angle, disc bla 
green with a longitudinal paler line in the centre ; abdomen 
Sreenish black with four white dots near the base, and four. 
TR minute ones nearer the apex. Male same color ; cephalo- 
'orax pale blackish green, a pale yellowish line each side ; 
Pectus pale, with six black dots; abdomen greenish black 
above, with four black rings near the base, sides and venter 


PON 
‘eee 
sl 


P" 


192 Hentz’s Descriptions of the 


cinereous ; trophi and first joints of feet pale testaceous under- 
neath; thighs unspotted apple green, the other joints gradually 
deeper towards the tip. 

Observations. This species dwells on ponds, and dives 
with great agility, hiding itself under floating leaves or rubbish 
when pursued. 

Habitat. North Carolina. 


Genus Micrommara. Latr. (Sparassus, Walck.) 


Characters. Cheliceres moderately strong ; mazille par * 
allel, rounded at the extremity ; lip short, rounded, wider 
near the base ; eyes eight, subequal, in two rows, the upper 
one longest, A from the base towards the lower row ; 
feet long, slender, second pair longest, then the first and 
fourth, the third being the shortest. 
~ Habits. Araneides making no web for dwelling, but wan- 
dering and casting some irregular threads to arrest their prey ; 
making a tent among leaves for the protection of the cocoon 
and the rearing of the young. 

ks. I could not adopt the two families of Walck- 
enaer, because the eyes, when large, are unequal; this shows 
the great affinity between Micrommara and DorowEDES. My 
first tribe, the Arcuats, approaches very closely to that sub- 
genus, particularly Mickommata undata. 


Tribe I. Anrcuatx. Lower row of eyes straight, middle 
eyes of the upper row larger, or borne on tubercles. 

Tribe Il. BrancvaTz. Upper per and lower rows of eyes 
bent and opposed, the lower „being bent dece the base, 
eyes equal or subequal. 


(Arcuatæ.) 1, MICROMMATA UNDATA. 
_ Plate XVI. Fight. - 


` "estaceous or yellowish ; oan 


Araneides of the United States. 193 


& broad, brownish band; abdomen with a scolloped, dusky 
band ; feet slightly marked with dusky. 

Observations. This spider is usually found on blossoms, 
watching for prey, in the manner of Tuomtsus. It seems per- 
fectly distinct from M. Carolinensis, but specimens occur in 
which the cephalothorax is much wider: is it owing merely to 
the state of the abdomen, which has become narrower when 
the eges are laid? It makes no web, but, when attacked, it 
leaves a thread behind. This is a .common species, which 
does not reach the size of D. Carolinensis. . 

Habitat, Alabama. All seasons. 


2, MICROMMATA SERRATA.. 
Plate XVI. Fig. 8. 

` Description. Pale yellowish gray ; cephalothorax with two 
parallel, longitudinal, narrow, greenish bands ; abdomen with 
a narrow, scolloped, brownish band above, beneath with two 
longitudinal blackish lines, approaching each other, and be- 
coming narrower towards the apex ; feet slightly marked with 

grayish rings, in all specimens, 2.1.4.3. A small species. 
Observations. This singular little spider is commonly 
found on plants, particularly on broad leaves, more abundantly 
in damp places, It spreads its feet, and seems fond of basking 
in the sunshine, Its webs are various ; sometimes it throws 
out only a few threads on the upper surface of a leaf ; at other 
limes, it makes a web in the tops of bushes, like that of several 
Species of THerrpium ; and it has also been found in a web 
“milar to that of Aceena, but open equally at both ends. I 
had once supposed that this might be the young of M. undata ; 
. m convinced it is a very distinct species, never acquir- 
mg a large size, Habitat, North Alabama. Summer. 


(Biarcuatæ.) 3. MICROMMATA MARMORATA.. 
teu Plate XVI. Fig 5- 
Description, Pale gray or whitish ; abdomen with an ob- 


* 


194 - Hentz's Descriptions of the 


_solete scolloped band, grayish black ; feet, varied with grayish 
black, 2. T. à. 3., or sometimes 2. 4. T. 3. A large species. 
Observations. This spider lives on trees and bushes, where 
it watches for prey, with extended legs. A female was found 
“in May, in the leaf of a Morus multicaulis. It had made its 
cocoon there, and surrounded itself with a snow-white tent in 
all directions. ‘Transferred under a tumbler, it moved its 
cocoon twice before it could be satisfied with a new location, 
and made another smooth, white web. It remained con- 
stantly by its cocoon, which it embraced closely with its long 
legs. The cocoon is white, orbicular, and suspended by one 
thread in the middle of the tent. 
Habitat. North Alabama. 


4. MICROMMATA CAROLINENSIS. 


f 


Plate XVI. Fig. 9. 


Description. 'Testaceous or brownish ; cephalothorax with 
two approximate longitudinal darkish bands on the disc ; ab- 
domen with two longitudinal rows of abbreviated lines, and S 
rows of small dots within these, white; sometimes attaining 
great size, 1.84, nearly two inches, from the end of the first 
pair of legs to that of the fourth. ideis pedi 

Observations. This spider is found wandering on trees, 
walls, &c., and sometimes in houses, in search of prey. na 
very destructive of flies, and very vóracious. Its aen 
usually made under some large leaves, is white, orbicular. 
The mother hatches her progeny, and continues with the 
young for some time after they are come out; the young liv- 


ing together under a common tent. A specimen was Kan z 
in December, the cephalothorax of which was wider, the ai 


row of eyes straight, the abdomen small -and tapering; Y 
only a few abbreviated lines. Was this a distinct species : 
A male was found, Alabama, April, measuring over three 
inches from the end of one of the second pair of legs to the 
end of the other. ^. Habitat. North Carolina, Alabama- 


Araneides of the United States. - 195 


aeree Oxyores. Latr. (Sphasus, Walck.) à ^ 


Characters. — Cheliceres elongated, fang short; mazille 
narrow, elongated, tapering towards the tip ; lip as long as, 
or longer than the mazille, tapering towards the tip ; eyes 
eight, subequal or unequal, in four rows, two smallest ones 
forming the first, two largest ones forming the next which is 
wider, two smaller ones forming the next which is widest, 
two small ones forming the last which is not as narrow as 
the first; feet, first pair longest, the second and fourth 
nearly equal, the third being shortest. - p 

abis. Araneides wandering after prey, making no web, 
except around the cocoon, but casting some threads to secure 
their prey ; cocoon conical, surrounded with points, placed in 
a tent made between leaves drawn together as a covering. 

Remarks. The habits of this singular subgenus are very 
similar to those of the tribe Arsorex, of the subgenus Doro- 
MEDES. ‘They are found on the stems of trees, or on the 
blossoms of umbelliferous plants, with their legs extended, like 
Tuomtsvs or Micrommara, and patiently waiting till some un- 
suspecting insect comes within their reach. P d 


1. OXYOPES VIRIDANS. 


Plate XVII. Fig. 2. 

Description, Tender grass-green ; cephalothorax with small 
brown spots on the sides and at base ; abdomen with yellow- 
ish, oval spots, edged with brownish, obliquely turned towards 
the centre, about four each side ; feet and palpi pale, hairy ; 
thighs and palpi with minute black dots beneath ;. feet, 1. 2 


E 3, Large size. Ce 

Observations, This elegant species is by no means com- 

— It is usually found on umbelliferous plants, where, like 

a Micrommata or Thomisus, it watches for the insects attracted 

by the blossoms. A specimen, taken in-September, was kept 

“everal weeks in a glass vessel, where it soon made a cocoon 
> 


196 - Hentz’s Descriptions of the 


of a conical form, with small eminences, to which are attached 
the threads that hold it suspended firmly in the air, as that of 
Tueripium verecundum. After it. was finished, the mother 
watched it constantly, never leaving its unprotected family. 
Unfortunately, a rat, finding its way into the room, ate the 
watchful parent, leaving the cocoon, out of which the young 
were hatched on the 14th of October. These were of a deep 
orange color, measuring full 0.9 inch. The cocoon was of a 
pale greenish color. These habits show an affinity to. Microm- 
‘mata. It is possible that the mother carries its + young like 
Lycosa. i 


Habitat. North Carolina, Alabama. 


2. OXYOPES SCALARIS. 
" Plate XVII. Fig, 4. 


| Description. Gray, varied js white and black; “feet 
hairy. — 

Observations. This KORAP is usually found on trees, wan- 
dering after prey. It has the habitus of a Lycosa, and was 
observed by the writer for some time, before it was discovered 
that it belongs to a distinct subgenus. It is sought after by, 
and becomes the victim of the different species of the genus 
Spuex, a hymenopterous insect, which makes tubes of clay for 
the reception of its eggs, and in which it deposits great num- 
bers of spiders, that are benumbed by its sting, but not entirely 
deprived of vitality, so that they continue alive till, the egg 
of the Sphex being hatched, the young larva finds in them 
fresh nourishment. It is common, shpen fogod at all. 

Habitat. North Carolina. i 


- OXYOPES SALTICUS. 
;Plate XV L Fig. 10; 


, Deeription Pülexorquiusinhs 5 cephalothorax with fot 
ongitudinal blackish „lines; abdomen, above, with- vé 


Araneides of the United States. 197 


slender, abbreviated, black and brownish lines, underneath 
whitish, with a longitudinal blank band ; feet with very long 
hairs or bristles. 

Observations. This species, usually found in the woods, is 
extremely active, leaping like an Arrus.. It is rather rare, but 
very distinct from any other. 

Habitat. North Carolina, Alabama. 


4. OXYOPES ASTUTUS. 
Plate XVII. Fig. 1. 

Description. Cephalothorax golden yellow, with four ob- 
scure, subobsolete, narrow bands; pectus with blackish marks 
each side ; eyes, palpi, and trophi at base, black ; abdomen 
greenish, with a silvery tinge; feet grassy green, hairy, 1. 9. 4. 3. 
OF.1. 4. 2.3. . 

Observations. This being adult, is much too small to be 
taken as the male of O. viridans. It has some affinity with 
O. salticus, but it is not probable that it will prove to be the 
male of that spider. When enclosed in a glass tube, it spun 
a Web like that of Theridium, but composed of only a few 
threads, lt was found in April, and also in September, 
strictly agreeing in size and markings. <> : 
Habitat, Alabama. September. 


Genus Lyssomanes. Mihi. 


Characters. — Cheliceres moderately strong ; mazille par- 
allel, short, rounded ; lip conical, slightly truncated at tips 
“Yes eight, unequal, in four rows, the first composed of two 
very large eyes, the second of two smaller ones, placed far " 
—- apart, on a common elevation with the two forming the 
third row, which is narrower, the fourth about as wide, 
composed of two eyes placed on separate elevations ; feet, 
first pair longest, then the second, then the third, the fourth 


198 Hentz's Descriptions of the 


Habits. Araneides wandering after prey, making no web, 
cocoon. 

Remarks. The singular spider which serves as the type 
of this new subgenus could not with propriety remain in the 
subgenus Arrus, in which the position of the eyes is subject 
to very slight variations. Its habits are analogous. This is 
the only spider in which the legs diminish in length from the 
first pair to the fourth. 

This subdivision will serve as link between OxroPEs and 
Artus., 


LYSSOMANES VIRIDIS. 
Plate XVII. .Fig. 8. 

Description. Tender grass-green ; cephalothorax with 
some orangé-colored hairs near the eyes, and a little black 
line on its disk; abdomen with six or eight black dots, some- 
times wanting. The two lowest large eyes are black, but 
appear green when seen sideways; the other six eyes stand 
on four tubercles. To mé pa v the thighs, which are 
bare. 1.9.3.4. 

Observations. This elegant species is very active, and 
apparently fearless, jumping on the hand that nanan it, 

Habitat. North and South Carolina. 


Genus Arrvs. Walck. | (Salticus, Latr.) 


Characters. Cheliceres strong, not long, except in some 
males; maxille parallel, widening above the insertion 7 
the palpi, cut obliquely above the lip; lip as long 0$, 9" 
longer than, half the length of the maxilla, widest above 
the base, bluntly truncated at tip; eyes eight, unequal, in 
three rows, the first composed of four eyes, the two middle 
ones largest, the second composed of two very small eyes, 
placed behind the external ones of the first, the third com 
on conn ind mms animes pes o 
feet varying in length. 


Araneides of the United States. 199 


Habits. Araneides wandering after prey, making no web, 
but concealing themselves in a silken valve, for the purpose 
of casting their skin, or for hibernation. _ 

Benarka, I have formerly stated my reason for preserving 
the name Arrvs, given by Walckenier to these araneides. 
The species being very numerous, it would facilitate their 
study to arrange them in suitable subdivisions ; but this is a 
difficult task. The families proposed by Walckendée are. 
vaguely characterized and insufficient. The relative position 
of the eyes offers some variations, but I could not succeed 
in obtaining satisfactory characters for subdivision from those 
Variations. As the least objectionable mode ; I have taken the 
relative lengths of the legs for the formation of my six fami- 

les; that classification is somewhat artificial, but so is any 

other proposed. Moreover, the fifth tribe (that of the Salta- 
tori) offers a very natural subdivision. The third pair of 
legs, when longest, enables spiders to leap to an astonishing 
ditiócó; The habits of the subgenus Arrus will be best 
described as the history of the different species. 


Tribe T. vdd, first pair of legs py ene and 
largest, the fourth ne 


(Pugnatoriæ.) 1. ATTUS AUDAX. 
Plate XVII. Fig. 6,7.. 


Description. Black; abdomen with a spot, several dots 
and lines, White ; ehdliconss brassy green ; feet with gray and 
white hairs, 1. 4. 9. a 3 Jed 

ations. There is some cuca in idees to the 
distinetion between this and A. 3 punctatus, but. there can 
be little doubt that there are two different species. This 
rie 8 very bold, often jumping on the bani ex threat- 


Hii Massachusetts 


200 Hentz’s Descriptions of the 


2, ATTUS INSOLENS. 
Plate XVII. Fig. 8. 


Description. Deep black; abdomen above, orange-red, 
with six blackish spots, wholly black beneath; cheliceres 
metallic green ; the tip of the second joint of the palpi and 
the feet are varied with tufts of white hairs; the rest of the 
hair is black, except on the abdomen, where it is rufous 
above; feet, 1.4.2.3. A male. 

Obetrectione. This species is probably rare, having oc- 
curred only once. 

. Habitat. North Carolina. - 


3. ATTUS CARDINALIS. 
Plate XVII. Fig. 9. 


Description. Scarlet ; $ -cephalothorax . darker. at base ; 5 
cheliceres scarlet at base, steel-blue at their apex; palpi 
black ; feet black, two last joints rufous at base, 1. 4. 2. 
Observations. 1 do not remember whether this spider 
was found by me, or given by Mr. Dutton, - 
Habitat. Southern States? 


4. ATTUS CAPITATUS. 
Plate XVII. Fig. 15. 


Description. Piceous ; cephalothorax with a narrow. white 
band each side, and a whitish spot on the disc; second. jo 
of palpi covered with white hairs; abdomen above with a 
narrow, curved, yellowish white band near the sides, benealt 
yellowish on both sides; feet with a few white hairs, 1. 4-2 
A male. 

Observations. This spider has great affinity with m 
militaris, but is sufficiently distinct. The female probably 
differs from this in markings, and possibly is among ™Y 


e 


Araneides of the United States. 201 


descriptions ; but this can be established only by future ob- 
servers, who; after all my labors, have still a wide field before 
them to perfect the history of the spiders of North America. 
This was. communicated to me by Mr. Thomas R. Dutton, 
a young naturalist of great perseverance, energy, and dis- 
crimination, who collected it in Georgia. 


5. ATTUS MILITARIS. 
Plate XVII. Fig. 10, 11. 
Description. Rufous, varied with brown; cephalothorax 
with one, sometimes two, white spots; abdomen above with. 
two longitudinal blackish bands, on which are oblong white 
dots, which near the base are usually joined so as to form 
-a narrow band, beneath whitish with a blackish longitudinal. 
d. Male rufous. or piceous; cephalothorax with a spot 
and a band around the anterior portion, and a narrow longi- 
tudinal line on the disc, white ; abdomen above with a white 
band on the margin, which does not quite reach the apex, 
Pale grayish brown beneath; feet, in the female, 1. 4. 3.2. in 
Sb LL23 Co 
Observations. Much as the sexes differ from each other, 
I cannot doubt their constituting one species, having repeat- 
edly found them enclosed. quietly in the ‘same silk tube, and 
having always found the males and the females with the 
characters given above. The spots and markings of these 
Spiders are formed by hairs or scales, which have certain 
metallic reflections. The motions of this spider are slow, 
and exhibit caution; it is found usually on trees, and often 
nates under the bark of decaying trunks. The m e 
remarkable for his enlarged, nearly horizontal cheliceres, is” 
à very bold little fellow, always ready for action, and det : j 
ined: to see all things for himself, raising and turi ng h 
„ad towards the object that approaches him, and usually 
Tus "pon his enemy instead of ingloriously retreating. 
z; P*cles is a common one. | 
Habitat, | North Carolina, Alabama. 
VOL. v, 14 


209 Araneides of the United States. 


6. ATTUS MULTICOLOR. 
Plate XVII. Fig. 13. 


Description. Cephalothorax black, with a pale, irregular 
band each side of the dise; abdomen metallic green, with a 
band at base, and a diagonal spot each side, orange, and with 
eight small white spots; underneath obscure gray, with re- 
flections of green on the pectus; feet rufous or pale, varied 
with pieeous, í. 2. 4.3 ^ -— | 

Observations. This species is related to A. otiosus and 
mystaceus, but distinct from both by the absence of the tufts 
of hair on the cephalothorax, and other characters. The 
palpi are pale yellow, and there is a black band more or less 
visible on each side of the abdomen. 

i Alabama. June — August. - 
7. ATTUS SEXPUNCTATUS. 
Plate XVII.- Fig. 14. 


Description. Black ; cephalothorax with the two posterior 
eyes near the base, which is wide and suddenly inclined s 
nearly a right angle with the upper surface, cheliceres with - 
strong inner tooth, and a long, curved fang ; abdomen with six 
dots, and a line in front, white; feet, 1. 4. 9. 3., first pair 
with enlarged thighs and quite long. _ 

Observations. 'This cannot be confounde 
fasciolatus, which is also designed from a female. 
characters derived from its cheliceres, it approaches 
mum. I suppose it must be a rare species, having ne 
with any other specimen. a 
-. Habitat. North Carolina. -. 


d with Arrus 
fe 

EPIBLE- 
ver met 


Some New and Interesting Insects. 203 


ART. XIV. — DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME NEW AND INTERESTING 
INSECTS, INHABITING THE UNITED STATES. By Joun L. Le 
Cowrr. Read November 6,1844. . s $ i i 


Tue Scarites subterraneus has long been known to be sub- 
ject to great variations ; but I am not aware that any one has 
attempted a division of this species, on sufficient grounds. 
On comparing a remarkably large specimen from Georgia with 
others from the same locality, I discovered several very evident, 
though apparently slight, differences ; and on continuing the 
examination with numerous specimens from various parts o! 
our republic, I became convinced that no less than six different 
Species have been heretofore confounded under the name of 
Subterraneus. Of these, three are large, and three small. 
The large ones, as far as I am aware, are never found in the 
Eastern or Middle States, and the only two, with the habits of 
which I am acquainted, are invariably found under the bark 
of dead trees, while the small ones live by burrowing in the 
earth, under stones and pieces of wood. This difference in 
habits, conjoined with the variation in size, would, long ago, 
have justified the formation of at least two species, had the 
Science of entomology been cultivated, on this continent, with 
the attention that its'importance merits. , z 
indolence of our entomological observers is the more 
deplorable, as we are few in number, ànd therefore more is to 

> expected from each individual. The field of research is 
still open, and any one who travels in it, with even ordinary 
“are and attention, will not fail, under the numerous stones 
Scattered on its surface, and on the weeds which apparently 
obstruct his path, to discover as fine insects as have ever 
Sraced the cabinet of a Hope or a Dejean. -l trust t iat the 
day is Past, when our insects must be sent to Europe for 
determination, Are we to be bound by the mere dictum of 
Some European entomologist, of equal indolence with our- 
selves, who chooses to name the insects which we have dis- 
covered ? Where should our insects be better known than in 


m 


904 Le Conte's Descriptions of 


the country which gives them birth ; but in what civilized land 
are they less studied ? 

These remarks may appear rather high- flown to one who is 
not interested in the subject; but I trust I may be pardoned 
for this outburst of feeling, for, with Juvenal, * siccum jecur 

ira," when I see— shall I say ship-loads ? — of our 
finest insects sent off to Europe, with no authority but a cabi- 
net name, or perhaps not even with that, until some person of 
more than ordinary industry, into whose hands they chance to 
fall, describes them, and acquires great praise for doing that 
which he ought not to have had a chance of doing. Can it be 
wondered at that there is so much confusion about the synony- 
my of our species, when they are published in every country 
of the globe, but deri in which they ought to be € ? 


T ,BeanrrEs SUBSTRIATUS. Tab. XVIII. Fig. E 


Mandibularum parte exteriore "wg levi, profundo, lined elevata ae 
diviso ; parte interiore oblique striata. 


Habitat in provinciis dusted sub cortice ae emor- 
tuarum. Long. lin. 141-12, lat. 41-31. 

S. substriatus. Haldeman, ` Proceed. dad uk Se. 
Philad. . S. otus nosis, MSS. 

"Caput postice leve, anticé rugoso-striatum ; mpressionibus 
frontalibus magnis, profundis, rugosis, quae partem int 
am elatam, arcuatam et leviusculam complectuntur ; lineaque 
obliquà ab angulo anteriore ad i impressionem frontalem exten- 
dente, cum lineà transversali vix conspicua angulum formante. 
Mandibule exterius lineis duabus elevatis, ad apicem conjunc- 
tis, quee suleum profundum formant, versus basin lined alierà 
elevata, obliqua divisum, paucisque rugulis indistinctis nota- 
tum; interius, sicut in omnibus, oblique. striate. Antenné 
articulis quatuor primis glabris, reliquis pilosis. . Thora” se 
lunatus, basi medio leviter emarginatus ; impressione pot 
sali anteriore distinctâ, margine remotâ, margine - 
confluente, vix conspicuá ; basalibus obliquis, bre bros: pm 


~~ 


some New and Interesting Insects. 205 


fundis, leviter punctatis. Elytra leviter striata, striis levibus, 
tertia punctis tribus impressis, primo prope basin, secundo ad 
dodrantem elytri, tertio prope apicem sito; margine exteriore; 
sicut in omnibus, granulato. Tibie mide interne bi-dentate, 
externé. sub-quinque-dentatz, dentibus tribus anticis magnis 
validis ; ; intermedize pue duabus externis. 


2 SCARITES EPHIALTES. Tab. XVIII. Fig. 2. 


Ma nüibulis totis obliqué striatis ; jas anticé rugoso ; impressions 
frontalibus rugosis. Long. lin. 143, lat. 


Habitat cum priore rarius. 

Caput antice profunde rugoso-stridtum, postice pere paucis 
leviter i impressis instructum ; ; impressionibus frontalibus magnis . 
profundis, longioribus, togok parte intermedià rugulis 
indistinctis notata, elatiore, lineaque obliqua sicut in priore 
impressá ; linea transversá paulo evidentiore. Mandibule, 
Sicut in priore divise, sulco oblique striate. | Thorax lateribus 
rugosis, praesertim ad angulum anteriorem ; ceteris cum priore 
quadrat, sed i impressione transversá anteriore a margine minus 
remotå, rugisque solitis pauld evidentioribus. Elytra striata, 
striis levibus, i tertia punctis tribus, sicut i in priore sitis. . Tibia 
et antenne sicut in  puecedente, pan ope 


3. cmd INTERMEDIUS. . Tab: XVIIL Fig. 3. 
Mandibularum suleo. valdé profundo indiviso, levi.. Impressionibus fron- - 


talibus ne, rugosis,  prófündiori ibu 


* 
* 


ticé rugoso-striatum, posticé rugulis vix cons 
Pid oculos ; ; impressionibus frontalibus | ltiocibus 
paiar rugosis, lineáque solita ad angulum. capitis ex. 
tendente nte, rugulis paucis notata; lined transversà obsoleta. 
sulco indiviso, excavato, levi. Thoraz, quàm in 
Precedente » paulo angustior ; impressione transversà anteriore, 


206 Le Conte’s Descriptions of 


margine approximata ; basalibus parvis, subrotundis, incon- 
spicué punctatis. Elytra leviter striata, strià quintà prope 
basin dilatata, tertià ceteris paulo evidentiore.  Interstitio 
quarto puncto ad quartam partem a basi, striaque tertia punetis 
duobus posterioribus situ rio impressis. Ceteris praeceden- 
tes refert. | 


4. ScanirEs SUBTERRANEUS. Tab. XVIII. Fig. 4- 

| ibu Taram wilco levi, rugulis solum paucis indistinctis ; uipa 
bus frontalibus Imvibus. Long. lin. es lat. 23. ‘ 

Habitat ubique. - . : cut Rn P 

S. subterraneus, Auctorum. E 

Caput leve, impressionibus frontalibus iii; profundis, vix 
rugosis, parte complexá minus elatá ; lineà obliquá fortiter im- 
pressá, transversá, satis distincta, fóvelidue parvá.anté impres- 
sionem.sità. Mandibule sulco levi, rugulis paucis indistinctis 
notato. Thorax basi leviter emarginatus, impressione trans- 
versá anteriore, medio subsinuatá ; linea longitudinali profunda ; 
impressionibus basalibus leviter impressis, inconspicué punc- 
tatis. Elytra thorace paulo angustiora, striata, striis punctatis, 
tertiâ punctis tribus solitis, sed secundo ad Ape magis v 
proximato. Sekai PERRO refert. 


5. vler a AFFINIS. Tab. XVII. Fig. 9. 
_Mandibularum sulco lineà obliqua elevatà diviso, levi 3 impressionibrs 
frontalibus rugasis, lined obliquà solità — distincta. Long. lin- i 
lat. 23. ; ig oe 


Habitat ubique. oe 

Caput antice rugoso-striatum, pisi) dint cuite ; impresi- 
onibus frontalibus rugosis, longioribus, lined obliquá et trans” 
versa satis distinctis. Mandibule sulco levi, linea obliquà 
elevata diviso. Thorax basi leviter emarginatus, rugis enit 
; ad angulum anteriorem, impréssione transversà anteriore; m : 
dis. n: margine approximata ; longitudinali mediocri : 
impressionibus- basalibus satis distinctis, leviter punctat? 


- 


some New and Interesting Insects. 207 


Elytra satis profundé striatis, striis levibus, tertià punctis tri- 
bus i impressis, primo ad trientem, ceteris situ solito. Tibie 
antice externé 3- dentate, dentibus validis. 


- 


6. ScagrrES PaATRUELIS. Tab. XVII. Fig. 6 
Mandibalaram sulco profundo, excavato, levi; impressionibus frontalibus 
profunde rugosis. Long. lin. 6$, lat. 24. . 

Habitat in Georgia, sub lignorum fragmentis. 

-Caput antic rugosum, posticè leve, rugis paucis ad oculos ; 
impressionibus frontalibus latis, profundis, rugosis, et striatis ; 
linea obliqua solità profunde i impressá, rugis quibusdam signatá, 
alteráque. brevi, levi, aliorsum infra tendente, Ma 
sulco. profundo, excavato, levi, indiviso. Thorax omnino ut 
in S. subterraneo, Elytra profunde striata, striis vix puncta- 
tis, tertia punctis tribus solitis. Ceteris preecedentem refert. 


M Avpvsoxi. Tab. XVIII. Te T. 


Vi iridis ; capi te thoraceqne c:neo-micantibus; elytris margine laterali au- 
166, fascià rit sinuatà, abbreviatà, guttà posticà submarginali, lunuldque 
terminali 3] 

Habitat ad ripas Penn Yellowstone, apud Fort Unions 

upra viridis; caput thoraxque ceneo-micantes: illud inter 
90065 rugosum, postice cyaneo-marginatum ; oculi brunnei ; 
antennae æneo-obscuræ ; labrum album, medio satis porrecto, 
acutè tridentato, - "Thorax granulatus, impressionibus solitis ; 
margine toto viridi-cyaneo. — Elytra: levissimé granulata, 
punctis crebris elevatis: nitidis : ; tenuiter aureo marginata ; 
fascia, media subsinuata, utrinque abbreviata, gutta postica 
Juxta aA maculáque terminali albo-testaceis. Peso 
Subtus viridi-eneo splendens; thorax subtus -cupreus. Ab- 
M viridi et cyaneo ipm: Reset cuprei, tarsis ob- 


Pian. preelarissimo ` 3.3. Andubon; qui a Territorio 
Perana hanc naag m cum sequenti , 


208 Le Conte’s Descriptions of 


Carosowa LEPIDUM. Tab. XVIII. Fig. 8. 


Nigrum, elytris nigro-brunneis, profundé striatis, transverse rugosis, 
foveisque viridi-ceneis triplice serie. 

Habitat in Territorio Missouriensi. 

Latum, sub-convexum, nigrum. Caput ‘rugosum, impres- 
sionibus inter oculos latis. "Thorax rugosus, anticé vix emar- 
ginatus, lateribus valdé rotundatus, margine tenuiter reflexo: 
basi plana, impressionibus transversis leviter notatis, linea 
longitudinali nulla : -basalibus profundis, fortiter punctatis, 
feré cribratis. - " Elytra. nigro-castanea, medio pallidiora, . pro- 
fundé striata, et transversé rugata; foveis viridi-aureis serie 
triplice impressis, punctoque elevato medio foveæ singule. 

Specierum omnium Americanarum mihi notarum minima, 
et formosissima. 


C. rmRisTE. "Tab. XVIII. Fig. 9. 

Nigrum, elytris obsoletissimé ee punctisque moe 
triplice serie impressis. 

Habitat in "Territorio Missoutofist: 

Ovatum, subelongatum, posticé subconvexum, nigrum. 
Caput anticé punctatum, posticé minuté rugulosum; impres- 
sionibus leviter notatis, posticé incurvatis. - Thorax leviter 
punctato-rugosus, punctis versus basin majoribus; antice vix 
emarginata, lateribus rotundatis, posticè tenuiter depr 

posticis infra basin ferè planam extendentibus ; 
pressione transversa anteriore nulla, posteriore leviter notata : 
linea longitudinali obsoletà: impressionibus basalibus ordina- 
riis, profundé punctatis, Elytra obsoletissimè punctato-striata, 
rugulis paucis transversis, valdé indistinctis; foveolis minime 
piofindi quaque puncto mediali. elevato, triplici serie im- 
p 


im- 


S o indistinctum, Say, (quod a Comite Dejean: sub 
nomine Peto descriptum est,) valde refert, sed majus et 
us est: striæ- foveæque elytrales : vix conspicuæ ; f 
autem C. indistincti i nigro-cyanex. d 


longa 


Di 


some New and Interesting Insects. 209 


Dyriscus wanoiwrcoLLIs. Tab. XVIII. Fig. 10. 


- Ellipticus, supra viridi-olivaceus, infra brunneus ; ; thoracis limbo, scutello, 
PA margine pedibusque testaceis. 


Habitat in flumine Missouri. 

9 Ellipticus, supra viridi-olivaceus. Caput parte anteriore 
testaceo, macula angulari, verticali, angulo posticé spectante 
rubro-testacea: antennz et palpi testacei. "Thorax xqualis, 
punctis paucis ad latera; testaceo latè marginatus, margine 
postico medio dilatato. Scutellum testaceum, puncto elevato 
utrinque. . Elytra testaceo-marginata, posticé ad apicem varie- 
gata; poné medium leviter punctata, punctisque obsoletis 
triplici serie notata. Infra brunneo testaceoque variegatus ; 
abdomen brunneum.  "Trochanteres postici acuti, divergentes. 
Pedes testacei : ; tibiis tarsisque posticis piceo-brunneis. 

hucusque latet. 


Lamia Bruun. Tab. XVIII. F ig. ll. 


Nigra, transversé albo fasciata. — 
Habitat in "Territorio Missourienék: - gud etigm in 
provinciis australibus. ) 

Nigra; nitidissima. Caput deflexum, fronte albo irrorato ; 
fasciis duabüs lunatis pon? oculos, vertice coadunatis, albis. 
Antenne: articulo quarto sequentibus vix longiore, corpore 
paulo longiores, articulis duobus primis pilis grisescentibus. 

— subcylindricus, impressionibus transversis duabus, basi 
' Spinà magná, valida, acuta e lateris medio utrinque 
procedente ; ; anticé et posticé albo marginatus, linea perpen- 
i subincurvá, basi dilatatà ejusdem coloris. Scutellum 
, L^ Elytra nigro et albo irregulariter ost aibad - 
gine externo et suturali albis. Subtus € m 
macula nigra nitida utrinque mesosterni. - edes 
~ In honore Johannis G. Bell, ornithologi illustris, a quo 
= erat hzc insignis et pulcherrima species. | 
vidi em exemplas, E Novum nm capis 


i E 


210 Engelmann and Gray, 


ART. = oe LINDHEIMERIANJE; AN ENUMERATION OF 
THE ANTS COLLECTED IN TEXAS, AND DISTRIBUTED TO 
mel , BY F. LINDHEIMER, WITH REMARKS, AND DE. 
SCRIPTIONS ni NEW SPECIES, &. By Gzonge ENGELMANN and 
Asa Gray. A 


Mz. LinpuemeER’s plan for exploring the botany of Texas, 
and preparing specimens of dried plants for distribution, was 
announced in Silliman’s Journal for July, 1843.. The collec- 
tion of that season, owing to various misfortunes, having been 
much smaller than was anticipated, it was thought best to 
defer its distribution until that for the year 1844 should 
come to hand. A part of the second collection was Jost in 
the course of transmission to St. Louis; those which were 
received in sufficient quantity for distribution extend the 
number to 318. Mr, Lindheimer is now entering upon an 
unexplored field west of the Colorado River, and we may 
confidently, expect that a rich harvest of peculiar plants W will 
reward his efforts during the present season. This collection 
will be assorted and distributed without delay, and our ac- 
count of them duly published in the pages of this journal. 

The collection of 1843 was made on Galveston Island, 
around Houston, on the Brazos, &c. The series commences 
with some species of Ranuncutus, allied to R. pusillus, 
which, having been long since distinguished by Dr. Engel- 
‘mann, and communicated to various botanists under the 
following names, the pr adi as assigned by him are here 
given. 


m 


$: Rima Danses (Engel Mig): p erecto 
ramosissimo basi bispido; foliis petiolatis, inferioribus oyatis 
Subcordatis denticulatis, superioribus lineari-lanceolatis, basi 
petiolorum membranacco-dilatata bracteisque ciliatis ; petalis = 
oblongis sepala ovata obtusa longe superantibus ; 
plurimis ; carpellis subglobosis acutis minutim tuberculosis in 
capitulum globosum congestis. — Margin of ponds, dc Boer 


Plante Lindheimeriane. 911 


Houston. April. A span to a foot high, with conspicuous 
bright yellow petals. 

9. R. rracnyspermus (Engel. MSS.): caule ramoso gla- 
bro; foliis petiolatis, inferioribus plerumque orbiculato-ovatis 
obtuso subintegris, superioribus lanceolatis lineari-lanceola- 
tisve denticulatis, basi petiolorùm membranaceo-dilatata brac- 
teisque subciliatis ; sepalis 3-4 ovatis reflexis petala 3-5 
minima linkdri-apatliolita superantibus; staminibus 5-10; 
carpellis compressis obtusis undique tuberculosis in cipue 
oblongum seu cylindrieum congestis. — Margin of ponds near 
Houston, &c. April, May. 

3. R. TRACHYSPERMUS, 8 ANGUSTIFOLIUS (Engel. MSS. y 
foliis omnibus lanceolatis lineari-lanceolatisve ; — and. y? (an 
spec.?) Linpnemert (Engel JMSS.): folis inferioribus 
ovatis; sepalis -3+5 ovatis obtusis patentibus petala 3 lineari- 
spathulata cquantibus; carpellis compressis obtusiusculis tu- 
berculosis in capitulum globosum congestis. — Near Houston, 
&c. but not growing together with No. 2. 

4. CLEMATIS CYLINDRICA, Sims. A narrow-leaved variety ; 
the herbaceous stem beginning to flower in April, when only 
A foot orso in height. Houston. 

9. C. reticunata, Walt. Houston. -June 

6. Anemonr CAROLINIANA, Walt. Prairies, Houston. Feb- 
= March. : 

T. Coceutus Casas, DC. Tiesto Ji une. 

.8. Srrepranruvus uyacintuores, Hook. Bot. Mu t. 
! 3516. West of the Brazos. July. 

9. Crtsratinua EnOsA, Nutt.; Torr. & Gr. FL I. p. - 

prairies on the Brazos. Mni. 

39. CrLEowELLA- ipee DC. High prairies. sos of 

Houston. April, A ugus = ee 

"s Porveara retia Torr. & Gr. FL. Lp. 130. 
West of the Brazos. August.— More or less branched. 
up ovate, with glands along the dann. on the face 
- 12, P. mcansazA, Linn. Hasan: April 


212 Engelmann and Gray, 


13. KnawERIA LANCEOLATA, Torr. in Ann. Lyc. New 
York, II. p. 168. The root of Krameria lanceolata is ligne- 
ous, 2 to 3 lines thick, and very long, of a dark red color, 
and has the same chemical and medicinal properties as the 
South American Ratanha, (root of K. triandra, R. & 

As the plant appears to be common in some parts of Texas, 
it might become valuable for collection and export.' 

14. DROSERA BREVIFOLIA, Pursh. Galveston Island. April. 

15. HELIANTHEMUM CAPITATUM, Nutt. gi Torr. & Gr. Fl. 
I. p. 151.) H. polifolium, Torr. & Gr. l.c., which name is 
Bibtienpied 1 in the genus. The clusters are seldom capitate. 


ay. 

16. Leonea Dmvwwowpu, Torr. & Gr. Fl. I. p. 154. 
With the preceding. 

17. Hypericum GvMNANTHUM (A. sp): : annuum, wile sim- 
plici vel superne ramoso erecto quadrangulari; foliis € basi 
cordata ovatis ovati-oblongisve amplexicaulibus 5—7-nerviis 
pellucido-punctatis; cyma dichotoma pedunculata strictius- 
cula laxiflora aphylla, nempe foliis floralibus-in bracteis parvis 
lanceolato-subulatis diminutis; floribus pedicellatis ; sepalis 
lanceolatis acutis petala superantibus; ; staminibus- 10-12; 


1 Professor A. Braun, after ME the AN of species of this genus, has 
suggested that the natural a of Krameria æ, rather than 
Polygalacee. And, in ww at Pon in 1 apnd the. two glandu- 
tals cover in exstivation the stamens ; they cannot therefore belong to an 
interior circle, as Bentham supposes. The e ovary is one-carpe ( the 
type of Polygalacee) and irregularly one-sided, like the ovary of Leguminose + 
it is imperfectly veas by. the inflection of the placenta, as in some Legimin; 
but in both cases are t ys side by side ; on the on in Po z 
one is before the other. Krameria may, then, be red a pentandrous Teg 
minosa, where one or two stamina are abortive. In K. lanceolata, Pra, it is the lowest 
stamen, à y cien the we connected petals, which is wanting; but, in some idee 
a steri ent occupies this place; it corresponds with the free 1 10th 
most Sila flowers, as the four others, which are united in A. k 
are analogous to the tube of nine connected filaments. The lateral sessile peal 
with the carina, and the three others, whose claws are connected, W 
pin the five sepals alternate with them, as the stamens alternate 
The $c resembles somewhat the indehiscent M od legume of an 
Ona m and, m all the specimens we have examined, it one-seeded when 


MAE ipm ua 


Plante Lindheimeriana. 913 


capsula ovato-conica calycem vix superante uniloculari; se- 
minibus flavis longitudinaliter costatis. — Clayey soil in pine 
woods near Houston. June. Also in Louisiana, Arkansas, 
&c. not uncommon. This is the plant mentioned in Torr. 
& Gr. Fl. N. Amer. under H. mutilum. It appears so 
different from the ordinary form of that species, that we are 
obliged to separate it. It varies from 6 to 20 inches in 
height. 

: 18. Paronycuta Dmuwwoxpn, Torr. & Gr. Fl. I. p. 110. 


49. P.-seracea, Torr. & Gr. l. c. West of the Brazos, 
with the preceding, &c. — ; > 

90. SiteNE. Anrieruina, Linn. var. suSGLABRA ; and 

91. var. LvicaTA; the leaves smooth, and with smooth 
margins. Galveston. | - 

92. Lixuw Berenprert, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3480. Sandy 
downs of Galveston Island. April, May. Perennial? No 
doubt distinct from. L. rigidum. Styles connate above the 
middle. The name should, if we mistake not, be L. Ber- 

23. XaNTHOXYLUM Carotintanum, Lam. “‘ Pepper-iree, 
Toothache-tree.” March. : 

24. Sina LixpnEIERI (n. sp.): annua? pu erula; caule. 
erecto ramoso; foliis linearibus vel oblongo-linearibus serratis 
basi Subcordatis ; stipulis lanceolato-setaceis petiolum sub- 
*quantibus ; -pedunculis folium demum :equantibus ; carpellis 
10-19 reticulato-rugosis, apice breviter birostratis extus pu- 
bescentibus et angulo interno in dentem subuncinatum brevem 
— productis. — Prairies east of the Brazos. June to 

"gust. (Also collected in Louisiana by Dr. Car ter.) 
About 2 e high ; ie eaves 1-2 inches long, and 2-4 lines 

ide. Peduncles articulated about three-fourths of an inch 
below the fruit, Flowers (the yellow corolla an inch or more 
n diameter) and fruit larger than in S. rhombifolia, from 
which the carpels of the present species differ by their shorter 
and blunter horns, reticulated sides, and by the tooth project- 


* 


914 Engelmann and Gray, 


ing from the internal angle at the summit. S. Elliottii has 
narrower leaves, shorter peduncles, and about 9 orbicular car- 
pels, which are only slightly bimucronate. 

25. Marvaviscus DnuuuoNpn, Torr. & Gr. Fl. L P. 230. 
Wet places, Houston. August. Leaves 4 or 5 inches in 
breadth. This proves to be a very ornamental plant in culti- 
vation. 

26. Vrris BIPINNATA, Torr. & Gr. Prairies, Houston. 
une. a 

9T. Vicia — ANA, Nutt. Galveston and Houston. 
April. e: (om 
28. VicNA GLABRA. Savi? Thickets, Houston, &c. 
June, July. — The’ plant is hirsute, but the leaves are almost 
glabrous when old; the flowers hardly larger than those of 
the garden bean; the vexillum: pale yellow, the carina deep 
yellow. | begino compressed, somewhat torulose, black, 
hirsute with whitish hairs; thé seed black, with a white 
hilum. "The leaflets are broadly oval; but there isa variety 
B ANGUsTIFOLIA, which has Lingeolate or linear-lanceolate 
leaves. - Near brackish water on the coast of Galveston Pay 
July. 

29. Ruynenosta minima, DC. ; Torr. & Gr. Fl. 1. p- 681. 
Houston. September. 

30. R. weNisPERMOIDEA, DC. With the preceding, in 
hard, clayey soil. 

31. DavnENTONIA LONGIFOLIA, DC. Houston. August. 

89. TEPHROSIA ONÒBRYCHOIDES; Nutt. A variety with 
silvery pubescence, and somewhat persistent stipules. Flow- 
ers white, soon turning to pale scarlet; the vexillum green 
in the middle. Puis from Houston to the Brazos. Apri, 
August. “i: Se Rd 
83. T. VIRGINIANA, Pers., and . E pis 

84. Ixp1GOFERA LEPTOSEPALA, Nutt Homan and the 
Brazos, June, July. , 

. 95. PsoRALEA RHOMBIFOLIA, Torr. d Gr. Fl. L P 303. 
Sandy places, Galveston Island, May. (Also collected by Dr. 


+ 


Plante Lindheimeriana. 215 


Wright. Stems diffuse, decumbent, from a filiform, often 
tuberiferous root. Leaflets of the lower leaves orbicular, of 
the upper rhombic-óvate and mostly acute. - Peduncles in our 
specimens commonly shorter than the leaves. Legume mem- 
branous, suborbicular, rostrate, transversely dehiscent ; the 
upper part strigose-pubescent, the lowér glabrous and some- 
what rugose. Seeds orbicular, compressed, The singular 
transverse dehiscence of the’ pod appears to confirm the 
opinion that Psoralea belongs to the tribe Hedysaree. 

36. P-osrusitLoBA, Torr. & Gr. l.c. Dry prairies east of 
the Brazos, flowering early in the season. Legumes glandular. | 
The allied, but distinct, P. floribunda is wrongly described as 
“canescent but not glandular,” whereas the plant is gen- 
erally glandular, often very much so. 

87. Amorpua PaNiCcULATA, Torr. & Gr. Fl. Y. p. 306. 
"Dhickets, Galveston Bay, and west of the Drazos. June, July. 
A stately plant, 6 to 9 feet high, the long spikes clustered in 
ample. panicles. 

88. A. GLADRA, Dey. DC. prodr. 2. p. 256. Wet prairies, 
Houston, &e. 

39. Danza AUREA, Nutt. West of the Hresog, June to 
August — 

40. — OBOVATUM, Torr. y Gr. Fl I. P 310. 

: August. À 
: P. PHLEOIDES 8 MICROPHYLEUM; Torr. & Gr. k. c. 
Sandy elevations in the prairies west of the Brazos. July. 

42. P. . VIOLACEUM, Michx.: a pubescent variety. 

| 43. P. ovr eLonvM, Nutt. On the Brazos. August. 

44. 'TarFOrLIUM REFLEXUM, Linn. Galveston... May. 

- ÁsrRAGALUS NorraLLiNvs ? rricnocarrus, Torr. & 
[^ Fl I. p. 334. Coast of Galveston Island, on soil com- 
Posed of fragments of shells; while A. Nuétallianus is found 
in prairies in the interior of ‘the island. The present variety, 
if such it be, has rather shorter as well as hairy pods, with 
usually 7-8 seeds-in each cell, while in the true A. Nuitalli- 
anus there are qinpiy 10-12: 


916 Engelmann and Gray, 


46. A. teprocarpus, Torr. Gr. I. c. April, with the 
preceding. "e 

47. Mimosa sTRIGILLOSA, Torr. & Gr. Fl. I. p. 399. Tet- 
ramerous, octandrous. Hard clayey soil. April, June. — We 
have this plant in cultivation. The foliage is nearly as sensi- 
tive to the touch as M. pudica. 

48. NEePTUNIA LUTEA, Benth. in Hook. do Bot. IV. p. 
356. Acacia lutea, Leav. ; Torr..& Gr. l. c. Moist prairies; 
April — June. 

49. Acacia HIRTA,. Nutt. in. Torr. & Gr.l.c.; and 

50. Ê craBRroR. Dry, open woods around aca May, 
. June, and frequently flowering again in September. 

51. Acacia Farwestana, Willd. ; Benth. Nearly the only 
shrub on Galveston Island, where it attains the height of 6 or 
7 feet, and forms considerable thickets. Its odorous flowers 
are producéd in April or May. Certainly indigne to TA 
and probably also to Florida. 

59. LYTHRUM ALATOM, var. y, Torr. & Gr. Fl. ke p. 482. 
* L. foliosum, n. sp.” Engel. MSS. (who has noticed two 
states, viz., 1. stamineum ; filaménts as long as the darker 
colored pete; the style ioi -exceeding the calyx, and the 
ovary frequently sterile? 2. stylosum ; filaments as long as 
the calyx only, the style as long as the apparently smaller and 
paler petals, or longer.) But, if a distinct pigias it » fall 
under L. lanceolatum, Ell. 

53. CExornrRaA Drummonpu, Hook. iita of — 
April, May ; also in the autumn. 

54. CE. LixrFor1A, Nutt. Galveston Island. 

55. CE. speciosa, Nutt. Houston. April, May.. 

56. Œ. nBousiPETALA, Nutt. in Torr. & Gr. Fl. Lp 495. 
This handsome speciés, so remarkable for its acute or acumi- 

_ nate petals, has been cultivated in the botanic garden of Har- 
vard University from seeds received from Mr. Lindheimer. 

specimens have broader leaves and petals than those from 
Arkansas ; the upper leaves ovate-lanceolate, closely sessile and 
somewhat cordate. The pods are cylindrical-prismatic, some- 


Plante Lindheimeriane. 21T 


what hairy and often incurved. (Œ. bifrons, Don, has 
. rounded petals.) Galveston to the Brazos. June, July. 

91. Lupwiera mRTELLA, Raf.; Torr. & Gr. l.c. Houston. 

58. L. LINEARIS, var. PUBERULA : caule ramosissimo angu- 
lato foliisque junioribus minutim puberulis ; lobis calycis tri- 
angulari-lanceolatis acuminatis tubum squantibus capsula 
elongato-turbinata subpedicillata dimidio brevioribus; petalis 
flavis conspicuis. — Prairies and road-sides, Houston. June, 
September. Also in Alabama; Louisiana, &c.; these char- 
acters gradually shading away into the ordinary L. linearis, 
in its branching forms, so that we cannot consider it as a dis- 
tinct species, , CES r 

99. Jussimza pecurrens, DC. Houston, &c.- 

60. Gaura sinuata, Nutt. Steep river-banks, &c., west 
of the Brazos, August. 

61. Gaura LINDHEIMERI (n. sp.) : perennis, erecta, vir- 
gato-ramosa, strigoso-pubescens vel hirsuta ; foliis infimis 
spathulatis lyrato-pinnatifidis sinuatisve, caulinis sessilibus lan- 
ceolatis acutis sinuato-dentatis vel undulatis, supremis plerum- 
qe Integris ; bracteis ovato-lanceolatis acuminatis scariosis 
caducis ; calycis tubo ovarium sessile zequante segmentis (in 
alabastro hirsutis) multo breviore ; petalis 4 spathulato-rhom- 

deis breviter unguiculatis subadscendentibus staminibus 8 
styloque deflexis paulo brevioribus ; nuce tetraquetra circum- 
scriptione oyali utrinque acuta, faciebus usque ad medium 
Carmato-costatis fere levigatis. — Prairies from Houston to the 
Mae flowering from April to May, and through the summer. 
is Parai garden of Harvard University, where it is cul- 
Mee. om seeds collected by Mr. Lindheimer, it also flowers 
wae the whole summer, and proves to be a very showy 
and a ègant species, It attains the height of from 3 to 6 feet, 
of us SOptOUs racemose branches produce a long cession 

°ssoms which are of a large size for this genus. The 
Petals, which are often three-fourths of an inch long, are pure 


always 


. nging to rose color ; the calyx is reddish. Flowers 


iz and octandrous. ‘This is probably the 
De v. 15 : 


918 Engelmann and Gray, 


same as the 'Texan plant referred by Spach to G. tripetala, 
Cav.; but it does not agree with the figure of Cavanilles, nor 
exhibit any trimerous flowers. . 

62. Erynerum coronarum, Torr. & Gr. Fl. Y. p. 604. 
Bottom woodlands on the Brazos. August. 

63. Cynoscrapium pinnatum, DC. 8 pumiLum. Differs 
from the larger and erect form (which is usually a foot or two 
in height,) in its low and diffuse stems, its umbellets with only 
four or five rays, and few or no involucral leaves. Prairies, 
Galveston. April, May. 

64. Leprocautis romiwATUs, Nutt. Galveston Island. 

65. DiscoPLEvRA caAPILLACEA, DC. Galveston. May. 

66. Spermacoce GLABRA, Michx. Near Houston. Sept. 

67. MrrnEoLA PETroLATA, Torr. & Gr. Swampy thickets 
west of Houston. 

. 68. Potypremum procumsens, Linn. Houston. June. 

69. Hepyoris Boscu, DC. Houston. May and June. 

- 70. VERNONIA ANGUSTIFOLIA, var. y Torr. & Gr. Wet 
prairies west of the Brazos. July. 

71. Liatris eLecans, Willd. Houston to the Brazos. 

72. L. acipora. = L. mucronata, Torr. & Gr. Fl. I. P 
70,non DC. Houston to the Brazos, in wet praries. Au- 
gust, September. In the Flora of North America, this species; 
which is apparently common in Western Louisiana and Texas, 
was hesitatingly referred to L. mucronata, DC., from tho 
character of which it differs in some respects, principally ` 
the form of the involucral scales. But among Lindheimer § 
plants, some specimens of what is no doubt the true L. mu- 
cronata, DC. occur, (which have been distributed in some 
sets, probably mixed with L. acidota,) and which render it 
clear that the present is a different, although very ™ y 
allied species. We have accordingly given a new que 
The diagnosis may be expressed as follows ; the habit, sd 
&c. being nearly the same in both; and the involucral ane 
more or less ciliate when young. —— 


SA 


L. mucronata : capitulis in spicam strictam arcte digesti; 


Plante Lindheimeriane. 219 


invol. squamis ovalibus obtusis abrupte mucronatis ; pappo 
plumoso achzenio pubescente vix longiore; caudice’ globoso. 
— Capitula (3—5 flora) et flores magnitudinis illorum L. tenui- 
ore. Texas, Berlandier, Lindheimer ; near Houston, and 
near the mouth of the Brazos. 7 ; 

L. acidota : capitulis in spicam strictiusculam sepius elon- . 
gatam digestis; invol. squamis oblongo-lanceolatis (extimis 
tantum ovatis) purpurascentibus, sensim acuminato-cuspidatis ;. 
pappo plumoso achenio puberulo subglabrove longiore; cau- 
dice perpendiculari inerassato e cormo globoso. — Capitula 
(sepius 3-flora) squamze floresque iisdem L. mucronate duplo 
majora. Western Louisiana, Hale: Texas, Drummond, 
Lindheimer. i 

13. L. ACIDOTA, 8 vrERNALIS: caulibus humilibus (spi- 
tham. — pedal.) multicipitibus ; spicis brevibus laxiusculis ; ca- 
Pitulis sepius 4—5-floris. — Wet, sandy prairies, near Houston. 
April, May. . 

74. L. pvcwosrAcuxa, Micha. Houston to the Brazos. 
August. | zh 

75. Evparorium ROTUNDIFOLIUM, Linn. Houston. Aug. 

T6. E. ixcanNaTUM, Walt. Thickets near Houston. Sep- 
tember — October. (This delicate species, which is quite rare 
Ih herbaria, grows abundantly on the rocky banks of the 
French Broad River, North Carolina, about ten miles below 
Asheville.) 

TI. Mreanta scannens, Willd. Houston, &c. 

78. Aster PHYLLOLEPIS, Torr. & Gr. Fl. Il. p. 113. 
Prairies, Houston. June — October. 

RIGERON scaposum, DC. Quicksands of the downs 
of Galveston Island. April, and continuing to flower unti 
October, "e 

80. Guriraukza Texana, Torr. & Gr. Fl. I. p. 194. 
Dry, barren soil, Houston. September — October. 
81. Sorrmpaco nitipa, Torr. & Gr. Ll c. Prairies on 


an a Bayou, 50 miles south of Houston. September, 


920 ; Englemann and Gray, 


82. S. TENUIFOLIA, Pursh. Wet prairies. October., 

83. S. LEr A, Torr. & Gr. l. c. Wet prairies, 
Houston. September.— We have. two forms; one with 
broader leaves and larger heads, bearing about 5 disk and 11 
ray-flowers ; another, with narrower leaves and smaller heads, 
which have about 3. disk and 10 ray-flowers. 


v 84. S. Boorrn; Hook.; Torr. & Gr.l.c. Houston. July 
— September. 
85. S. rortrronta, Ell, With the preceding. 
.86. Bicetovia Nup&TA, B vincara, Torr. & Gr. l. c 


Prairies on Chocolate Bayou. September. 

" . 87. BRADBURIA HIRTELLA, Torr. & Gr. Fl. U. p. 250. 
Prairies, in hard, clayey soil, west of the Brazos. July, Au- 
gust. — The flowers of this very interesting and pretty plant 
are certainly yellow (a point which could not be positively 
determined from Drummond’s specimens,) and the genus was 

therefore rightly placed i in the homochromous series. 

- HerERoTHECA scapra, DC. Houston, &c. July. 

. 89. Ciinvsopsis GRAMINIFOLIA, Nuitt.; and 

. 90. C. piosa, Nutt. Houston, &c. 

91. Amprosta CORONOPIFOLIA, Torr. & Gr. l. c. Sub- 
saline prairies, Galveston Bay, &c.. July. 

-92. BERLANDIERA TOMENTOSA, B DEALBATA, Torr. & Gr. 
l. c. Sandy prairies west of the Brazos. June. 

93. ZINNIA MULTIFLORA, Linn. With the preceding. 

94. EcnmiwaAcEA ANGusTIFOLIA, DC. Pine woods near 
Houston. April, May. The slender and original form of 
this species, which varies much as does E. purpurea. ` The 
peduncles are scarcely incrassated at the summit, the head 
hemispherical, with 8 to 13 narrow, rose-colored rays... The 
northern form, (E. sanguinea, Nutt.) is a much stouter plant, 
the peduncle much thickened at the summit, tlie head twice 
the size, and at length conical, with 12 to 16 dark. red E 
Both forms are quite variable. 

95. RupsECKrA ALISMJEFOLIA, Torr. g Gr $a c. Houston 
ió the Mason. tn 


Plante Lindheimeriane. 99] 


96. HzerraNTHUS cUcUMERrFOLIOS, Torr. & Gr. Fl. II. p. 
319. Sandy soil, west of the Brazos. July, August. The 
mottled stems, with the leaves all cordate and coarsely toothed, 
and the narrow involucral scales quite reflexed and tapering 
gradually into long subulate points, are uniform in all the speci- 
mens. The foliage is deep green. s 

.97. H. precox (n. sp.): annuus vel biennis; caule his- 
pido ramoso ; foliis alternis longe petiolatis (subcinereis) leviter 
serratis deltoideo-ovatis in petiolum abrupte attenuatis, infimis 
tantum cordatis ; pedunculis elongatis monocephalis ; involucri 
foliolis lanceolatis, subulato-acuminatis"discum vix superanti- - 
bus; corolla fl. disci atro-purpurea gracili ; achenio piloso ; 
paleis pappi lanceolatis puberulis. — In loose sandy soil im- 
pregnated with salt, Galveston Island. April and May; in 
eultivation flowering from June to October. Plant 11—9: feet 
high; the heads about as large as in H. cucumerifolius, to 
Which it is nearly allied ; but from which it is constantly dis- 
tinguished by its smaller size, the slightly toothed and seldom 
cordate leaves, the broader and more abruptly pointed in- 
volucral scales, the slender disk-corollas, the nearly flat (instead 
of hemispherical) disk in fruit, &c., &c. 3475 x REG 

98. H. occrpENrALIs g PLANTAGINEUS, Torr. & Gr. L c. 
Bottom lands, south of Houston. August, September. , 

9. H. gicus, Desf. Fertile prairies. June — August. 

100. H. aneustironiws, Linn. Wet prairies. June— Aug. 

101. Congopsis Dnavwwowpu, Torr. & Gr. l c. Sandy 
downs of Galveston Island. May — October. i ; 

102. C. trxcrorra, Nutt. Prairies on Galveston Island. 

103.. Gartnarpia picta, Don. Galveston Island, on a soil 
formed of fragments of shells. May. à rae 

104. G. Aumr.yopox, Gay. In sandy or gravelly soil, west 
of the Brazos, May—July. This species is equally showy 
with the preceding in cultivation: the copious rays are deep 
neat fame-color, with brown-purple at the base, and under- 
neath. weno: Í 


LI 


105. G: taxcEOLAT A, Michx. Galveston Island, &c. | 


222 Engelmann and Gray, 


106. Panaroxra Trexana, DC. Wet. prairies, Houston. 
August. Annual,.as is P. Hookeriana also. 

107. Hymenoparrus AmTEMIsLEFOLIUS, DC. Open oak 
woods, &c.; west of Houston, &c.; flowering from March to 
September. Radical leaves very variable. 

108. HELENIUM TENUIFOLIUM, Nutt. Open woods. Sep- 

~ tember. 

109. Leproropa sBracuypopa, 8 (purpurea.) Torr. § 
Gr. Fl. IL. p. 388. May. 

110. MansmarLia cxsPrrosa, Nutt. Dry prairies, Hous- 
ton, &c. The specific name is singularly inappropriate, at 
least as applied to the Texan plant ; for the stems are single, 
scattered, and not at all cespitose. The lowest leaves are 
often lanceolate-oblong or spatulate. 

111. Eeveres AnkaNsawa, Nutt.; Torr. & Gr. Fl. Il. p. 
411. (E. Texana, Engel. MSS., but agrees very well with 
the original Arkansan plant. A. Gr.) Downs of Galveston 
Island, April, May, and also in November, when it has very 
diffuse and decumbent stems, somewhat woody at the base ; 
but the plant is surely annual. After flowering, the tube of 
the corolla of the outer disk-flowers, as well as those of the 
ray, become enlarged and corky at the base ; and the inner 
part of the disk is sterile. It is quite a handsome plant jj 
cultivation. The numerous rays are pure white above, and 
usually marked with pink underneath. 

112. GNaPHALIUM PuRPUREUM, Linn. var. (G. spicatum, 
Lam.?) . 

113. Euch VigomsiaNUM, Miche. Open meee: March 
to May. 

114. Centaurea Americana, Nutt. Moist pa preis 
Houston. July. 

115. PynnHOPAPPUS e DC. Dry prairies, 
May, June. 

. 116. Losera cnawpuLosa, Walt. Wet prairies and woods. 
September. A more or less scabrous form: bracts lanceolate 
from a broad base; the sinuses of the calyx very slightly re 


Plante Lindheimeriane. : 223 


flexed. The specimens collected in shady places. are less 
rough ; the tube of the calyx is either hispid or nearly glabrous. 

117. Vaccinium arsoreum, Marsh. Woods. April. 

118. AscnEPIAS PAUPERCULA, Miche. Swamps near the 
coast. Stem 4—6 feet high. Root tuberous. June. 

119. SgurERA maritima, Reichenb., Decaisne. (Lyonia, 
Ell.) Wet, saline prairies, Galveston, &c. May. 

120. SapBaTIA campestris, Nutt. Contrib.- Fl. Arkans. 
&c. Flowers April to May, and again in August and Sep- 
tember ; in dry prairies. 

91. S. canvcosa, Pursh: a variety with rather longer 
calyx lobes than usual. Shady margins of streams near Hous- 
ton. May, June. 

122. Gitta comoworrronra, Pers.; Benth. in DC. Prodr. 
VII. p. 313. Dry prairies and open woods. June, July. 

123. Cuscura NEvRoPETALA, Engel. in Sill. Jour. XLV. 
P-.75. minor. A smaller, earlier flowering form, growing 
in drier places, mostly on Petalostemon multiflorum, but also 
on Liatris, and even on Euphorbia corollata. It approaches 
C. hispidula so. much that, not improbably, further investi- 
gation of living plants may prove both to be only varieties of 
à single species, for which the name of C. porphyrostigma 
would be most appropriate, as all the forms that would belong 
to it, are distinguished from every other known North Amer- 
ican species by the purplish-brown stigmas. Another remark- 
able variety is : : f ; 

124. Ç, NEUROPETALA, Engel. y LrrroRALIs: cymis pani- 
culatis ; floribus majoribus pedunculatis; tubo corolle late 
campanulato calycis segmenta late ovata acutiuscula subcari- 
nata et lacinias limbi enervias ovatas abrupte acuminatas. 
crenulatas patentes subequante ; squamis tubum su quant : 
bus. — Seashore of Galveston Island, on Lycium Carolinianum, 
Borrichia frutescens, Iva frutescens, &c. Flowers in May. Dif- 
ferent from the inland form by the much it te — 
campanulate flow ing in spring; by the hardly cari- 
nate, broader, wilds came aasi ef lobes of the 


224 Engelmann and Gray, 


corolla, which are rarely somewhat nerved ; stigmata also pur- 
ple, and anthers purple or yellow. — ( Engel.) 

195. C. cuspipata (Engel. n. sp.) : caule filiformi ramosis- 
simo ; floribus pedunculatis in cymas laxas bracteosas disposi- 
tis 5-fidis; tubo corolle cylindrico sepala usque ad basin 
libera: SA concava (exteriora cuspidata) et lacinias limbi 

S ovatas acutiusculas. uninervias erectas s. patentes superante ; 
staminibus limbo brevioribus ; squamis ovatis fimbriatis tubum 
sub:quantibus ; stylis filiformibus ovario (minuto) globoso 
pluries longioribus ; capsula globosa corolla marcescente ob- 
tecta. —Var. e. pratensis; floribus minoribus ; calyce bracteis 
paucis involuerato ; tubo corolle subcylindrico calycis et co- 
rolle segmentibus paulo longiore ; staminibus limbi laciniis ova- 
tis acutiusculis duplo brevioribus ; stylis ovarium parvum duplo 
superantibus. — Dry prairies west of the Brazos, on Tephrosia, 
Bradburia, Ambrosia, &c. June. — Var. g. nvwrpa : floribus 
majoribus ; calyce bracteis pluribus involucrato ; tubo corolla 
infandibuliformi calycis et corollee segmenta duplo superante ; 
staminibus laciniis limbi lanceolatis acutis paulo brevioribus ; 
stylis ovarium minutum quater superantibus. Bottom lands 
of tlie Colorado, on Iva ciliata, Ambrosia trifida, &c. August 
1844, (No. 276, infra.) — A remarkable species. The stems 
are very much branched, filiform ; inflorescence loose panicu- 
late, pedicels with many epulae bracts, some of them sur- 
rounding the calyx like.an involucrum, similar in shape but 
smaller than the sepals; sepals somewhat lacerate or crenu- 

te, ovate, carinate, (the carina less distinct in. the var. B) : 
cuspidate, interior ones rather obtuse, all concave, poa ^ 
bricated. Lobes of corolla thin membranaceous, with a 
middle nerve, formed by large ‘oblong: or linear cells ; when 
dry, convolute; the exterior ones generally somewhat cuspi- 
date, thei interior ones obtuse ; at the base the lobes are dilated 
and cover one another, more than in any other North Ameri- 
can species. Styles remarkably slender and and long, about the 

en th of the stameñs, but elongated afier flowering, when the 
corolla assumes an urceolate shape, and finally « covers like 2 


Plante Lindheimeriane. 295 


hood the upper part of the globose capsule.— It appears to 
be an intermediate form between Cuscuta proper and Lepi- 
danche. The var. ê has larger and thinner flowers, of paler 
color, and the lobes of the corolla lanceolate and acute. Engel. 
196. C. penracona, 8 caLvciNA, Engel. | Wet prairies. 
June. 
127. C. verrucosa, Eng ^ l. c. Dry prairies. July.’ , 


r ian undescribed North American species, collected in the Alleghanies of Vir- 
ginia and North Carolina by Dr. Gray and Mr. Sullivant, in the autumn of 1843, is 
here appende (This e ence s kg ud n. 2 but, just as these sheets 


came under my o ^is rvation grow on Urtica, San Aster, Solidago, Rudbeckia, sii 
Some other plan 
After pan. ‘and careful investigation, and with some e hesitation, I have - 
mitted this mountain plant as a distinet species, different fi .vulgivaga. The 
racteri 


offers so many different forms: and sizes of the pe that ot were 

necessary ; and they are found in the tissue of the corol pei is ever destitute 
the large pellucid dots constantly — in C. valid aga, but i 

“specially about the tube, of regular, somewhat elongated, hexangular ‘alia cay 

distinguishable in d ied specimens anki a common glass. In the common species, 


nc ns rlobos, as — to a bifid point; it duet 
ony other known Ameri ze pising ae 
ems POR deer 
C. (Leripaxcun) COMPACTA (Choisy): ceaule ramoso; T sessilibus = 
ratis paris; sepalis sub-novem 


Vi 


226 Engelmann and Gray, 


198. Ipomma sacrrrata, Desf.; Choisy. June— Sept. 

199. CosvoLvuLus aquaticus, Walt. Wet prairies west 
of the Brazos. Often 10 feet long. July. 

130. Nama Jamaicensis, Linn.? Sandy prairies, &c. 
near the Brazos. June. Annual. 

131. LITHOSPERMUM TENELLUM, Nutt. in Trans. Amer. 
Phil. Soc. (n. ser.) V. p.88. On the Brazos, &c. April— 
August. . 

132. HELIOTROPIUM curassavicum, Linn. Galveston, &c. 

133. H. rvuxparUM; Swartz ; DC. prodr. 9, p. 539. Banks 
of the Brazos. June. 

134. Evroca urrsuta = Phacelia hirsuta, Nutt. in Trans. 
Amer. Phil. Soc. l. c. p. 191. Pine woods near Houston. 
March and April. Corolla with 5 very obscure pairs of 
squamelle at the base of the tube. Ovary 5—10-ovuled. 
(Vide No. -— 280, infra.) Also Texas, Drummond’s Coll. 
3, E 


» 


interioribus HiMndtibes, tubo comle Sato calycem et lacinias limbi lineari- 
uperante; staminibus limbo brevioribus; squam is pinnati- 
fido-lacini iatis; orario cum ecd stylos subequante ; capsula uorum subacu 

rolla marce xin obtecta 1-4-sperma, — North Mein to Alabama, im the 
icm on shrubs, frequently on evergreens; on Corylus rostrata, Buncom: 
Co., N. ences on the same, ‘ee on Andromeda sodas or spinulosa, 0 
of Negro Mountain, N. Carol., Prof. A. a and Mr. W. S. Sullivan; in Ala- 
bama, on Prinos glaber, Dr. rsen (Herb. 


ay.) 
ei is clearly the Cuscuta compacta of iie monograph, (and of e prodr. 
: e notice 


ehlonoa 


instance of two nearly allied species, one growing in the mountainous region 
Southern States, the other one in the riesen lowlands. Analogies offer in 


y 
rules, and much more slender and mos stly smaller flowers. p 
s the compact scales of the calyx considerably, and is much narrower in pro- 
portion to its length ; it gives, therefore, to the capsule which it à 
more pointed appearance, pee the capsule itself is nearly globose. This a itin 
ance of the vestiges of the corolla on the capsule distinguishes this species 
c. Bem after flowering. The corolla a ceder to be Sie pacem 


reete eccle pe run 


Plante Lindheimeriana. 227 


135. Sotanum Texense (n. sp.): perenne, inerme, to- 
mento stellato incanum ; caule (pedali) herbaceo erecto 
ramoso; foliis (2-4-unc.) petiolatis lanceolatis undulatis sinu- 
ato-dentatis integerrimisve sparsis; racemis terminalibus ; pe- 
dunculis flore longioribus fructiferis deflexis; calyce 5-fido ; 
corolla violacea extus ad carinas stellato-pubescente ; stamini- 
bus æqualibus ; baccis flavis. — Road-sides, prairies, &c., 
Houston to the Brazos. June— September. (This is also 
No. 200 of Drummond’s Third Texan Collection. We like- 
wise have specimens from Dr. Wright.) 

136. Puysanis pusescens? (P. maritima, M. A. Curtis, 
MSS.) "Coast of Galveston Island. April — November. 

131. Herprstis Monniera, Humb. & Kunth. Wet places. 
June, July. ^ í 

138. Coxonra muutiripa, Benth. in DC. prodr. & Torr. 
& Gr. Fl. ined. (Capraria, Michx.) Brazos. July. 

139. Bucunera ELoNcATA, Swartz, Benth. l. c. Gal- 
veston to the Brazos. April, May, and again in July. Flow- 
ers smaller than in B. Americana, the teeth of the calyx and 

racts less acuminate. 
~ 140. Hen»zsris nigrescens, Benth. Brazos, &c. August. 

141. Grrarpia spicirtora, Engel. MSS. G. maritima 
8 grandiflora, Benth. in DC. prodr. ined. Margin of brack- 
ish ponds, Galveston Island. 

142, PEN TsTEMON Cosza, Nutt. in Trans. Amer. Phil. 
Soc. (n. ser .) V. p. 182. Ravines near Houston. May. 

143. ScurELLARIA Drummonpu, Benth. Lab. p. 441. On 
‘soil Composed of fragments of shells, on the coast of Galveston 
Island, May. Apparently annual: stems 10 to 29 inches high. 

144. S. CARDIOPHYLLA (n: sp.): puberula; caule erecto 
(1-2-pedali) ramoso; folis omnibus petiolatis corda Man 
Sularibus obtusiusculis caulinis, grosse crenatis, floralibus 
gradatim minoribus integrioribusque lato-cordatis vel deltoideis, 
"ummis bracteiformibus ; floribus axillaribus oppositis ; corol- 
lis pubescentibus calyce pedicello longiore plus triplolongiori- —. 
bus.— Var. 8, humilior, foliis omnibus parvulis. — Open woods, 


228 Engelmann and Gray, 


&c. near Houston. Flowering through the summer. Dr. 
Engelmann has likewise collected the smaller variety at the 
Hot Springs, in Arkansas. Fruiting specimens of this well- 
marked species also exist in Drummond’s Texan Collection, 
(No. 209, Coll. 3,) but we find no allusion to it in Bentham’s 
fine Monograph of the Labiatz. The smaller forms might be 
confounded with S. parvula, but even the floral leaves are 
distinctly petioliate, broadly triangular-ovate, or cordate, and 
more or less crenate-toothed ; all are shorter than the corolla, 
which is three-fourths of an inch long ; the uppermost scarcely 
exceeding the calyx. The cauline leaves are from one to 
nearly two inches in length, and considerably resembling those 
of S. saxatilis, Riddell: those of the elongated flower 
branches scarcely half an inch long. Achenia strongly tuber- 
culate. Root apparently annual. 
145. Sarvia AzumEA, Lam. Houston. May to September. 
146. Hypris raprara, Willd. Houston. September. 
147. Puysosrecia Vincintana, Benth., var. foliis ovalibus 
oblongisve subdenticulatis. | (Dracocephalum variegatum, 
Vent., Ell.) Wet prairies west of the Brazos. July. i 
148. P. Vinaiwiawa, var. foliis lanceolatis argute serratis. 
: Dry, sandy soil. Houston. - September. p 
149. Tricuostemma picnoromum, Linn. September. 
150. Teucrium CuszwsE, Linn., Benth. Lab. p. 668. 
Galvestom Island. April, May. 2 nd i 
151. Mosanpa Linpueimenr, (2. sp.) : caule glabro supet- 
ne piloso subsimplici ; foliis ovatis acuminatis subcordatis 
grosse serratis glabris glandulosis margine scabris, petiolis 
brevibus basi pilosis; bracteis acuminatis integris capitulum 
laxum subsequantibus ; calycibus glandulosis, dentibus subu- 
latis diametrum tubi subequantibus, fauce villosa; coro" 
glandulosa et villosa. — Prairies and margin of woods, 10 
clayey soil. April to June, and again in October. — According . 
to Mr. Bentham’s view, this would probably be deemed @ 


ariety-of M. clinopodia ue 
152. M. puncrara, Linn. Houston. July. . T 


Plante Lindheimeriane. 299 


153. M. aristata, Nutt. in Benth. Lab. p. 318, in 
Mem. Amer. Phil. Soc. (n. ser.) V. p. 186. Prairies east of 
the Brazos. June. 

154. Verpena stricosa, Hook. Compan. to Bot. Mag. 
I. p.176. Roadsides, near Houston. April —July. Lower 
leaves obovate and tapering into a winged petiole, doubly 
incisely toothed ; the upper tri-multifid. The hispid pubes- 
cence of the stem is not appressed. The foliage, the more 
slender spikes, and the much shorter fruit distinguish the 
species readily from V. stricta. i 

55. V. spuria, var. caulibus erectis; bracteis brevioribus. 
Dry prairies, Galveston, to the Brazos. March to J uly. 

156. Zapanta NODIFLORA; Lam. var. foliis lanceolato-cu- 
neiformibus. Downs of Galveston Island. ' April. 

151. Dipreracantuus (Pantcunarta, folia floralia in brat- 
leas parvas reducta, ideo cyma trichotoma terminalis) vupr- 
FLORUS (n. sp.): parce pilosus, demum glabratus; caule 
ereeto herbaceo ;" foliis ovalibus ovato-oblongisve obtusis mar- 
gine obsolete repandis basi in petiolum attenuatis; cymulis 
trifloris in cymam laxam - glanduloso-puberulam congestis ; 
bracteis lineari-lanceolatis pedunculis multo brevioribus ; tubo 
corollæ apicem versus sensim dilatato calycis lacinias atten- 
uato-subulatas duplo triplove longiore ; capsulis puberulis sub- 
clavato-cylindraceis vel oblongis utrinque acutis 8-1 2-spermis 
calycem equantibus. — Open woods at Sim's Bayou, near 

9ufton. May to July: Also, in Drummond’s Texan Col- 
lection, (Coll. 2, No, 221, and 3, No. 957.) Stems one to 
hà feet high, simple or branched from the base, slender, 
pubescent when young, as well as the leaves and petioles, 
with scattered hairs. Corolla two inches long. Anthers st e 
What included; the lobes slightly mucronate at the base. 

n2 a simple lamella, with a mere rudiment of the second 
oe. —This well marked species differs from the rest of the 
Senus in its inconspicuous bracts, and naked, more explicate 
inflorescence, which entitle it to the rank of a distinct sec- 


E 


930 Engelmann and Gray, 


158. D. cin:osus, N. ab E. in Linn. XVI. p. 294. = Ru- 
ellia ciliosa, Pursh. Open woods, Houston. June. 

159. DiawrHERA HuwrLISs. In clear water. June. 

160. DICLIPTERA BRACHIATA, Spreng. Shady woods, 
Houston. June — September. Seeds hispid, with short, 
minutely glochidiate bristles." 

161. Urricurarta suBULATA, Linn. Wet prairies of Gal- 
pe Island. April. 

2. SawoLus EBRACTEATUs, H. B. K. Sandy brackish 

id Gafvéstón. April. It is singular that this should have 
been overlooked by Duby, in DC. Prodr., as a North Ameri- 
can plant. It was recorded as such by Torrey in the report 
on the plants collected in Major Long’s Expedition, and is not 
uncommon along the coast from Florida to Texas. The 
leaves in the Testi plant, as generally in our specimens, are 
obovate or broadly spatulate, tapering into pretty long winged 
petioles, which are decurrent on the mee 

163. PLANTAGO GNAPHALOIDES, Nut aa Island. 

164. P. amisraTA, Michx. Miete: &c. 

165. RESINE cELOosrorpEs, Linn. Houston. " September. 

166. OrLorueca Frorrpana, Nutt. © Prairies and — 
woods in loose sandy soil, west of the Brazos. August. 

167. Ertoconum Lowarronruw, Nutt., Benth. 8 PLANTA- 
GINEUM : foliis brevioribus latioribusque. Dry prairies west of 

Brazos. July, August. The same form occurs in 
mond's Third Texan Collection, No. 352. 

168. PonycowELLA ERICOIDES. =. Gonopyrum America- 
num, Fisch. & Meyer, in Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (ser. 6.) 
IV. p. 144. Prairies, west of San Felipe, on =. Brazos. 


1 Among mee ack ape a few specime ens were received of the m 
justicieflora, Hook. € o Bot, Mag. Y. p. 176, which has also sss distributed 
by Dr. Riddell, d. -— name of Eberlea. We refer it to the Tr 
R. B * To the character given by Hooker, for the most part inet e may 8er; 
that the stem and leaves are somewhat fleshy, and that the upper lip of 
is not entire, but. adh. The hens. of the shorter pair of stamens are owe 

than the others, ius are polliniferous and 2-celled. The plant grows in 


f 


Plante Lindheimeriane. 231 


Jay. " low shrubby plant, 1-2 feet high, with the aspect of 
aheath.' - 


! This plant also occurs in Drummond's Texan Collection (No. 19 & 348 of 3d 


Coll.) ; from which source — Fischer and Meyer obtained the specimens, upón 
which oa established the genus Gonopyrum.' But their genus must be reduced to 
Polygonella, from which it 1 differs only in the rodite, in ced d dioico -poly- 


` POLYGON ELLA, Miche. (Trib. Rumicee, Meyer.) 
Polygonella and Gonopyrum, Meyer I. c. supr. 
Flores dioico-polygami vel hermaphroditi iti. Perigonium ——— — 


um; phyllis seriei exterioris 2 immutatis fructif. reflexis, seriei ssc 3 erectis 
planis post anthesin ampliatis conniventibus fructum triquetrum im ifo den eas 
l 3 i i posit 


ub t 
6 in axi albuminis rectiu s istic: ramosissimi glabri : in 
planitiebus aridissimis Am t calidioribus vi es; 
is ochreatis (ochreis brevibus nudis unidentatis) ; foliis crassiusculis 
parvulis linearibus spathulatisve TAT eR vam vel in axilli m ula. 
tis; floribus Aera vel roseis) pa cato-r se et appresse 
— reato-bracteati quasi aralit pedicillis sitine articulatis, fructi- 
feris pend ndulis ; racemis s sayin, pani iculatis 
1. E: polygama : foliis cun 1 


sepalis ovalibus ad e eie ; filamentis tribus basi ovato-dilatatis vix 
aut ne vix dentatis ; Mn. brevissimis. — Polygamum polygamum, Vent. Hort. 
Cels. n m E a I. p. 458. Polygonella a Michz.! Fl. II. p. 240; 
"Nut 6 (sub Polygono); t Gen. Vasc. Comm. p. peus 

num Penta i gracile, Nuit. Gen. — In arenosis (sandy pi ») 
Carolin mt Georgie ! Floride (Bartram ? Peen !) et, fide Nut. -— 


: virido-carinata ad anthesin su v tcm ; f ribus basi T. 
bidentato-dilatatis us quasi obcordatis ; stri longas lis. — Gonopyrum Americanum, 
Fisch. q $ Meyer, in Mem. Acad. St. . l. c. supra. — In planitiebus aridis 
Texas, Drummond ! Lindhcimer ! PM dea duplo majores qn 
dente, ramis cassonbus, e 

For the first spec “pug opted the older specific name of Tenes, in 


usd of that of Mi Micha, chiefly because it is. the largest-leaved species - the 


Piipan Bonum articulatum Linn., whi ich is by Nuttall and Meisner, to Poly- 
; joined, y 
gonella, with which, indeed, it nearly accords in habit habit (though an annual herb) = 
enlarg ng has all the sepals uniform and erect rect in fruit, the three inner not at 
and the embryo is lateral as in Polygonum. 


232 Engelmann and Gray, 


169. Srituinera sytvatica, Linn. Prairies. April — June. 
170. S. LicusrRINA, Michx. Thickets near water-courses, 
Houston. May.— The staminate flowers are rather conspicu- 
ously pedicillate, not brevissime pedicillatis, as described by 
ichaux. 

171. Piriwoenyruw Linpueimert (m. sp.): annuus, stel- 
lato-tomentosus ; caule (4—5-pedali) erecto ramoso; foliis 
longe petiolatis e basi ovata subcordatave lanceolatis sæpe 
acutato-mucronatis, inferioribus denticulatis ; floribus fcemineis 
paucis ad basin spicee mascule ; staminibus sub-12 ; stigmati- 
bus plerumque 12; seminibus vix compressis. — Dry prairies, 
Houston to the Brazos.. Also, Texas, Drummond, and West- 
ern. Louisiana, Leavenworth. A taller, more upright plant 
than P. capitatum (Croton, Michz.,) with larger and less 
- canescent leaves; the lower 4—5 inches long, and gradually 
acuminate to an usually sharp point, on petioles 3 inches long. 
"The spike in fruit is less capitate, and the seeds are smaller 


and less compressed. Something like intermediate specimens : 


between this and the P. capitatum, his also grows. in 


A remaining species, the Polygonum fimbriatum of Elliott, which has been deemed 
a near ally of Polygonum polygamum, may be taken as thé type of a new genus, 
viz. 


$ 


THYSANELLA, A. Gr. , 


n pre a boo pomami, Sarina eta gokat Aig phyllis omnibus 

argine scariosis et eroso-fimbria s, duobus oribus cordato-sagitta ttatis 

pie dtiherin come nterioribus de orones pectinato- -fimbriatis. 

tamina 8 : filamenta filiformia perigonium adequa Qon sr air t - 
num: s 3, filiformes; stigmatibus meee ibus — i neler tall 

v ew alate — Herba glabra, (b ipedalis, in arenosis on 

gia v vigens, m vitgatis strictis ; ; s folis angusto-linearibus e cng tis acutatis 

adr sessilibus rbatis ; floribus 


ned ratenioao- -spicatis ; - Feste solitariis vel geminis, E faic 
im tim ochreato-bracteatis ; ers —_— truncatis iu en aris 
princi; Si redes. in medio articulat 

TT 


ne (which were collected by Dr. Leavenworth either in Georgia or mi: 
S are apparently all sterile. The fruit and seed i is, therefore, unknown [i 
"not certain the ou increase in 


flowering. 
gw 


$5 


Plante Lindheimeriane. 233 


Texas, render it doubtful, however, whether this plant is spe- 
cifically different. Seg (1, 26, 

172, GEISELERIA GLANDULOsA, Klotzsch, in Erichs. Ar- 
chiv. I. (1841) p. 254. Dry woods, Houston. May, June. 
The calyx of the sterile flowers is 5-parted, and the stamens’ 
9 or 10. 

173. CROTON ARGYRANTHEMUM, Michx. Margin of woods, 
Houston. . April— June. "The ovary is on an orbicular, not 
9-glandular disk. : 

174. EurnonB1A BrcoLom (m. sp.): annua; caule erecto 
foliis bracteisque undique villosis seu pilosis ; foliis subsessili- 


~ bus oblongo-lanceolatis vel lineari-oblongis cuspidatis basi ob- 


tusis ; bracteis lineari-ligulatis elongatis basi attenuatis margine 
membranaceis decolorato-albidis ; glandulis involucri villosi 
margine petaloideis. suborbiculatis ; capsulis dense lanatis; 
seminibus sparsim rugulosis.  concoLor: marginibus deco- 
loratis bractearum angustissimis aut subnullis ; foliis latioribus. ` 
Prairies near Houston. June— September. Also Texas, 
Drummond. Arkansas, Beyrich, &c. A- handsome species, _ 
resembling E. marginata, but distinguished by the narrower 
hairy leaves, much narrower bracts, &c. 3 
15. APHORA MERCURIALINA, Nutt. -in Trans. Amer. 
Phil... Soc, (N. Ser.) 5, p. 174. Serophyton pilosissimum, 
Benth. Bot. Voy. Sulphur, p. 53. In denudated soil, dry 
prairies, &c, Arkansas and Texas. May — July. Endlicher 
having entirely overlooked this genus of Nuttall’s, Mr. Bentham 
has lately characterized it anew under the name of Serophyton. 
9 his excellent character we have only to add, that the 
P S are sometimes dicecious, or subdicecious, as, indeed, is 
sentoned by Nuttall in the case of the original species. 
What N uttall takes. for sterile filaments in the fertile flowers, 
Bentham describes as petals, and so Nuttall's name becomes 
unmeaning, which, however, is no great objection. Mr. 
Bentham’s Californian species must, therefore, bear the name 
of Aphora lanceolata. His remaining Texan species, the 
Aphora Drummondii, was also collected by Lindheimer, but 
voL: v. 16 


& 


934 Engelmann and Gray, 


not in sufficient abundance for distribution. It is a less hairy 
plant. Under No. 306 we describe a foürth species, A. hu- 
milis, which we also find in Drummond's second collection, 
No. 930. The leaves in A. mercurialina, as in A. Drum- 
mondii, often turn purplish, in drying. In No. 322 of Drum- 
mond's third collection, the leaves are oblong-ovate, or ovate- 
lanceolate, and often acute or acuminate, as in Lindheimer's 
specimens. In No. 963 of the second. collection they are 
mostly ovate-orbicular. i 
176. TRACIA URTICÆFOLIA, Micha. Houston, &c. April. 
. T. betonicæfolia, Nutt. ? vi 
177. Puytiuanruts PoLYaoNorpzs, Nutt. (Maschalanthus, 
Nutt. = Phyllanthus proper, Linn., Juss., etc.) Grassy banks. 
July. : 
178. Cyrposcotus  sriMULOsUs. = Jatropha stimulosa, 
Linn. Houston. July. . 
' — 119. Urtica purpurascens, Nutt. in Trans. Amer. Phil. 
Soc. (N. Ser.) V. p. 169. Thickets, Galveston Island. 
; “180. Quercus vinENs, Ait. Moist woods. along the 
coast. f à i 
181. Taxopium pisticnum, Rich. Houston, &c. à 
182. Sacrrranta stupiex, Pursh.? Ponds in clayey soil, 
near Houston. June— September... Our plant has rather 
rigid linear-lanceolate leaves; the calyx as well as the ovate 
acute bracts are a little pubescent; the fertile flowers are 0n 
. Short, the sterile on rather long peduncles ; the stamens from 
20 to 30; and the carpels in fruit are compressed, rostrate, 
and falcate. Larger specimens, collected near the coast, 
with broader leaves, &c. bear larger flowers, with 40 to 50 
stamens. 
183. S. srononirera (m. sp.): stolonibus radicantibus ; 
foliis submersis lato-linearibus acutis, emersis lineari-lan A 
tis 3—5-nerviis; scapo simplici; bracteis ovatis acutis Ve 
obtusiusculis brevibus; pedunculis subternatis omnibus elon- 
satis ; staminibus 12-16 ; carpellis compressis oblique sūbor- 
biculatis breviter mucronatis. — S. graminea, Nutt. in Trans. 


- 


Plante Lindheimeriane. 935 


Amer. Phil. Soc. l. c. p. 159. Ponds near Houston. Sep- 
tember, &c. ' 

184. Commetyna aNGUsTIFOLIA, Michx. Houston. May. 

185. Xvnis Canorixiswa, Walt. 8? scaBRA: scapo apice 
magis ancipiti, aciebus subtilissime serrulato-scabris. X. sca- 
bra, Engel. MSS. Prairies, west of the Brazos.. July. 

- 186. X. suLBosa, Kunth, enum. IV. p. 11, (ex descr.) 
With the preceding. The North American species still need 
thorough revision. . 

187. Hypoxis erecta, 8. xsrivaLIs: scapo subunifloro 
folia subeequante ; capsulis subglobosis, (ut in «.) In prairies 
Which have been burned over in spring. July. . : , 

188. H. erecra, y. LEPTOCARPA (H. leptocarpa, Engel. 
MSS.) : floribus minoribus; capsulis prismatico-oblongis el- 
lipticisve ; seminibus in singulis loculis: uniserialibus 4-6. 
Sandy soil, along rivulets, June — August. 

189. Evsryris PURPUREA. (Nemostylis ? purpurea, Herbert, 
in Bot. Mag. sub. t. 3779.) Open woods and prairies, from - 
Houston to the Brazos. June, July. Also, Texas, Drum- 
mond, and Western Louisiana, Dr. Hale. The diagnostic 
characters of this genus and Nemostylis are subjoined. A 
Phia, Herb. differs, according to the character,’ in having the 
mner divisions of the much more unequal perigonjym navicu- 
late, and differently shaped from the outer, in the very short 
filaments, &c., and in being tuberiferous instead of bul- 

iferous, ' 


>, woe Specimens of several of these I ridaceous plants, of very simil 
in the drj state, appeai 


: hia, specimens of the Herbertia exrülea. Uuder No. 415, we have 

ylis acuta (geminifiora, Nutt. Ixia acuta, Barton,) as well as Gelasine 
In the latter the filaments are certainly monadelphous, and the style bas 

hree short and « lobes: A $ 


236 Engelmann and Gray, 


multo breviora. Stylus brevis (filamenta adeequans,) tenuis, 
apice trilobus ; lobis bipartitis, partitionibus in stigmata filifor- 
mia radiatim productis. 7 
EUSTYLIS. Perigonium hexaphyllo-partitum, conforme, 
patens ; tubo nullo; segmentis obovatis planis, tribus interio- 
ribus modice minoribus. Filamenta distincta, e basi lato 
subulata, antheras subpanduriformes post anthesin immutatas 
æquantia : connectivum latum basi apicemque versus praeser- 
tim dilatatum, loculis marginalibus. Stylus elongatus (stamina 
adeequans,) ad apicem infundibuliformis, trifidus ; lobis bifidis, 
partitionibus in stigmata filiformia recurvia attenuatis.— Habi- 
tus, bulbus, capsula, etc., omnino Nemostylis. s 
1 GywNADENIA Nivea. (Orchis nivea, Nutt.) Moist 

prairies near Houston ; April to June. The ovary remains 
straight; the labellum is therefore posterior. -The outer lat- 
eral divisions of the perianth are also produced at the base on 
he upper side into a triangular blunt auricle, which is not 
noticed in Nuttall's description. The anther-cells are parallel 
and approximated. = i i ‘sighs 

*191. SPIRANTHES VERNALIS (n. sp.): radice fasciculata ; 
caule foliato ; foliis linearibus, superioribus sensim minoribus 
vaginantibus lanceolato-subulatis ; sepalis petalisque basi .co* 
hzerentibugggblongo-linearibus, lateralibus angustioribus label- 
lum reflexüm crenulatum apice non dilatatum wquantibus vel 
superantibus. — Moist prairies, Galveston and Houston ; April, 
May. — Stem 1 to 2 feet high, slender ; lower leaves often 5 to 
6 inches long, 2 lines wide ; bracts ovate, acuminate. Eume 
much as in S. cernua, from which it is distinguished by s 
short lip, &c. — a ij ina M : 

-199. THALIA DEALBATA, Fraser. Swamps on the n 
September. — The seed appears to contain three embryos f 
which only the central one is fully developed. e il 
. 193. Juncus HtrrRANTHos, Nutt. in, Trans. Amer- Ph 
Soc. (N. Ser.) V. p. 153. Galveston Island.. May- 

. 194. Ponreperta LawciroLra, Muhl. July. = — —— 
195. SwrLAx LaNcEoLATA, Linn. Rich shady soil neat 


Plante Lindheimeriane. 231 


.water-courses. July.— Climbing to a great height. ‘The rhi- 
zoma bears tubers which are called ** Indian bread” in Texas. 
Leaves varying from narrowly lanceolate to almost’ ovate. 
n prickly below. 

. CoorgniA. Drummonni, Herbert. Dry prairies from 
coin to the Brazos; flowering from June to November, 
but mostly in July, and only after heavy rains. 

'197. ArgTRISs aurea, Walt. Houston. April. 

v198. Serna (Kamassa, sed perigonium regulare) ANGUSTA 
(n. sp.) : gracilis ; foliis linearibus apice longe attenuato-seta- 
ceis flaccidis scapo brevioribus; bracteis e basi lanceolata 
membranacea subulatis pedicellos erecto-patentes subzequanti- 
bus ; alabastris oblongo-linearibus ; foliolis perigonii linearibus 
obtusis stamina duplo superantibus. — Open woods and prai- 
ries, in south-western Missouri and Arkansas, as well as Texas: 
flowering from April to May in Texas, but from May to the 
middle of June in Missouri and Arkansas, when S. esculenta, 
growing in the same region, bas matured its seeds. "The 
present plant i is more slender than S. esculenta, with narrower 
leaves, sepals, ete. ; but perhaps it is only a variety. — We are 
slow to believe that the Oregon species belongs to a different 
 Benus from the eastern. 

199. ALLIUM MUTABILE, Micha. Dry open woods, Hodston. 
April. The capsule, in all our specimens, is one-seeded ; the 
flowers usually rose-red, but sometimes white. 

: 200. Rupria maritima, Linn. Salt water ponds, Calvo 
ton Island. 
201. Cyperus vecetus, Linn. Wet prairies. May. 
202. C. ovunaris, Torr. In dry and wet plaget Api 
to June. à 
303. C. TETRAGONUS, Ell. Dry cit near Houston. 
i and June. Style 3-cleft. 
- Fuirena uispipa, El. Springy places west of the 
. August. 
205. Exrocnanis ARENICOLA, ; (Torr. MSS.) : culmis sub- 
! compressis sulcatis e rhizomate repente przelongo ; 


eM 


238 Engelmann and Gray, 


spicis ovatis obtusis multifloris ; squamis rufescentibus mem- 
branaceis obtusis margine scariosis; stylo trifido; achenio 
obovato compresso triangulari opaco tuberculo distincto rostrato 
acuto multum majore setas 6 tenues subexcedente. —Galves- 
ton Island, May, creeping in the loose sand. . (Also along the 
southern coast of the United States.) 

206. Scirpus LACUSTRIS, Linn. Galveston. May. 

207. SPARTINA JUNCiFORMIs (n. sp.): humilis (1-2 peda- 
lis) ; foliis convolutis. angustis, caulinis paucis brevibus, radi- 
calibus czespitosis culmum subequantibus ; spicis 8-10 oblongis 
sessilibus ad rachin leviusculam adpressis; carina glumarum 
longitudine subequalium paleæque | inferioris ciliato-hispida. 
Saline prairies near the coast. May.— Plant with the foliage 
and much the aspect of S. juncea ; but with the spikes and 
flowers different from that species, as well as from S. levi- 
gata. A few specimens. of a taller variety were collected in 
July. 

208. Caedm. TRUNCATA, Torr. Woods, Houston. May. 

209. Uxiota cmacrtis, Michx. Variety with broad and 
hairy leaves, the florets undeveloped. Houston. June. 

210. Panicum (OnrHoPOGON) HIRTELLUM, Michz. Hous- 
ton. June. 

211. ANpROPOGON AVENACEUS, Micha. Houston. ‘Sept. 


1 I wish to subjoin the character of a remasenlile Scirpus, which has been discov- 
ered this season, near Providence, Rhode Island, by Mr. Olney (the author of a Cata- 
logue of Rhode Island Plants, 1845,) ones name | am desirous it should bear-, 
zm Orxzv: (n. sp. A. Gr. J: PRET im 2-7-pedalibus aphyllis 
capi 


tis; stylo bifido; setis 6 vem bispidulis achenium obovatum 


ode 
Island, Mr. S. T. Olney. This species is most t allied ed to s. pungens, m - 
1 especially arkably 


ous nnd Dr. Kniesk eX from whose specimens I have added the Pm ge 
the achenium ; as the fr vi bos Sled o rin thin eat ia the Elle he 


E NBN ary 


VE DER D: aas > E y m rs TE * ^ 


Plante Lindheimeriana. ; 239 


212. LEPTOCHLOA mucronata, Kunth. August.. 

213. Poa (EnacnosTIS) CAPITATA, Nutt. in Trans. Amer. 
Phil. Soc. (N. Ser.) V. p. 141; the submasculine plant ; and 

214. The subfeminine plant of the same species, which has _ 
the spikelets much less crowded. Sandy places in the Brazos 
bottom. July. 


COLLECTION SECOND, 1844. 


Mr. Lindheimer's Collection of 1844, was made between 
the Brazos near San Felipe, and the Colorado River, in the 
neighborhood of Cat Spring of Mill Creek, the settlement of 
Industry, and thence westward towards the Colorado, and 
along its bottom lands. The prairies are partly of a light and 
even sterile sandy soil, and partly of a stiff clayey soil. The 
bottom lands consist of a stiff black soil, Near Industry, and 
on the Colorado, rocks of a secondary sandstone (probably a 
subcretaceous formation) appear, on which several species of 
Cactus are found. In the prairies ant-hills are not uncom- 
mon, and on old and deserted ones a rich harvest of peculiar 
plants may be made. The numbers run on consecutively 
from the end of the former year's collection. Additional 
` Specimens of the following plants of that collection, gathered 
again in. 1844, are distributed to subscribers (without being 
reckoned) under their former numbers, namely: No. 7. 
Cocculus Carolinus, DC., in fruit. — 8. Streptanthus hya- 
cinthoides, Hook., with linear leaves; the flowers nodding, 
the long siliques erect. — 18. Paronychia Drummondii ; hand- 
Some specimens, gathered in May, just coming into flower. — 
24. Sida Lindheimeri, nob. ; specimens in finer state than 
before, — 29. Rhynchosia minima. — 39. Dalea aurea. 2-40. 
P etalostemon obovatum. Root ligneous, perennial. "The 
Spikes, which are an inch in diameter, are at length prolonged 
- the length of six or eight inches. — 49. Acacia hirta, with 
npe pods.— 51. Acacia Farnesiana; on the Brazos, &c. 
Undoubtedly indigenous, flowering in March. — 55. CEnothera 


940 Engelmann and Gray, 


: speciosa. — 60. Gaura sinuata. — 80. Gutierrezia Texana. — 
83. Solidago leptocephala. — 94. Echinacea angustifolia. — 
96. Helianthus cucumerifolius. — 104. Gaillardia amblyodon. 
— 107. Hymenopappus artemisiefolius ; with the leaves, as 
usual, extremely variable ; some of them occasionally obovate- 
lanceolate, and perfectly entire. — 110. Marshallia czepitosa; 
growing in scattered plants on the dry prairies near the Mill 
Creek. — 137. 'Herpestis cuneifolia, in fruit. — 138. Buchnera 
Americana 8. parviflora, in flower. — 145. Salvia azurea. — 
153. Monarda aristata, which in the inland parts of "Texas 
appears to take the place of M. punctata near the coast.— 
161. Utricularia subulata. — 167. Eriogonum longifolium f. 
plantagineum. — 169. Stillingia sylvatica, in fruit. — 174. 
Euphorbia bicolor. — 175. Aphora mercurialina, in flower. — 
184. Commelyna angustifolia, — 199. Allium mutabile. Shady 
moist places on Mill Creek. April, May. Larger specimens 
than those gathered in 1843, near Houston, 12 to 20 inches 
high, the umbel not bulbiferous. Ovary with. a crown of 
three scales, which disappear as the capsule ripens, (in this 
respect unlike A. stellatum and A. reticulatum,) 6-ovuled ; 
the capsule 1-3-seeded. — 189, Eustylis purpurea: rather 
common between the Brazos and the Colorado. April—Au- 
gust. — 198. Scilla angusta, nob. Dry prairies west of the 
Brazos, April. 4 cH 
215. Brasenta PELTATA, Pursh: Specimens in fine fruit, 
gathered in July in clear rivulets between the Brazos and the 


216. Draga cusErFOLIA, Nutt. in Torr. & Gr. Fl. I. 108. 
Dry grassy places, March.—In some specimens the silicles 
are almost, if not quite, glabrous. D, micrantha, Nutt., which 
differs only in the like respect from D. Caroliniana, is probably 
therefore a mere variety of that species. ao dad 

217. Vesicarta AURICULATA (n. sp.) : annua, caulibus dee 
cumbentibus canescenti-hirsutis ; foliis sparsim pilosis, infimis 

lyrato-pinnatifidis sinuato-dentatisve basi attenuatis, etens 


Planta Lindheimeriana. 2941 


amplexicaulibus repando-dentatis subintegrisve ; petalis obova- 
to-spathulatis sepala pilosa colorata subduplo superantibus ; 
filamentis e basi inflata abrupte subulatis ; antheris linearibus ; 
ovarii loculis 3—4-ovulatis ; stylo cum stigmate globoso siliculis 
vix stipitatis globosis glabris breviore ; seminibus subsex mar- 
ginatis. — Dry prairies near San Felipe. Feb.— March. 

218. NASTURTIUM TANACETIFOLIUM, Hook. & Arn. Sandy 
bottoms. February and March. — Siliques sometimes spread- 
ing or even reflexed : in other cases considerably incurved and 
erect... 

219. iiinis CANESCENS, Aah A very canescent form. 
April — May. . 

.920. Porveana ansa, Nutt. (P. Beyrichii,. Torr & Gr.) 
Prairies. April — May. Lower leaves sometimes obovate- 
spatulate, -.. 

221. Hypericum uacuLATUM, Walt., Torr. & Gr. Margin 
of woods from Galveston to the Celoriho. May; t. 

..999. PARONYCHIA picHorowa, Nuit. Sandstone rocks near 
Industry. Sept. — Oct. 

223. AnENARIA PrTCHERI, Nait, Prairies. March. Betale 
emarginate,. 

924, PrELEA TRIFOLATA, B. MOLLIS, Torr. & Gr. Fl. £4 
680. Along water-courses. Houston to the Colorado. April. 

925. ÆscuLus Pavia, B. piscotor; Torr. y Gr. Dd 
along the banks of Mill creek. . March. 

226, SAPINDUS manemvaTUs, Willd. Popularly called 
“Wild China-tree,” forming trunks about a foot in diameter, 
in fertile woods. The specimens with ripe fruit were onthe 
ered j in August. 

921. Ruamnus ossi Walt. Small dew fotming 
thickets in wet places on the prairie west of San Felipe; = 
ering in. May. With it there is a small-leaved variety, with 

flowers more crowded, &c. 

228. R. LANCEOLATUS, Pursh. "Thickets- March. 

$229. TernRosra: onoenycnomes; Nutti; with short and 
tust: , &c., differing somewhat from the variety 
distributed under Ra 32. West of San Felipe. May. 


AR Engelmann and Gray, 


930. AsTRAGALUS CARYOCARPUS, Ker. Prairies west of San 
Felipe. April. 

231. Lupinus suncarnosus, Hook. Prairies. April. Plant 
5 to 15 inches high, branching from the base, with rather 
smaller and paler flowers and more silky or- woolly inflo- 
rescence than the nearly related L. Texensis,—of which a 
few specimens were intermixed in the collection. 

232. Cassia CHAMÆCRISTA, var. CINEREA, Torr. & 6r. 
Sandy places in woods along the Colorado. August. The 
leaves bear setaceous glands between the 4 to 6 lower pairs 
of leaflets ; the gland below the lowest pair is stipitate ; and 
the 5 alternate anthers are shorter. |. snas. 

233. ArcaRoBTA cLANDULOsa, Torr. & Gr. FI.I. p. 399. 
“This shrub, or small tree, about 10 feet high, with a stem 
6-8 inches in diameter, either grows sparsely or forms thickets 
in the low prairies. It is called musket-tree by the Texans. 
It is first found as a low shrub on the San Bernardo prairie, 
west of San Felipe, but becomes larger and more frequent 
westwardly, giving a new character to the vegetation, as in the 
musket-thickets on the Colorado, along the borders of which 
several Cacti, hereafter enumerated, are abundantly met with. 
It ripens its pods at the end of August.” .Lindheimer.—The 
leaflets vary, often on the same specimen, from narrow linear 
to oblong, and even broadly elliptical. Lindheimer's speck 
mens are some of them in fine fruit, showing that the species 
is totally distinet from .4. dulcis, (of which Bentham con- 
jectured it might perhaps be a variety,) and also presenting 
some peculiarities that call for more particular remark. The 
mature legumes are from 5 to 7 inches long, raised on a SUPE 
which is often an inch in length: they are narrowly linear, 
more or less curved or falcate, very slightly compresse® 
strongly torose, and from 9 to 20-seeded : the epicarp is € 
taceo-membranaceous, and contains a considerable quantity of 
sweet farinaceous pulp which surrounds the seeds, or rather 
the coriaceous investment in which the seeds are singly CoP 


tained. For each seed is enclosed in a distinct and alm 


Plante Lindheimeriana. 243 


bony almond-shaped putamen, derived, we suppose, from the 
endocarp or lining of the carpel, though, for the want of young 
pods, we are unable to trace its formation. But in the ripe 
legume; these several husks, which are perfectly closed, are 
entirely unconnected with each other. They are placed 
obliquely in the pod, of which they occupy nearly the whole 
breadth. The flattened, oval seeds (about 3 lines long) do 
not fill the cavity. On examining an Algarobo pod from 
South America (the fruit, as we presume, of A. dulcis,) we 
find that the seeds are invested by a similar covering, only 
that itis much thinner and paper-like, and apparently does not 
separate spontaneously from the pulp. We have not seen the 
fruit of Prosopis spicigera ; but we hope that this character 
may help to sustain the genus Algarobia, which, after having 
been separated from Prosopis by Mr. Bentham, has since, by 
the same author, been again reduced to a section of that genus. 
Our own species, however, would still have to be distinguished 
subgenerically from the typical Algarobia thus. $ Prrorr- 
RENA. Legumen lineare, subteres, torosum, polyspermum ; 
seminibus singulis in nucleo endocarpico coriaceo inter pulpam 
nidulante clausis, —In a species of Srrompocarpa, collected 
by Capt. Fremont, (the curious fruit of which should separate 
it generically from Algarobia,) this papery lining is continuous, 
or merely collapsed where the seeds are deficient. . 
- SCHRANKIA ANGUSTATA, Torr. & Gr. l.c. May — 
‘August... - 
235. Desmanravs mnacuvnosus, Benth. (Darlingtonia, 
DC); the var. glandulosa, Torr. & Gr. under Darlingtonia ; 
— fruiting specimens, collected in July. - Es uude 
936. Prunus GLANDULosa, Hook.; Torr. & Gr.. Lo 
“Low shrubs on sandy hills west of the Brazos, flowering m 
February. Fruit yellowish-red, as large as a middle-sized cher- 
1y.” Lindheimer. It is probably a Prunus, therefore, but 
the half-grown fruit upon one of our specimens is juiceless, 
and still clothed with the tomentum of the ovary: ^ | 
' 937. P. onacitis (n. sp.): ramis subinermibus ; foliis lan- 


944 Engelmann and Gray, 


ceolato-oblongis vel ovato-lanceolatis utrinque acutis grosse 
serratis (serraturis plerumque patentibus mucronulatis eglan- 
dulosis) supra puberulis subtus cum petiolis brevibus eglandu- 
losis tomentoso-pubescentibus; stipulis setaceis glanduliferis 
petiolum squantibus; umbellulis 2-3-floris; pedicellis calyci- 
- busque (laciniis ovatis obtusiusculis) pubescentibus; petalis 
orbiculatis; ovario glabro. — P. Chicasa 8? normalis, Torr. § 
Gr. Fl. I. p. 467. Open post-oak woods west of the Brazos, 
where it is called Post-Oak Plum. A low shrub, with leaves 
only one to two inches long. Doubtless a distinct Species, 
which should stand between P. Chicasa and P. glandulosa. 
938. CExorurna sERRULATA, 0. SPINULOSA; Torr. & Gr. An 
unusually large-flowered form ; the petals an inch in length. 
Sandy, dry, or moist prairies. May — June. 3 
239. GAURA LONGIFLORA (Spach): elata, pilis brevibus 
"undique canescenti-puberula ; caule erecto paniculato-ramo- 
sissimo ; foliis lanceolatis lineari-lanceolatisve utrinque angusta- 
tis mucronato-acuminatis, sparsim repando-denticulatis, rameis 
multo minoribus linearibus integerrimis; spicis ramosis laxi- 
floris; bracteis linearibus deciduis; calycis segmentis tubum 
plerumque superantibus ; petalis spathulatis longe unguicu 
calyce et staminibus brevioribus ; nuce sessili ovata canescente 
4-carinata nervis 4 intermediis leviter notata. — G. exaltata, 
Engel. MSS. G. biennis, 8. Pitcheri, Torr. & Gr. Ft. I 
p. 517. — Prairies at the margin of woods between the Brazos 
and the Colorado, &c., where it often exclusively covers large 
spaces of ground ; flowering in August and September. Plant 
taller and much more branching than G- biennis (6 —9 feet 
high) with narrower leaves, smaller flowers (the pe ad 
ing from white to reddish,) and much smaller and, when npe; 
rounder fruit. The G. filipes, 4. major, Torr. & Gr. I, c, 18 
confused with this species. Spach described from an imper- 
fect specimen collected in Louisiana, by Drummond. - 
specific name has no particular applicability. 
. 940. G. Daummonnu, Torr. & Gr. lc: Dry banks and 
‘road sides. Canescently pubescent; the leaves often sinuale" 


Plante Lindheimeriane. A - 
toothed, calyx-segmehts longer than the tube. Petals deep 


red in the dried specimens. 

941. G. parvirtora, Dougl. Sandy prairies, &c. July 
— August. Ovaries and fruit clothed with a .close, soft 
pubescence, i 

242. STENOSIPHON vIrGATUS, Spach. High prairies on the 
Colorado, and on rocky soil. " 

943. Jusstma occrpENTALIs, Nuit. Along rivulets. July. 
Petals obcordate. | 

/944. Opuntia FRAGILIS, Nutt., var. rrutescens. (O. fru- 
tescens, Engel. MSS.) Near the Musket-thickets, (vide No. 
233,) on the Colorado ; often acquiring the height of four or 
five feet, with a branching ligneous stem, covered with light 
gray bark, and sometimes with lichens. It bears bunches of 
small capillary spines, with one larger one (4-5 lines long ;) 
these disappear from the older stems. "The wood is hard and 
close-grained. The younger branches are green and terete, 
(or angular when withered,) and bear the ultimate articula- 
tions, which are about an inch long, and very easily break off. 

hese bear when young, like other Opuntie, short terete 
Subulate leaves, with a single spine in their axils, and above 
this a bunch of small ones. The specimens are not in flower, 
but are covered with the obovate umbilicate searlet fruits, 
Which are about eight lines long, fleshy, but not juicy, and 
contain very few (2-5). white, ‘compressed seeds. What is 
most remarkable, these fruits are often proliferous, and bear 
from one to four or five new branches from the upper 
bunches of spines. The fruit either falls off with these 
branches, or else dries up, persists and finally forms part of 
the Stem.! - + ú Pr te " 


! Though a : lide doubt thapghis is - 
nga unable to institute a proper comparison, I have : 
i fragilis of Nuttall, attaining s^fuller growth in that warm region than on the 
though not in j 
(most of them 


n : lmann, whose account of them is 
a flowering state, by Dr -— nor myself have access to 


A _ Engelmann and Gray, 


945. SEDUM sparsirLorum, Nutt. Naked places in the 
San Bernardo prairie, between the Brazos and the caeno 
April — May. 


any adequate or authentic collection of Cacti, so as to institute the proper com- 
parisons. . Gg. 
** Mr. Lindheimer has sent seven other Cacti, mostly in living specimens, namely: 
1. Opuntia, sp. without fruit or flower, probably O, D It attains the 
—— of several feet, with large obovate joints, and a few 
: - Miodio? Perhaps O. ena ut very » ny. 
—" 3. MAMMILARIA SIMILIS (n. sp.): cæspitosa; axillis tuberculorum juniorum 
paulo tomentosis demum glabris; tuberculis ovatis supra leviter sulcatis (sulco 
jasi j qualibus 


radiantib mdatis ; 
sparsis globosis coccineis. — Sandstone rocks, near Industry. Evidently near M. 
simplex, at least to Nuttall’s sii of that name, bit cespitose, forming tufts often @ 
A— in diameter. Flowers not seen. Berries scarlet, of the size of a large pea. 
Seeds numerous, subglobose, serobieulate, Pom with. an m white hilum. 
: ed living plants but ers ton not p flow red. 
4. M A (n. 


M 
8g 
b: 
i: 
e 
o 
un 
DB. 
— 
i<j 
3 
oO 
E 
Ic] 
5 
SER 
wa 

To 
f=] 
e. 

NE C. 
EC 
a 
© 
* 
nm 
Q. 


evt; e. is 
petalis longioribus lanceolatis apicem versus ciliato erosis medals sordide flavis 
ad basin intus filamentisque brevibus rubicundis; stylo supra stamina exserto ; 
bus 7-10 flavis; baccis oblongis virescentibus.— With the preceding. 


iameter. 
distinct section. From that species it abundantly — only in the color of the 
flower and the spines, but in the entire and smooth se pals, (ilte vs petals, &c. 
] 


s; floribus minutis solitariis e macula subtomentosa supra l 
aculeorum ortis ; sepalis i in tubum concretis, apicibus liberis late ovatis acuminat 
spariosis ma rgine fimbriatis; fructibus seminibus ovatis 
opacis minutim tuberculatis. Mid dicio on die" Colo rado River. Near 
E. tenuispinus, Link g- es from Brazil. Our imens are about two "E 
in diameter, and an inch and a half high, with pee sharp ribs separa 
t a grooves. The A Dee are fifteen lines long. Flowers ripe ^d 

nes 
A. R. Lenis (n.. sp.): ening eet ADR tomentoso ; costis 
= _Vertigalibus acutis subundulatis ; spini cicatrice to-lanceolata tomentosa 
transversim piete striatis, exteriori- 
bus 6-7 inequalibus . MURS, P centrali recurvata multo bre brevioribus ; 
floribus e vertice depr inorum 


os mentoso ex axillis fasciculorum spi 
venienti conterteini cds ipd. aa in tubum brevem iai 


Plante Lindheimeriane. 0941 


846. Gariuw vircatum, Nutt. Prairies. April. 

247. Dropia rricocca, Torr. & Gr. Fl. II. p. 30. Fertile 
places in the prairie, sixteen miles west of San Felipe. (Also 
collected by Dr. Wright.) June. Cespitose, depressed, and 
very much branched. All the specimens examined are tri- 
carpellary. 

948. SeraELIA Texana, A. DC. Prodr.IX. p. 5. (Ceelos- 
tylis, Torr. & Gr.) Shady woods along the Mill-creek west 
of San Felipe. July. i 

| 949. Aster Drummonpn, Líndi. Shady, moist woods 
and thickets. - September — October. 'This species exhibits 
many varieties, in respect to pubescence, and smoothness or 
roughness. Among them the A. urophyllus and A. hirtellus 
of Lindley, are probably to be identified. 

950. CuxroPaAPPA AsTEROrpES, D C. Dry prairies. April 
to July. - 


Petalis (40-50) lineari. oblongis margine fimbriato-laceris apice bifidis aristatis ; 
staminibus nu umerosissimis zqualibus inclusis e toto bc ortis stylo compresso 
urhis ; stigmate inira 14-17-fido. — On, deserted ant-hills, near the 
Colorado River, Often a foot in diameter: our pe ioe are eight or nine en 
in diameter ter, and four or five inches high, Spines strongly annulate, stout, the 
larger ones often two inches long. Flowers paar two inches in length, twelve or 
mote aggregated in the woolly centre. The s at the base are scarlet, EE 
lo orange, - Which a pale purple or violet re extends to the apex, and 
into a delicate bristle of the same color, while the upper part of the veut is 
ore Peirus white, Tak deci margins. The flowers remain for three days, expanding 
i 
- Cer € OXSPITOSUS (n. sp.): ovato-globosus demum cylindricus, — de- 
meni Sati sub-15 e tuberculis confluentibus ortis rectis aculeis 
numerosis ex eile oblonga albo- ibméntose — glabrata radiatis n ne recurvis, 
lateralibus Jo dudes ibus ; floribus 


labris y ite ow virescentibus, intimis la 
z tis ; seals 

a voie 
dine viridi i 
of San. F i infundibuliformi 13-partito 


m * 
tno inches broad when fully expanded. Petals rose-purple. Filaments reddish at 
Yellow at the summit,” ENGEL. x : 

wey eo 


ova- 
rio oblongo tubereulis e e lana y illosa spinigeris stipato; sepalis - aa apice a 
lanceolatis — 


- 948 Engelmann and Gray, 


951. Berus mNTEGRIFOLIA, Michz. A form with smaller 
heads and fewer rays than usual. Prairies. April — May. 

252. SoLrpaAco AxcusTIFOLIA, Ell., Torr. & Gr.l.c. Wet 
prairies (and even on dry soil) and banks of rivulets, very. 
remote from salt water. June — August. 

253. IsorAPPUs pivaricatus, Torr. é& Gr. FT. II. p. 239. 
Light sandy soil. August — September. 

254. I. Hooxertanus, Torr. & Gr.l. c. Sandy prairies 
and on sandstone rocks on the Cólorado. September. The 
specimens vary from six inches to two feet high; some are 
simple, others much branched from the base. The rigid 
leaves are narrowly spatulate-lanceolate ; the heads pretty 
numerous, on short erect peduncles. 

955. GRINDELIA IÑULOIDES, Willd. Prairies west of San 
Felipe. July August. Stem. five to six feet high, branch- 
ing only above. 

956. CALYMMANDRA canpipa, Torr. & Gr. l c. Open 
woods west of the Brazos. April — May.’ 

. 951. Sirenum scaBEnnIMUM, Ell. Woods near Industry. 
May — July. 

258. Harea Lupovrerana, Torr. & Gr. Fl. IL. p. 304. 
Sandy post-oak woods, west of the Brazos. May — August. 
— Lowest leaves rhombic-ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, acute Or 
acuminate, abruptly contracted into winged petioles early 
as long as the blades, which are somewhat connate at the 

. Exterior involucre with four rather strongly marked 
Salient angles at the junction of the scales, whitish-tomentose 
inside. : " 

859. HELIANTHUS LENTICULARIS, Dougl. Low woods and 
wet prairies. July — August. - In rich bottom woods it often 
attains the height of ten or twelve feet, with the lower leaves 
six to eight inches broad. Flowers two and a half to three 
and a half inches in diameter; achenia oval, thicker than 1$ 
usual in the genus. ~ | . 

Tus rs to be this 


! Preaocavion vincATUM, DC. A few dificimens of what appears 
West Indian species, were gathered near Houston, in open pine woods. September 


Plante Lindheimeriane. 949 


260. H. MaxrurLiAwr, Schrad. Prairies, margin of woods 
and deserted fields; common from Houston to the Colorado, 
flowering in.October and November. Stems four to seven 
feet high, much branched. Well distinguished by the great 
and equable cinereous roughness of the stem, and of both 
surfaces of the lanceolate attenuate-acuminate leaves. It 
becomes, however, much less rough in cultivation. 

261..H. Maxiinrant, B asperrmus, A variety of the 
last, as we take it to be, with a simple stem, two to three and 
. anda half feet high, bearing solitary or few heads. Prairies 

between the Brazos and the Colorado, forming large patches. 
October. © - to 7 tasiidio aibi ries 

262. H. cnossr-sEnnaTUs, Martens: the same form, with 
the large leaves silvery-tomentose beneath, which was col- 
lected in Texas by Drummond, and which, as it best deserves 
the specific name, is assumed in Torr. & Gr. Fl. 1. c. as the 
type of this variable species. Banks of rivulets and margin of 
Woods. August — October. 3 

263. - H. GROssE-sERRATUS, 8 Torr. & Gr. Fl. l. c. A 
less canescent variety, with the stem, although somewhat 
glaucous, slightly scabrous throughout. Prairies, &c., with 

: Maximiliani, - p Cire 

264, Cosmipium PILIFOLIUM, Torr. & Gr. Fl. M. p. 350. 
Prairiés west of the Brazos. May — June. - This is.really a 
Perennial, and proves quite ornamental in cultivation. It 
extends as far north as the south-western borders of Missouri. 
965. Dysopra racerorpes, Torr. & Gr. FL II. p. 361. Wet 
Prairies, and on sandstone hills of Mill-creek. August. "This. 
5 also a perennial. The dots of the leaves are orange-yellow. 

266. Panaroxia Hookera, Torr. & Gr. L. c. Sandy 
Post-oak woods; near Industry. - August. We have it in cul- 
tivation, from Lindheimer's seeds. The flowers are rose-color 
or deep flesh-color, and about two inches in diameter; the 
‘ays large and conspicuous, but often-irtegular,and some of 
them palmate. 2 d 
961. Acrineria LiwEARreOLIa, Torr. & Gr. |. c. De- 

VOL, v, 17 


250 Engelmann and Gray, 


clivity of sandstone hills near Industry. May saa Rays 
yellow, turning white when fading. 

268 & 269. Senecio AMPULLACEUS, (Hooks): annuus vel 
biennis; caule erecto fistuloso striato- superne ramoso ; foliis 
inferioribus - obovato-spathulatis in petiolum decurrentibus, 
superioribus ovato-lanceolatis acutis basi subcordata semiam- 
plexicaulibus, omnibus subintegris vel denticulatis; cyma co- 
rymbosa ; pedicellis apice demum incrassatis ; involucro squa- 
mis setaceis paucis ealyepiató; ; radiis 7-9; acheniis: iugi 
canescentibus. 

Var. « enagERRIMUS (No. 268) : caule foliisque angus 
oribus subintegerrimis glabris. Wet prairies. 

. Var. 8 rnoccosus (No. 269) : - caule folüeqtte junioribus 
latioribus cano-floccosis ; superioribus e basi latiore acumina- 
tis, nunc grosse repando-dentatis. — Sandy prairies in loose, 
dry soil. April. Both forms are certainly annual or biennial. 

270. LvaopEswia aPHYLLA; 9 Texana, Torr. & GT. FL 
Il. p. 485. Prairies. June — July. Roots penetrating deep 
into the soil. Some of the radical leaves are runcinate-pinna- 
tifid, with subulate lobes.  . 

271. PYRRHOPAPPUS GRANDIFLORUS, ., Nutt. Prairies, neat 
San Felipe. April. Perennial; the slender perpendicular 
root enlarging, at the depth of a few inches, into an oblong 
tuber, similar to the root of Cynthia Dandelion. Scapes 
several from one root, with or without a bract in the middle. . 

ROTON AscLEPIAS (Oraria) LINDHEIMERI: (n. sp:): md 
perpendiculari inerassata caulem herbaceum  pubescentem 
singulum erectum (vel plures adscendentes) emittente ; foliis 
oppositis ovatis obtusis (aut rarius. ipii basi nunc st 
cordatis breviter petiolatis. utrinque puberulis pedunculis 
brevissimis lateralibus ; ; pedicellis. gracilibus pubescentibus 
corolle laciniis acutiusculis subduplo longioribus ; cucullis ad 
apicem sensim dilatatis subtrilobatis; processu bifurco, ramo 
altero brevi incluso recto, altero longiore incurvo exserto ; 
folliculis ovato-lanceolatis acuminatis puberulis carina exteriore 
‘setulis mollibus pl. m. conspersis. — Black, ‘daniy soil, ı p 


Plante Lindheimeriarie. 951 


Industry. June — August. Also, in Drummond's Texan 
Collection. Stems six to sixteen inches high, from a very - 
thick perpendicular root. Leaves mostly broadly oval, and 
obtuse. Flowers large and greenish: calyx pubescent, one- 
third the length of the corolla. Follicles ovate-lanceolate, and 
with a long acuminátion, ** 8-angled, the angles often some- 
"What tuberculated ; the outer one furnished with soft spines, 
or a dentated crest." Lindheimer. This species is nearly 
allied to A. longicornu, Benth., which we find has a similar 
gynostegium, only a little more decidedly 3-lobed at the apex, 
as well as a bifurcated horn, both lobes of which are shorter 
than in our species. There is also a bifurcated horn in 
A. obtusifolia. cci cmn laa 
73. GonoLosus CYNANCHOIDES (n. sp.): caulibus pluribus 
€ radice subtuberoso debilibus basi ramosis adscendentibus 
pilosis} ramis teretibus ; foliis inferioribus. late ovatis, summis 
lanceolato-ovatis, omnibus basi cordatis breviter petiolatis sub- 
lus presertim pubescentibus acutiusculis vel acutatis; pedun- 
culis subnullis vel brevissimis bifloris ; pedicellis basi subulato- 
braeteolatis petiolo sublongioribus ; corolle rotati-campanulatee 
lobis ovatis obtusis intus glaberrimis (extus parce pilosis) 
calycis segmenta ovato-oblonga acuta pilosa excedentibus; 
corona staminea cyathiformi gynostegii-basin cingente 5-loba, 
lobis rotundatis crassiusculis margine tenuiori cinctis, supra 
processu lineari scaphoideo arcuato instructis ; folliculis ovoi- 
deis utrinque attenuatis coriaceis muricatis pubescentibus ; 
seminibus (rufis) orbiculatis marginatis comosis. — Sandy soil, 
IR open woods, near Industry. April — June. (Also, No. 190 
and 203 of Drummond’s second, and 237 of the third Texan 
has Stems 6 to 15 inches high, diffuse ; leaves 1-2 
inches long, cordate, with an open sinus; the uppermost some- 
times almost truncate at the base. . Corolla greenish purple, 
about two lines in diameter. ‘The fleshy lobes of the cup- 
shaped coron: are furnished in the middle with a small pro- 
cess, which is connected at the base with the mid-nerve of 
anther, and is free and incurved at the obtuse point, the 


252 Engelmann and Gray, 


upper surface of which is excavated. . The membranaceous 
cusps of the anther are triangular acute, and partly cover the 
very obtusely 5-angular and somewhat convex stigma. The 
- small horizontal pollen-masses are oblong, slightly curved, and 
scarcely attenuated at the exterior (attached) end. — From 
the description, there can be little doubt that this plant is a 
congener of Chthamalia biflora, and C. pubiflora, Decaisne, 
in DC. prodr., from which it differs in the glabrous corolla, 
etc. ; but surely it cannot be separated from Gonolobus, as that 
genus is left by Decaisne. The corona of Gonolobus, charac- 
terized as * annuliformis undulato-lobata, lobis integris prom- 
inentibus," exhibits great diversities in the admitted species, 
from the proper annular and 5-lobed crown of G. levis, to 
the campanulate one, with 10 long subulate and 5 short trian- 
gular teeth, of G. macrophyllus and G. hirsutus. 

_ 914. Evsroma RussELLIANUM, Don, Griseb. . e wet 
prairies. July — August. 

. 815. Raog Bicis, Hook. Sandy soil, near r water 


rses. 

96. ConvoLvoLUS (Srviasua) PickERINGII, Tore. Dry; 
sandy prairies. May — July. — Specifically distinct, we sus- 
pect, from the C. tenellus, Lam. to which Choisy joins it.' 

911. Cuscura cuspmara B. . Vidé No. 195, supra. i Bot- 
tom lands of the Colorado River. August. - ~ 
. $278. Lirnosrermum Brevirtorum (n. sp.) : caulibus soli- 
tariis, vel- plurimis e radice nigro-purpurea fusiformi erectis 
apice ramosis, foliisque linearibus lineari-lanceolatisve margine 
revolutis utrinque strigoso-canescentibus ; floribus s 
latis; corolla calycis lacinias lineares strigosas viX equante 
fauce exannulata, lobis erectis (an semper ) minutissume 
crenulatis ; nucibus albidis UK ovatis acutis, intus acute 


-1 The htio also comprises a few specimens of Convolvulus hasta : 
in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (n. ser.), V. p. 174: which name, being several times pre- 
ipie |, we propose for it the name of C. tosATvs. Sandstone rocks, near vui 
May, June. Stems prostrate, 8-4 feet Met Flowers rather. small, white. - 
Wright has also s nti Som the Colorado. te ee 


Sie 


Plante Lindheimeriana. 253 


carinatis. et impresso-punctatis. — L. Mandanense, Torr. in 
Nicollet, Rep. p. 155, non Hook. — Clayey prairies, near In- - 
dustry. April, May. A foot high. Leaves rather scabrous 
above, almost exactly like those of L. longiflorum (L. incisum, 
Lehm.); the radical somewhat oblanceolate. Lobes of the 
corolla hirsute on the outside. Except the flowers, the plant has 
wholly the aspect of L. longiflorum ; but the corolla is shorter 
than in L. Mandanense, and entirely destitute of the append- 
ages in the throat, unless their rudiments may be obscurely 
discerned in the sinuses, not opposite the lobes of the corolla. 
“279. Euroca srRICTIFLORA (n. sp.) : cinereo-hirsuta ; cau- 
libus plurimis simplicibus e radice annua adscendentibus ; fo- 
liis pinnatifidis lanceolato-oblongis (seu primordialibus integris 
obovatis), inferioribus in petiolum attenuatis lobis brevibus. 
obtusis, superioribus sessilibus lobis lanceolatis acutiusculis ; 
racemis terminalibus multifloris elongatis arcte secundis, fructi- 
feris strictis ; calycis laciniis spathulato-linearibus, fructiferis 
erectis auctis pedicello appresso parum longioribus ; corolla 
late campanulata calyce sesquilongioribus, tubo obscure 10- 
squamigero ; filamentis pilosiusculis inclusis ; ovario 14-20- 
ovulato ; capsula plerumque 12-sperma.— Sandy soil on the 
banks of the Brazos near San Felipe. March. A span high ; 
the whole plant almost hoary with a hirsute pubescence. 
Radical leaves with about 5, the upper cauline with 2 or 3 
pairs of lobes. The erect calyx-segments as well as the pedi- 
cels give the crowded racemes in fruit a very stiff and strict 
appearance. Corolla apparently blue, a little hairy externally j 

margin very obscurely erose-crenulate ; the tube farnished 
at the base with 5 pairs of linear and narrow appendages 


which are adherent by the whole margin, so as to form 5 rather ! 
Inconspicuous grooves which alternate with the stamens. "The 
Corolla is almost an inch in diameter in Lindheimer’s speci- 
mens. ‘The same species occurs in Drummond’s Collection 
3. No. 298) apparently with smaller flowers. — 

: 280. E. PATULIFLORA (n.. sp.) : pubescens, subcinerea ; 


caulibus e radice annua diffusis ramosis; foliis spathulato- 


254 Engelmann and Gray, 


oblongis obovatisve membranaceis pinnatifido-dentatis vel in- 
cisis basi angustatis sessilibus vel infimis petiolatis, dentibus 
subovatis obtusis ; racemis terminalibus simplicibus secundis; 
calycis laciniis oblongis, fructiferis subspathulatis patulis pedi- 
cello filiformi patente seu reflexo multum brevioribus ; corolla 
late campanulata calycem parum excedentibus, tubo obscure 
10-squamigero ; filamentis pilosiusculis inclusis ; ovario 14-16- 
ovulato ; capsula circiter 12-sperma.— Woods near San Fe- 
lipe. "March —April. Stems 6 to 12 inches long, often. de- 
cumbent. Whole plant with-somewhat the habit of Eutoca 
viscida, but riot glandular. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long. Ra- 
cemes lax; the spreading pedicels an inch long in fruit. 
Corolla ics smaller than in the foregoing species, deep blue, 
yellow at the base ; the margin of- the lobes somewhat erose ; 
the li small squamelle also as in E. strictiflora. 
— We can discern the obscure rudiments of the tubal ap- 
pendages in the corolla of Eutoca viscida. In E. hirsuta 
(Phacelia, Nutt.) No. 134 of. this - collection, they are very 
narrow but-are distinctly visible under the microscope ; as 
also in the ‘nearly allied E. ‘parviflora. Hence we should 
have no hesitation in restoring the genus Cosmanthus © e 
Nolte and-Alph. DC. to Edtóctr and Phacelia.’ 
.. 981. Sovanum mammosum, Linn. ? ? -Road-sides in prairies 
between the Brazos and the Colorado. June. A stout 
branching perennial, with — more canescent and iat 
leaves than S. Caroline 

282. PENTSTEMON M pentax, Hook. Bot. Mag. t 3472. 
Dry sandy soil in open woods west of the Brazos. May — 
June. The splendid flame-colored flowers, with a scarlet bor- 
der, form. a pleasing contrast with the bluish glaucous leaves. 
Pedicels erect; the flowers horizontal. 

apa. hup SPHEROCARPA; Ell. Along ea and rive 


a ! Eorock GLABRA = Phacelia URS, Nutt. l, c. Of this a very few specimens 
were collected by Lindheimer. Fine specimens in fruit exist in Drummond's Micon 
Coll m. No, 202." — frau 6-seeded, ‘The calyx-segments in 


Plante Lindheimeriane. 255 


ulets, flowering from February to April, and also through the 
summer. ( ud 
984. CasriLLEJA INDIVISA (Engel. MSS.) + ** piloso-hispi-- 
da; foliis integris lineari-lanceolatis acutis basi pleraque rotun- 
datis, floralibus apice ovato- vel obovato-dilatatis coloratis ; 
spica demum elongata ; calycis lobis late obovatis apice colora- 
tis truncatis retusisve corolla paulo vel vix longioribus. — Valde 
affinis quoad flores C. coccinea, et quoad folia C. lithospermi- 
folie, ab illa imprimis foliis indivisis, ab hac statura sepius 
elatiore differt, foliis acutioribus et. capsulis» majoribus." 
Benth. in DC. prodr. ined. — Prairies from: Houston to-the 
Colorado: March to June. Also collected by Drummond and. 
Berlandier. - Witte ainsi 
285. Heproma Drummonnu, Benth.: but the verticillastri 
are only about 3-flowered, and the corolla is » w much 
exseried.' Yet it is certainly the same species as Nos. 276 
and 278 of Drummond’s Third Texan Collection. — Sandstone 
rocks near Industry. July. "The whole plant has the taste 
. and odor of lemon-peel. - I 
The two following Labiate plants, upon which Dr. Engel- 
mann proposes to establish two new genera, viz., No, 286. 
Stachyastrum (so called from the resemblance of the plant to 
Stachys in habit) ; and 287. Brazoria (from the habitat on 
the river Brazos,) we think may, notwithstanding minor dif- 
Tences, be properly associated in a single genus, which will 
be well distinguished from Physostegia by the inflated bilabiate 
calyx which becómes closed in fruit by the inflexion of the 
erlip. 'The genus should perhaps be referred to the tribe 
Scutellarinee rather than Stachydez. It may be thus charac- 
BRAZORIA, Gen. oe — 00 
, Calyx late campanulatus, bilabiatus (labio superiore breviter 
?-lobo, inferiore 2-lobo) per anthesin inflatus, post anthesin e 


- 
Pd 


,rectione labii inferioris clausus, indistincte nervosus, reticu- 
"-venosus. Corolla tubo longe exserto, fauce inflata ; limbi 


256 Engelmann and Gray, A 


bilabiati labio superiore erecto subgaleato breviter bilobo vel 
integro, inferiore profunde trifido, lobis rotundatis patentibus 
seu recurvis. Stamina 4, sub labio superiore adscendentia : 
filamenta supra medium corollz adnata, ubi pilosa, inferioribus 
eminentibus: antherz approximate ; loculis distinctis divari- 
cantibus ad rimam pl. m. ciliatis. -Stylus glaber apice æquali- 
ter bifidus, lobis subulatis. Achenia sicca. — Herb: annus, 
"Texans, facie folis et inflorescentia Physostegie. Corolla 
incarnata, fauce luteola. | 
$ 1. Eusnazomi. Calycis lobi latissimi, truncati, subeequa- 
les, mucronato-denticulati: corolla majuscula tubo prope basin 
piloso-annulato; fauce infra labium inferiorem intrusa quodam- 
modo palatum efficiente ; lobis omnibus eroso-crenulatis, iisdem 
labii inferioris æqualibus, apice bilobis: achenia triangulata, 
pubera. |. T 
286. Brazorra TRUNCATA = Physostegia truncata, Benth. 
Lab. p. 505 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3494. — Sandy soil on de- 
serted ant-hills, &c., in the prairies along the Brazos: May — 
June. It was first collected by Drummond (No. 274 of the 
Third Collection) ; and has since been gathered on the Colo- 
rado by Dr. Wright. . Stem pubescent, scarcely a foot high. 
Spike dense. Calyx hairy at the base, especially after flower- 
ing. Flowers nearly as large as in Physostegia Virginiana : 
the tube of the corolla spotted with purple. "The lobes of the 
lower lip of the calyx are usually merely mucronulate in the 
middle ; those of the upper are erose-denticulate with muero- 
nulate teeth. In fruit the achenia are contained in a gibbous 
cavity belonging to the upper side of the calyx: this is closed 
by the inflexion of the lower lip, which is appressed to the 
face of the upper, or partly wrapped around it; so that the 
fructiferous calyx is flat on the lower side, and very gibbous at 
the base of the upper side. | | : 
.$ 9. Sracuyasrrum. Calycis sub-7-nervis labium supers 
latum, lobis rotundatis; inferius angustum, lobis triangu- 
ari-lanceolatis, omnibus cuspidato-mucronatis : corolla SDRE 
nulata, parvula; lobo medio labii inferioris cwteris major» 


Plante Lindheimeriane. 951 


retuso, marginibus in omnibus fere integerrimis: achenia sub- 
globosa, lxvia. 

V 287. B. scurELLARIOIDES, n. sp.—In heavy black soil on 
the prairies near Cat Spring, west of the Brazos: April, May. 
The plant was also collected by Drummond, and specimens 
were distributed, under No. 274, of the Third Collection, 
mixed with B. truncata, which it greatly resembles in habit 
and foliage. The stem is glabrous, however, though the in- 
florescente, as well as the calyx, is minutely pubescent. The 
flowers are scarcely half. the size of the preceding: the calyx 
is more deeply bilabiate, and the lobes, except the middle one 
of the upper lip, pointed with a rather conspicuous cusp? in 
fruit the upper lobes are somewhat curved backwards, while 
the narrow lower lip is incurved, so as nearly to p the ori- 
fice... Corolla flesh-color: anthers purplish: — - 

988. PuysosrEGIA INTERMEDIA = Scheele interme- 
dium, Nutt. in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. l. c. Wet prairies 
West of San Felipe, growing in patches, — a smaller plant than 
P. Virginiana, with a much more slender spike. The cauline 
leaves, especially the upper ones, are broadest and cordate at 

e, and serrate throughout. Our plant accords - 
No. 275 of Drummond's Third Texan Collection. No. 974 
is a form with acute and more entire leaves, more nearly that 
described by Nuttall. -It is difficult to distinguish the — 
sufficiently from some forms of P. Virginiana. © 

989. VERBENA BIPINNATIFIDA — Glandularia bipinnatifida, 
Nutt, in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. l. è. Rich prairies, &c. 

» April. A plant with more prostrate and radican y 
sterile Stems, more dissected leaves, denser spikes, smaller 
oe shorter calyx, and also more hirsute than V. Aubletia. 

290. Dipreracanruus ($ MeropHanes, corolla parva cadu- 

ea, TN Vix expansa) MicRANTHUS (n. sp-): subglaber, caule 

erecto ramoso ; foliis lanceolato-oblongis subintegerrimis utrin- 
que acutis in Soia brevem attenuatis, junioribus ciliatis ; 

, Cymulis paucifloris subsessilibus dxillaribus bracteis ovalibus 

brevioribus ; calycis laciniis subulato-lanceolatis piloso-ciliatis 

Corollam i inconspicuam capsulamque 8-spermam :equantibus. 


258 Engelmann and Gray, 


—Low woods between the Brazos and the Colorado: June— 
Sept. Also collected by Drummond (Coll. II. No. -202.). 
(In similar situations; near St. Louis, Engelmann, and Ala- 
bama, Buckley.)— Plant 1 to 3 feet high, with much the 
aspect of D. strepens in fruit, except that the leaves-are nar- 
rower (the lower cauline barely ovate-oblong,) or of D. hybri- 
dus (but nearly glabrous,) but remarkable for its quite 
inconspicuous flowers. Corolla only about. four lines long, 
whitish, the limb perhaps very rarely expanding, 5-toothed. - 
Filaments conspicuously connate by pairs at the base in a 
ligula: anthers muticous. Style somewhat hairy : one of the 
lobes of the stigma abortive, the remaining one apio 
Capsule and seeds as in D. strepens, &c. 

291. Dianruera Americana, Linn. Creeks of the Colo- 
rado; July— Aug.— Seeds destitute of the mucilaginous 
— and Padi apu hairs of sacrae dts (d 


1 "There are two other Well- c new species of pU (oe m 
Drummond's Texan Collection, 
* = Davmaoxo1t (Torr. d. Gr, MSS. ): cinereo- “pubescens et pilis ee hir- 


m usiusculis 
; foliis oblong: 
d me us in axillis aubécitariis — peduncuati 
vel. cbscesiibus bracteis pect ; calycis laciniis filiformibus hirtis tubo bo corol- 


le infundibuliformis multum bre ioribus rage clavato- seoidentn 4-spermam ex- 
cedentibus. — Stems 6 to 20 inches high. Leaves 11-2 inches long, somewhat erect; 
about the length of the internodes, or the upper more approximate usually Very ™ 
at the ba ase. Corolla 21 inches love, the slender tube 2 infundibuliform at the 
Meis muticous. — Var. e. Tex. Drum. Col - A 220, and I 

og. Very hi te and. more branched. ET iH. om 

EIL sire) LINEARIS (Torr. d- Gr. MSS.): hone cohen ed 
libus e basi lignosa ramosissimis s diffüsis ; Re line 


obtusis basi attenuatis subsessilibus ; foribus solitariis priui m birtis 
silibus ; bracteis foliis conformibus calycem su pene calycis lacinus 0/77 
subulato-setaceis tubum coroll» paulo decide S caps Pd ue 


exas, 

- No. 178. Also near Columbus, -Dr.. Wright. se or branches a or 
— an inch in length. Corolla about as large as D. (Calaphanes) Joiforaw ; 

longifolia d the limb somew wp 
the above-mentioned species, united below into a short. tube. Anthers m 
. . the cells vele rin at the base. Stigma ad ae eis ‘The 
form; the each separating e two tbrough th ssepiment. -We 
E D irs (t (Ruellia Mile ae) » pem m 


are very s 
E f the 


Plante Lindheimeriane. 959 


292. UTRICULARIA prrsonata, Le Conte, DC. Not suffi- 
ciently distinguishable from U. cornuta. — Wet soil. April. 
293. Oxyparnus PiLOsA? = Alliona ovata, Pursh. - Caly- 
menia pilosa, Nutt.—Both bad names, as the stem and 
leaves are sometimes nearly glabrous, and the leaves are mostly 
oblong-lanceolate. Prairies west of the Brazos, J uly, August. 
Leaves on very short petioles. -Involucre 2-flowered. Stamens 
4-5, exserted. (Also collected in Texas, by Dr. Wright.) = 
294. Borrnavia pirrvsa, Willd. Roadsides and prairies; 
a common weed. September — October. - US 
:995. Rivina rogrTULACCorDzs, Nutt. in Trans, Amer. Phil. 
Soc. l: c. Woods and prairies, near Industry. June — Oc- 
tober. — A perennial herb, with a ligneous rhizoma. = =- 
7^ 996. Potyconum cristatum (n. sp.): caule herbaceo volu- 
bili angulato-striato; foliis e basi subcordata: vel truncata’ 
triangularibus - acuminatis margine scabris; floribus in axillis 
foliorum glomeratis seu in spicas foliaceas laxe dispositis ; 
floribus octandris; stigmatibus 3 sessilibus ; laciniis perigonii 
fructiferis tria exterioribus cristato-alatis, alis crenato-incisis ; 
nucibus parvis trigonis nitidis. ~ Margin of woods, &c. near 
Industry. July. Near Polygonum scandens and P. dume- 
torum, from which it is distinguished by its less cordate and 
more triangular leaves, and the crenately incised wings of the 
three outer sepals, in fruit; and also by thé smaller nuts, 
which are just one line in length. In P. scandens the nuts 
are more than a line and a half, in P.dumetorum fully two 
lines long. In the latter the broad wings are undulate and 
entire. In P, scandens they are somewhat crenate, but often. 
„One or all three are wanting. In P. Convolvulus the wings 
are wanting, and the nuts are opaque. : Ie sakke 
| 991. Ergonom wvLTIFLORUM, Benth. Sandy prairies, near 
Industry. July — October. — The , stamens in the fertile 
.. "IS are very woolly towards the basées ^ `, : 
“298, aned LONGIFLORA (m. 8p.): radice filiformi 
- S12; caule humili adscendente ramoso; foliis longe 
wy US utrinque acutissimis subsessilibus glabris; floribus 
axillaribus pedunculatis basi unibracteatis extus pubescentibus, 


260 Engelmann and Gray, 


limbo e basi-cordata valde producto lineari acuminato tubo 
angusto multo longiore. — Shady, grassy plaees near Mill 
creek. April — July. A remarkable species, with a very 
long and simple aromatic root, and several weak, decumbent 
stems branching from the. base, about a span high.» Leaves 
three to five inches long, and one to three lines wide; the 
attenuated limb of the perigonium as long as the leaves. 
Capsule glabrous. | B 
- 299. A. ngTICULATA, Nutt. in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 
(N. Ser.) V. p. 162.  'Thickets west of the Brazos. May— 
June, — Root similar in sensible properties to that of A. ser- 
pentaria, but of coarser fibres ; and also used medicinally as a 
snake-root. : 
— 800. EUPHORBIA HERNIARIOIDES, Nutt. l c. p. 171. Clayey 
soil, near Industry. July — September. - Also in Mississippi, 
Missouri, &c. The smallest of our procumbent Euphorbie ; 
the leaves from a line and a half to two or three lines long, 
obliquely obtuse or subcordate at the base. Glands of the 
involucre narrowly petaloid-margined. Cocci smooth and 
somewhat carinate. - Seeds grey marked with reddish; obo- 
vate-oblong, obtusely angled, smooth. ie 
301. E. ARENARIA (Nutt. l. c.) annua, erecto-patula, gla- 
bra; foliis oppositis distantibus linearibus integerrimis obtusis 
mucronatis basi subobliqua acutis breviter petiolatis ; stipulis 9 
basi lata subulatis distinctis subintegris; pedicellis petiolos 
longe superantibus solitariis; appendicibus involucri petalot- 
deis plerumque 4-ovatis subacutis inzequalibus ; seminibus 
obovato-subglobosis lævibus e rubello cinereis. — Sandy places, 
especially about fresh ant-hills, near Industry ; also on sand- 
stone rocks. June — August. Forming large bushy masses» 
often six feet in circumference, and two feet or more in height. 
Its slender habit, long and narrow leaves, and conspicuous are 
flowers, give it somewhat the appearance of a large Galum. 


ae si i T : 

X is A 1 te i d oF i of th tip lat division f thi - K i integer- 

w "ar, (Engel. MSS.) : « a, humilis; foliis oblongis retusis ID 9. 
(Engel. ): depressa, Hg icibus petaloideis 


imi e la is ae *i stip li s t 2 1 © args ‘ in rı appent i Illinois, 
ibus minoribus quam in E. polygonifolia cinereis. — Beardstown, "UMP? 
Missouri, Geyer. Near E. polygonifolia 


Plante Lindheimeriane. 261 


-— 809. E. Arxansana (n. $p.): annua, gracilis, glaberrima ; 
caule erecto ramoso ; foliis sparsis spathulato-obovatis apicem 
versus serrulatis mucronato-acutis sessilibus, inferioribus in. 
petiolum angustatis; umbellis trichotomis bis dichotomis; 
bracteis rotundatis subcordato-ovatis mucronatis serrulatis ; 
glandulis involucri (aurantiacis,) orbiculatis; capsulis verrucosis ; 
seminibus (brunneis) reticulatis. — Prairies, from Houston to 
the Colorado. April — July. Also, Fort Gibson, Arkansas, 
Engelmann, and Western Louisiana, Dr. Hale. — Plant 8 
to 12 inches high, with much the appearance of E. peploides, 
Nutt.; which abundantly differs in its entire and retuse 
leaves, entire and more cordate bracts, smooth capsules and 
smooth seeds., The seeds and serrulate leaves in our plant 
are more like E. Helioscopia on a small scale, but, besides that 
ours is much more slender and smaller in all its parts; the 
broadiy-ovate acute bracts are very different. 

. E. wanaiNATA, 8 uLoLevcea >: bracteis oblongis ovali- 
erini acutis, marginibus latissime albidis sæpe pl. m. 
crispis; ramulis villosis. — Bottom lands of the Colorado. 
August. — Seeds —— as in the diog fne 
of E. marginata. 

804. Pitixoenvrux caprrarum, Klotzsch, (ef. “No. 171) 
Low prairies, on the Colorado. September, October. ý 
. 305. TERANE TEXENSIS, Klotzsch in Erichs. Archiv, 
(1841) I. p. 252. Croton muricatum, Nutt. iñ Mem. Amer. 

hil. Soc. l. c. p. 173. Prairies on the Colorado, the sterile 
and fertile plants generally intermixed, and covering large 

Patches of ground. An annual plant, about three feet -high. 
Leaves often lanceólate-óblong, and half an inch wide; those 
of the fertile plant greener above than in the sterile, as de- 
scribed by Nuttall, but often’ wider rather than narrower. 
Stigmas 20-24.. The hypogynous disk orbicular. — Klotzsch 
wrongly describes the stem as suffruticose, and has not noticed 
the flocciferous soft tuberculi of the capsule, w which are as evi- 
dent in our Drummondian specimens as in those of Lindhei- 
i. The H. ene Torr. in Fremont's Report, 1843, 


262 Engelmann and Gray; 


“306. Arnora (vide No. 175, supra) mvwmas (m. sp.): 
strigoso-pilosa ; caulibus basi ramosissimis adscendentibus dif- 
fusis ; foliis oblongis ovato-lanceolatisve obtusis basi attenuatis 
brevissime petiolatis superne demum glabratis; capitulis axil- 
laribus folio multum brevioribus paucifloris ; petalis in fl. masc. 
calycem paulo superantibus lanceolatis, in fl. foemineo subulatis 
glandulis disci brevioribus. — In hard clayey soil, west of the 
Brazos. March — August. (Also, Texas, Drummond, Col- 
lection Second, No. 230,and Dr. Wright.) Plant 6 to 8 
inches high ; the base of the stem ligneous. - Leaves an.ineh 
or an inch and a half long. The clusters contain one fertile 
and about four staminate flowers. The fruit and seeds not 
half the size of those of the two other Texan species; the 
latter globose and rugose, as in the other species, at first 
curiously striate-reticulated, but when old more even. 

/ 301. Tracts BREVISPICA (n. sp.) : multicaulis, ramosa; de- 
cumbens; ramis apice flexuosis vel subvolubilibus ; foliis e 
basi cordata truncatavé triangulari-lanceolatis (superi 
fere linearibus) irregulariter acute dentatis parce pilosis petio- 
latis; spicis folio oppositis multo brevioribus ; flore fcemineo 
ad basin unico, masculis paucis ; capsulis hispidulis. — Black, 
clayey soil, in the prairies west of the Brazos. May — uly. 
Differs from T. urticæfolia (perhaps not specifically) in thé 
procumbent stems, which often form diffuse tufts two or three 
feet in diameter, and the. smaller and narrower leaves, as well 
as the short — and pelle: flowers and fruit; the latter is 
less. hispid. 

3908. FORESTIERA ACUMINATA, Poir. Banks of- i. Juste, 
near San Felipe. March. It extends as for north as on the 
- Wabash, in Illinois.' 

—.809. Quercus CINEREA, pone Sandy, hilly soil ; fom 
ing groves in the. pretio west of the Brazos, along - wiih 
Iu CRASSIFOLIA, Nutt. vas pining "eap by Hu 5 vided 1 


ne for the second infe in September. - 
into eight li dier ace the ovary ; and fruit ar b n 5s 


t 


Plante Lindheimeriane. 263 


+ 


Q. obtusiloba ; flowering in February. A small tree, crooked, 
and much branched ; the earliest flowering species in Texas. 

310. ieo DIVERSIFOLIUS, 8. spicatus, Engel. in 
Sill. Jour. 46, p. 102. Clear rivulets, in prairies, west of 
San Felipe. April. Leaves 5—1—13-nerved. 

311. P. warans, Linn., Var.? foliis infimis elongato-lan- 
ceolatis utrinque FERMER pellucidis. breviter petiolatis, se- 
quentibus longius petiolatis sensim magis oblongis et coriaceis; 
summis natantibus oblongis viu Uode fructibus lenticulari- 
compressis margine acutiusculis. — In clear water and pools, 
West of the Brazos. - June. Intermediate in its characters 
between . P. natans and P. fluitans; and in the absence ofthe 
upper leaves, very difficult to distinguish from P. lucens. 

312. Xyris torta, Smith, Kunth, Enum. 4, p- IV. (ex 
char.) Springy places. May. Also, i in Drummond’s Texan 
Collection. 

/813. SYSIRINCHIUM MINUS (n. 8p.): pumilum ; BEM T an- 
cipiti ramoso folioso ; spatha paulo inzquali flores :equante 
vel subexcedente ; perigonii segmentis (cceruleis) ovatis exte- 
rioribus. PREERIAN capsulis obovati-ovalibus glabris. 
— Margin of pools, &c. in the prairie west of San Felipe. 
April. Distinguished from the other North American species, 
by the smaller size of the whole plant (3-6 inches high,) the 
much branched stem, the ovate, not obcordate or emarginate, 
lobes of the perigonium, and the form of the capsule. Spathe 
hot mucronate, about 4-flowered.- Seeds numerous and — 
small, i impressed-dotted, black. s 

314. HasnawrHus Texanvs, Herb. Low prairies of the 
Colorado; in black, clayey soil; flowering in September. Pe 
rigenium reddish-oran e outside, yellow within. = 
tees -Etrocuanris ain R. Br. varo Ponds and 

s on Mill Creek, 

ds *OTiapsacus erase, Micha. Prairies. April, 


* 


311. d E MACBODRUR Micha » Bienes 
318. SEO  POLYPHYLLA, Michz., 4. Braun. On. the 
. AE 


Wa, 


264 Engelmann and Gray, Plante Lindheimeriane. 


clayey bottom of clear rivulets, in the prairies between the 
Brazos and Colorado. July, and the whole year round. 

** No. 151. Monarpa LixpuxiwEn:r of this enumeration 
Pod be the same as M. scasna, Beck, in Sill. Jour. X. P 
260, which name should therefore be adopted. 


1 Tn addition to the enumeration Jd the North American Chare, published in 
'Silliman's „Journal, Vol. XLVI. p. 92, (January, 1844,) we ion the — 
“Notices, commiunicated by Professor Wish: 

Mr. Lindheimer has a tee Texas specimens of Chara Jeilis ae 1 (ineom- 
plete specimen,) cand of uissima, Desv. * This last, as wel e specimens 
from husetts, may eh distingnished as var. Americana; i dnd less 
densely glomerate, but ximat n the European form 

Chara ias yphylla, A. Br., is * very Sanit tih. plant, occurring i in many differ- 
ent forms in America, Asin; and the Sandwich Islands. Professor distin- 

guishes seven | subspecies, 
yphylla Mo (Ch. polyphylla, A. Br. in Regensb. Bot. ' Zeit. 
nm» 70; Ch. Michauzii, A. Br. in Sillim. Journ. l. e. -No. 11; Ch. capillata 


pE 


and subspecies of the remarkable group of ind oda, A: Br. The here are 
five species now known, belongtig to this c ; and of these Ch. polyphylla i Ad me 
— ous, and wi widest spread species. — The Gymn nopode are di: 
guished by ha ice own (often very short) joint of the otherwise coated lane 
ly om fe illated branchlets) naked, or destituie of the. ring. 
b. Ch. poly yphylla slp (Ch. č "dica, Bert.) Gua deloupe, dl iie. 
slender, with smaller, more elongated seed vessels (sporangia) and 
€. Ch. poa Ns mae (Ch. zeylanica,. Klein in Willd.) Ceylon, ps 
cherry, Madras, 
d. Ch. olhas villa j 
e. Ch. polyphylia Mahipieta (Ch. foliosa, Mublenb. i in Willd. ; ; Slim. Journ 
L. .€., p.93, No, 10.) Pennsylvania, Er Very near : subspecies Č Ld 
ica, and distinguished from a. Michau y the-bracts being mach lon — 
; sporangia, while they are — æ prediis 
f. polyphylla Humboldtiana, (Ch. co compressa, H. B. K. ) New Andalusia 
Humboldt, A variety with edis. of the e joints of the leaves destitute of the 


Ch. polyphylla. armata, (Ch. armala, p eae TB Roni d x "Sandwich ans, 
b. Distinguished by the stronger spen and also A hemi upper joa 
and smaller se els. 

A second species, pie from Ch. prigis but also. be longing 10 Gymnopodes, 
has been collected by Dr. Engelmann, in lakes in the bottom E of the nr 
sippi, near Saint Louis ; it is called by Professor Braun - 

«...'€h. sejuncta, a, more slender and greener plant than the. last, bat t principally dis- 
tinguished by the seed vessels (sporan gia) and globules ( thers) being 
always fi (i Drainehleta,) never as in most other 
t.— Martius eer mu — x 
and more slender, 
e E ia, and the the Brazilian 


Fishes of the Ohio and its Tributaries. 265 


ART. XVI.—DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FISHES OF LAKE ERIE, THE 
a RIVER, AND THEIR TRIBUTARIES. Bv Jaren P. KIRTLAND, 


(Continued from page 32.) 
Carosromus. Le Sueur. 


C. communis. The Brook Sucker. 


proa communis. Le Sue J. A. N. S. Vol. I. p. 96, and fig. 
gracilis. The Brook Sucker. Kirtland, Rep. on Ohio, pp. 169, 193. 
vs communis. $ Dekay’s Report, p. 196, pl. 33, fig. 106. 
T " i " Hist. Nat. des Poissons. Cuv. et Vol. 
y t. xvii. p. 426 ; 


Plate XIX. Fig. 1. 


Head slightly elongated, small, quadrangular, narrower sag 
the body ; eyes small; iris silvery ; nostrils double. 

Mouth and lips delicate, rather small. 

Body sub-cylindrical, slightly compressed laterally, fusi- 
form, the scales minute behind the operculum, gradually en- 
larging towards the caudal-fin ; lateral line straight, running 
above the middle of the body. 

Dorsal fin quadrangular, the ribs ae the rays bléchishe 

Caudal fin small, obtuse, rather lunated than lobed. The 
Fays at their extremities are usually blushed with red. 

Anal fin narrow, attains to the base of the pr^ 

Pectoral fin ovate: 

lor. The back and head olive and iridescent; sides 
silvery ; beneath, pearly white. 
Sth, 12 to 18 inches. a ecc a 

Hab. Big and Little Miami, and the Mahoning.: 4 pr - 
and also in most of the smaller streams. ; 

D. 14; C. 18; A. 8; V. 10; Pcdüsyya si 

Observations. A fish, which I suppose to be the male of 
this species, may be seen on the ripples of the small streams, 

ing in great numbers in the spawning beds during the a 
month of June. At that time the rays of the anal fin are — 
VOL, v, 18 x” 


266 Fishes of the Ohio 


studded with prominent tubercles, which appear to be decid- 
uous at the close of the spawning season. Its body is so 
poor and slender at that time, that it has very little resem- 
blance to the females or to itself at other seasons. 


C. bubalus. Raf. Buffalo Sucker. Brown Buffalo. 


Catostomus bubalus. eT St Icthyol. Ohiensis, p. 5 
yi » Kirtland’s Rep. on Zeal. of Ohio, pp. 169, 192. 


Plate XIX. Fig. 


Head one fifth of the total length, rounded, rapidly de- 
clivous, gibbous between the eyes and on the forehead, com- 
pressed laterally ; back gibbous, sub-carinate ; abdomen recti- 
linear, thicker than the back; lateral line straight ; scales 
large, somewhat radiate with minute lines. Dorsal jin long; 
commencing as far forward as the ventral, and terminating 
over the middle of the anal fin, the anterior apes dente 
the posterior low and horizontal. 

-. Caudal fin bilobed, the lobes: idus! in length; the lower 
beóndéi 

Anal fin trapezoidal, actitely terminated, — as far 
as the base of the caudal. 

Ventral fin nearly medial. 

Pectoral fin does not extend as far back as the s comte: 
ment of the dorsal. 

Color* Back and head brown, sides bronzy and ipo 
abdomen whitish, iris gilt. 

Length, from one to three feet. 

Hab. Ohio river. 

D. 98;.C. 1855 Ay 135 Vg Pró tape: 

Observations. 'This is the largest species of Catostomus 
found in the western waters. Its flesh is eatable, but coarse, 
and not highly esteemed. 

"The color and form vary. with. age. - The young is sary 
elliptical. in its outline, and is often sold in the market as 
distinet species, under the name of Bufalo Perch. al 

‘= 


and its Tributaries. 967 


C. elongatus. Le Sueur. Missouri Sucker. Black Horse 
of the fishermen. 
koci elongatus. Le Sueur. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol. I. p. 103, and fig. 
niger. af. - Jch. Ohiensis, p. 56. 
i elongatus. Le Sueur. Kirtland's Report, oe 169, 192. 
:: s " Dekay's Report, p. 2 
A " e Hist, Nat. des a t. xvii. p. 455. 


Plate XIX. Fig. 3. 


Head conic-cylindrical, elongate, and glaucous. Nose pro- 
jects beyond the mouth ; nostrilsdouble, circular, the anterior 
smaller. Mouth small, semicircular ; lower lip with promi- 
nent papillæ, posterior edge acute.. Eyes small, circular ; 
iris narrow, yellow or silvery. The head is one-sixth of the 
total length, and narrower than the body. - 

Body regularly fusiform, gradually widening from the base 
of the head to the dorsal fin; and, from thence to the tail, 
more gradually tapering. At the dorsal, the diameter of the 
body is one-fifth the total length. Abdomen full between the 
Pectoral and ventral fins, and the body cylindrical at d 
point, 


Dorsal fin long, equal to one-third the length of the fish, 
low, with its anterior portion elevated and falciform. It 
extends posteriorly as far as the anal fin. 

Caudal fin acutely lunated, the superior lobe the longer 
and narrower, scales eiktend upo the base and terminate 
abruptly. 

Anal fin small, trapezoidal, scaly upon its base. 

Ventral and pectoral fins falcate. 

Color. The head dusky above, coppery on. its sides. 
Back black, often slightly mottled. Sides and eiit lusk, 

cupreous. Fins dusky and livid. or 

Gcrm 2 to 3 feet, and weighing. iia Q to 15 pounds. 

Hab. Ohio River. 

D. 35; C. 18; A. 8; V. 9; P. 15 rays. 

Observations, This singular fish is not uncommon in the 
Cincinnati market at certain seasons of the year, — in 


268 Fishes of the Ohio 


the spring and autumn. It migrates down the river at the 
approach of winter. The peculiar color and form distinguish 
it from all the other species of the Catostomi. As an article 
of food, it is esteemed more highly than any other of this 
family. 

Le Sueur drew his figure, published in the Ist vol. of the 
Journal of the Acad. of Nat. Sciences, at Philadelphia, from 
a dried specimen ; and, with the exception of the dorsal fin, 
it has little or no resemblance to the recent fish. 


C. Duguesni. Le Sueur. Pittsburg Sucker. Red Horse 
of the fishermen. . 


Catostomus Mime The While Sucker. Le Sueur. Jour. € N. Se. Vol, I. 
p- 1 


5, and fig. 
i í udis 3 a; Kirtl. Report, pp. 169, 192. 
x: a ao " " Dekay's Report, p. 20 
à £ Hist. Nat. des Pois. t- xvii. 


m Phe XX. Fig. t Mae. ' 

"d Plate XXI. Fig. 2. Female. 

Marr. .Head small, protuberant before the eyes; mouth 
and lips not large; eyes circular. 

Body regular faaifo back slightly gibbous before the 
dorsal fin, rectilinear behind it. 

Dorsal fin trapezoidal, falcated on its upper edge, the two 
first rays elongated and recurved, color a bright carmine. 

udal fin deeply and acutely bilobed ; the lobes pr 

fleitet, and at their extremities incurved ; color the game as 
the dorsal. 

Anal fin extends sei the base of Abt aiek oval, - 
acute at its extremity ; color bright carmine. 

Ventral fin terminates posterior to the dorsal, orange-color. 

Pectoral fin at its point extends as far as the commence- 
ment of the dorsal, ovate, slightly falcate ; color the same as 
the ventral. 

pee alee 12 to 18 inches. 

 Colar of the back and forehead Picasso en 


and its Tributaries. 269 


sometimes iridescent with pale blue; sides coppery ; beneath 

the throat and abdomen white. The colors vary in specimens 

from different localities, and in different seasons of the year. 
Hab. The Ohio River and all its larger tributaries. 

FrwALE. The female differs from the other sex by having 
a larger head, mouth, and lips, Jarger trilobed scales, a quad- 
rangular dorsal fin, with the caudal fin less deeply bilobed 
and the lobes broader. The color of the fins.is also different ; 
the caudal, anal, and dorsal of the female being of a dusky 
olive or brown, and the pectoral and ventral a dull orange. 

Length from 1 to 2 feet. | 

Hab. Ohio River and its tributaries. 

Observations. The size, contour, and color of the male 
and female, as well as the forms of their fins, differ so much, 
that they are often mistaken for different species. Hence, 
I have deemed it expedient to give a drawing of each sex. 
It is also very difficult to distinguish the male of this species 
from the male C. anisurus. The absence of the deep sulca- 
tion before the eyes and of the elevated protuberance on the 
hose in the one, and their presence in the other, will always 
enable us to decide the point correctly. The color of the 
former is also darker and more cupreous. — 

The Red Horse Sucker remains permanently in our waters, 
and, during the winter, collects into numerous shoals in the 
deeper waters. It rarely, if ever; bites ata baited hook, but 
15 taken in great numbers by seines and nets. As an article 
of food, it is not highly valued. 


C. anisurus. Raf. White Sucker. White nose of the 
rman, i eee ua 


Catostomus anisurus. . Ohio Carp Sucker. Raf. Ichth. Obiensis, P- 5t: 
Plate XX. Fig. 9. 


uw elongate; nose prominent, with an elevated pro- 
ance ; between the protuberance and nostrils is a trans- 


270 Fishes of the Ohio 


verse sulcation. Lips of the female large and prominent; 
those of the male smaller. 

Body short, thick, and slightly compressed on the sides. 

Dorsal fin emarginate, quadrangular, the angles rounded. 
The tip extends nearly as far back as the vent. 

Caudal fin large, bilobed, the upper lobe narrower, longer, 
and falcate. 

Anal fim oval-acuminate, and reaching the base of the 
caudal. . 

Ventral fin extends beyond the base of the dorsal. 

Pectoral fim attains near to the dorsal, but not to the 
ventral, as described by Rafinesque. 

Length, from one to two feet. 

Color. The body and head brownish above, sides and ab- 
domen silvery. Dorsal and caudal fins olive, anal reddish, 
ventral and pectoral orange-colored. . 

Hab. Ohio river, and most of its tributaries. 
D: 17; C.929:; A.8;; V.—— P. 15 rays. The number 
differs in different specimens. —__ gib 
Observations. A superficial observer would hardly distin- 
guish this species from the Red-Horse Sucker (C. Duquesnii) 
yet its specific characters are evident, and are permanently 
established. The deep, transverse 'suleation before the eye» 
the elevated protuberance on the. nose, and the silvery lustre 
of the sides and abdomen will, under all circumstances, dis- 
inguish it. Es pints 

The drawing was made from a female eighteen inches 1n 

length. The males are smaller, more elongate, and less gib- 


” 


bous on the back and forehead. x id 
This species is common, and is taken in great quantities by 
means of weirs, seines, and sometimes with a hook. Its ses 
is soft, tasteless, and abounding with numerous small bones. 
It does not migrate from the small streams during the winter. 


and its Tributaries. ; 971 


C. melanops, Raf. Black-nosed Sucker. Spotted Sucker. 


Catostomus melanops. Black face Sucker. Raf. Ichthyol. Ohiensis, p. 57. 
hj s Spotted Sucker. Kirtland's Rep. pp. 169, 193. 


Plate XX. Fig. 3. 


Head conical, one-fifth the total length, nose somewhat de- 
pressed, forehead slightly elevated behind the eyes; eyes 
small, circular; iris dusky; nostrils anterior to the eyes; 
lips of a medium size. 

Body uniform, elliptic, full, cylindric; back slightly gib- 
bous before the dorsal fin; sides hardly compressed ; ab- 
domen tumid ; diameter equal to one-fourth the length. 

Dorsal fin quadrangular, small in proportion to the body. 

Caudal fin of medium size, slightly lunated. 

Anal fin reaches the base of the caudal. 

Pectoral fin short, small and elliptical, does not extend to 
the commencement of the dorsal. 

Color. The nosé, forehead and back dusky or blackish, 
the sides of the head and upper portions of the operculum 
marked with irregular patches of the same color; the mouth 
and lips white; the sides of the body often reflect a steel 
Srey or metallic lustre, and the base of each scale is im- 
Pressed with a number of abbreviated, dusky lines, which 
give the sides a striped or banded appearance, like the 
Labrax chrysops. 

- aim line obsolete ; scales rather large. 

Length 18 inches. | | 

Hab. Ohio and Big Miami Rivers. "nd 

D.13; C. 18}; A. 9; V. 9; P.16ry& 9 

Observations. Rafinesque's descriptions do nof ` re E: 
Ply to this rare species, but I believe it is the one for which 
they were intended, I therefore retain his name. The form 
And color distinguish it from the other members of this family. 
It is not esteemed for food even as highly as many of them. 


Ed 


272 Fishes of the Ohio 


Exociossum. Raf. 
E. dubium. Kirtland. The Sucker-mouthed Chub. 
Exoglossum Lesueurianum. Rough-nosed Dace. Kirtland’s Rep. pp. 169-193. 
Plate XXI. Fig. 1. 


Head somewhat elongated ; eyes small, prominent; upper 
jaw projects two lines beyond the lower, which is small, semi- 
. Circular, and mostly concealed by the projection of. the upper 
when the mouth is closed ; lips circular, the lower reflected, 
after the manner of the Catostomi, only smaller and less 
fleshy. 

Body gibbous on the back, before the dorsal fin, cylindri- 
cal, slightly compressed on the sides; abdomen full; scales 
small oval, 

Dorsal and anal fins trapezoidal; caudal fin bilobed, the 
upper lobe acuminate, the lower obtuse; pectoral fin fal- 
cate, subovate. - i 

Color. Irides, golden yellow, head and back olive, opet- 
culum iridescent; sides dusky, abdomen white, fins fulvous. 

Length, from 4 to 6 inches. 

Hab. Yellow Creek, Poland, Trumbull Co., Ohio. 

D. 8; C. 90; A. 1; V. 8; P. 14. ed 
. Observations. "The only locality in which we have met 
with this fish is in the deep and dark glens of Yellow Creek, 
below the village of Poland. It there confines itself to the 
ripples in the most retired situations, where the stream, Over 
shadowed with clusters of the. spruce pine, winds among — 
rocks. During the spring it readily bites at a baited hook, 
and may be taken in considerable numbers, At that season 
the males are thickly armed, on both the head and body, with 
spinous tubercles, which are deciduous, and drop off at the 
approach of summer, " 

We formerly supposed it to be the Cyprinus Mazilingud 
of Le Sueur, the Exoglossum Lesueurianum of Raf., but 2 


and its Tributaries. 273 


closer examination renders it certain that it is not that 
species. 

In the peculiar form of its mouth it resembles some of the 
Catostomi, but the form of the body and fins more nearly 
assimilate it to the genus under which we have placed it. 
We usually find it associated with the Semotilus biguttata, 
and in the habits of the two there is a strong resemblance. 


C. nigricans. Le Sueur. Mullet. Mud Sucker. 


p. 102. 
The Black Sucker. Storer’s Rep. on Fishes of Mass. p. 86. 
Kirtland's Report, pp. 169, 193. 
- g The Black Sucker. Dekay’s Rep. p. 202. 
y x " Hist. Nat. des Poiss. t. xvii. p. 453. 


Catostomus nigricans. Le Sueur, Jour, Acad. Nat. Sc. Vol. I. 
se « 
e 


Plate XXI. Fig. 3. 


Head large, quadrangular, more than one-fifth of the total 
length of the fish ; eyes oblong, with a profound impression 

neath. 

Body subquadrangular at its junction with the base of the 
head ; cylindric and tapering from the dorsal-fin to the tail ; 
abdomen full and rounded. 5 

Dorsal fin quadrangular, elevated before. 

Caudal fin deeply lunate. 

Anal fin, at its tip, reaches the base of the caudal. 

Ventral fin falcate, extends beyond the dorsal. 
mU ectoral reaches as far back as the commencement of the 
Color. - The back and head dusky brown ; sides olive and | 
wn, blotched with 4 or 5 transverse dusky brown bars, 
Which are interrupted in their course on the sides; abdomen 
and sides cupreous ; sides of the head iridescent and cu 

Length 12 to 16 inches. 

7/00. Every permanent stream in the west. 

D.11; C.18; A.8; V. 9; P. 18 rays. - 

Servations. 'Thisis the most common species of Sucker, 


Loue 


274 Fishes of the Ohio 


and is taken in great numbers by means of seines. It is com- 
mon in the streams of the middle, northern and western States. 
During winter it is a permanent resident, and does not even 
seek the deeper waters. As an article of food it is not valued. 


Levciscus. Klein. 
L. dorsalis. Raf. Common Chub. 


Semotilus dorsalis. Bigback Chubby. Raf. Ich. Ohien. p. 49. 
- *  Smooth-headed Chubby. Kirtland's Rep. p. 169. 


Plate XXII. Fig. 1. 


Head full, round and conical, united to the back with a 
deep suture. +» 

` Body cylindric, back gibbous before the dorsal fin, and lon- 
gitudinally sulcate. 

_ Caudal fin slightly bilobed, the other fins rather small ; the 
pectoral do not attain to the ventral, the dorsal is anterior to 
the vent. | 

Length 6 to 10 inches. 

. Color. Fins fulvous, the anterior part of the base of the 
dorsal and the centre of the base of the caudal marked with a 
dark brown or black spot; head and back bronzed ; a brown 


- stripe extends'from the base of the tail to the head above the 


lateral line} abdomen white and silvery. . i 

D.8; C. 20; P?; V.8; A.8. 

Hab. All of the western streams. E x 

Observations. We have been disposed to consider this as 
only the female of the |S. cephalus, but dissections do not 
sustain us in that view, and we are compelled to follow Rafi- 
nesque's arrangement. He makes it a distinct species. RON 

It is difficult to distinguish the young of the two species 

but’ the smaller size of the head and mouth, and the more 
graceful form of the body of the present species, will always 
enable us to draw the lines of distinction between the two that 


and its Tributaries. . Bt : 


* ^. 
ae 
X 


Scierocnatuvs. Val. Ska vw 


S. cyprinus. The Carp. Le Sueur. 


J. A. N. S. Vol. I. p. 91, and fig. 


Catostomus cyprinus. The Carp. Le Sueur. 
1 Regne Animal, Griffith's trans- 


Labeo cyprinus 


lation, p. 381 
Paoul a The Sailing Sucker. Raf. Ich. Ohiensis, p- 56. 
rpio ? ol; ve Can; Sucker. A m d age. Raf. Ich. Ohien- 
velifer. Carp of the Ohi reine — pp. 169, 192. 
lide cyprinus. The NA -finned Chabe Dekay’s Report, p. 194. TM 
Sderognathus cyprinus Hist. Nat. . preme eri. 
i p. 474. eee 


Plate XXII. Fig. 2. : 

Head short, small, compressed laterally, about one-sixth of 
the total jeugth : operculum radiated with diverging, iridescent 

€s; mouth and lips small; nose rounded. 

Body oval, compressed, the relative diameter varies with 
age ; abdomen thicker than the back, slightly flattened be- 
neath. Back carinated under the anterior half of the dor- 
sal fin. 

Dorsal fin deeply falcated, the anterior rays longer than 
the diameter of the body in young specimens, but dec ^ 
Portion decreases in the old. 

. Caudal fin deeply bilobed, lobes equal. 

Anal fin acute, reaches the base of the caudal, 

Ventral fin short. 3 pect Som 

ectoral fin ovate. 2 en 

Color. The dorsal and anal lins dusky d the other 
fins faint vermilion or orange. The- head, back, and 


. 


gth 12 to 18 inches. 
Hab. Ohio River and Lake Erie. 
D. 253; C. 1855 A. &; V. 10}; P. 16 rays. 
Observations. It is very rare in Lake Erie, but abundant 


216 Fishes of the Ohio, &c. 


during the whole year in the Ohio. As an article of food, 
it is not much valued in the market of Cincinnati. It is 
called the Lake Shad by the fishermen at Cleveland. 


L. diplemia. Raf. Red Sides. Warty Chub. 


Semotilus diplemia. -Warty Chubby. Minny. Red-fin. Raf. Ich. Ohien. p. 50. 
« t : hub. Kirtland's Rep. p. 169. 


Plate XXII. Fig. 3. 


Head compressed laterally, flat between the eyes; snout 
rounded, and in the males warty ; operculum bordered behind 
with a diaphanous membrane. Eyes flat, circular, situated 
near the top of the head. Under jaw slightly projecting. 

Back elevated, sides flattish, lateral line flexuous ; scales on 
the sides oval and elongated perpendicularly. 

Color. The back olive, abdomen white and silvery, the 
sides iridescent and violaceous, marked with irregular and in- 
terrupted black lines on the posterior edges of the scales. 
Fins orange color in the females, violet or red in the males. 

Length 2 to 4 inches, 

Hab. All the western streams. 

D. 9; C. 22; 4.9; V. 85 P. 14. 

Observations. The number of rays in the different fin : 
vary in different specimens, which will account for a E 
crepancy between the descriptions of M. Rafinesque an 
myself. | : 

. Great numbers of this fish collect on the ripples 1m yi 
smaller streams during the spring of the year, and mU 
extensive beds, in which they deposit their spawn. mp thé 
period, they return to deeper waters, and lose much o : 
brilliancy of their colors during the remainder of the year. 


* 


Illustrations of Fossil Footmarks. ZU 


ART. XVIL —ILLUSTRATIONS OF FOSSIL FOOTMARKS. By James 
EANE, M. D. Read Feb. 19, 1845. 


Tue design of this memoir is to present some obvious facts 
and ideas connected with the recent discovery of footprints 
upon the stratified sand-stones of Connecticut River. Those 
Who have not access to original examples, can hardly compre- 
hend the intrinsic properties of these fossils, much less appre- 
ciate the profound truths they reveal. The descriptions, which 
are brief, will be elucidated by pictorial auxiliaries, without 
Which it would be an impossible task to convey adequate 
notions of these beautiful, splendid mementos of beings long 
since swept from the earth. 

It was not, indeed, until recently acknowledged that these 
vestiges were due to animals, whose organization was doubtless 
perfect as those of living types; but a true interpretation 
unseals a long chapter of the earth's infant history. This 
doctrine is no longer controverted, or, at least, it is recognized 
by all who have examined the facts. It may be resisted when 
conflicting with cherished opinions; for the discovery fixes 
the limits of perfect forms of animated existence immensely 
lower in the scale of advancement than hitherto had been 
established, — « The discovery," says a distinguished author," 
“upon the sands of the great Triassic ocean, was as unex- 
pected and startling as the human footsteps to Crusoe on his 
desolate island.” The announcement that signs of air-breath- 
Ing, warm-blooded animals existed upon a rock of the geo- 
sical antiquity of the new red sandstone, was an innovation. 
upon the systems of modern geology, and was received with 
extreme caution. But T must here be allowed to assert that I 
never once doubted that the impressions were due to the 
agency of extinct birds, nor hesitated to describe them as 
"es ; and the opinions originally advanced, founded upon 


meontestable analogies, finally prevailed. 


1 Mantell, Medals of Creation. 


278 Dr. Deane’s Illustrations 


Several obstacles concurred to create suspicion: the relative 
age of the rock, the high point of perfection which the im- 
pressions indicated, the anomalous size of many of the creatures, 
and, above all, the impossibility of seeing original specimens. 
It was contended that they might have been produced under 
adventitious circumstances, or be assigned to huge biped 
reptiles, inasmuch as quadrupedal monsters existed in this 
remote era, which was emphatically one of colossal life. But 
these evasive objections could not resist the force of facts, and 
were successively overthrown. It seems incredible that there 
should be any pause in acknowledging the unavoidable origin 
of the impressions. It might as well be denied that recent 
imprints upon snow were made by existing animals. From 
the laminated structure of the rock, it had, for a long time; 
been used in various domestic ways; it had been made the 
object of scientific examination; yet, with every favorable op- 
portunity for discovery, it was not finally made until 1839, 
and then by accident. But it is unnecessary now to narrate 
particulars. 

In the demonstration of these fossils, we must apply the 
laws of comparison ; or, in laying down the proposition that 
they are referable to birds, their relations to existing types must 
appear. Pl. XXII. f. 4, represents the osseous distal extremity 
and phalanges of the Heron (Ardea cinerea) left foot. Count- 
ing the ranks in each individual toe, the inner one has "^ 
the middle three, and the outer four (excluding the posterior 
toe.) Now this is the method in existing tridactylous birds, 
and is the basis of analogy. When we examine the foot, oT 
trace its impression upon yielding snow or mud, the number 
and order of the lobate swellings corresponds to the divi- 
sions shown by the engraving. The insertion of the nails i5 
identical in the living and extinct species. If it can be further 
proved that the number of feet and the order of progression 
e rresponds, we then. have irrefragable proof of the kindred 
affinities of extinct and existing races. These conditions d 


- 


"exist. The faultless impressions, represented °Y 


ae 
of Fossil Footmarks. ; 279 


the drawings, compare with no created thing other than me 
footprints of birds. In rare instances even, the papillose im- 

pressions of the integuments are true to the very life. In 

pursuing the line of footsteps upon the rock, it is invariably 

composed of alternate feet, the long and short toes in their 

relative positions, and the middle one pointing out the place 

of the advanced opposite foot. "These unequivocal analogies 

therefore prove, what was self-evident, that no other known 

animal could have produced the impressions upon the sand- 

stone rocks. 

An inspection of the plates, it is believed, cannot fail to 
overwhelm all doubts as to the nature of these splendid fossils. 
Each represents a foot specifically distinct, yet the general 
resemblance is very striking. The toes in these examples are 
exceedingly massive: a provision adapted to resist the soft 


[A 
Wey 7 Fig. 1 
Eee tuc ii dias gsi oened pug Saw 
eoo o v LA aoc E os Ca 
. RN Fig. 2 
ER ao E a y 2: 
“Lari epi EP - ^ 
QU. Fig. 3. Cal 


bottoms traversed by the birds. Pl. XXIII. f. 1, is a fac-simile 
a Superb species found nowhere but at Turner’s Falls. Tt was 

à short-legged, heavy bird, as we know by the shortness of the 
as' compared with its size, by the zigzag direction of a 
Connecting the impressions, and by their depth even upon 
consolidated mud. Fig. 3, in the diagram, represents the 
comparative size of the foot with the stride, which was, in this 
instanee, 14 inches, and also the irregular direction from [step 
t The weight of this bird was such that the bottom of 
impress is moulded smooth as glass, and the toes sink so 


280 . Dr. Deane's Illustrations 


ep that the form of the heel, or metatarsal protuberances, is 
lso impressed. There is a numerous class of impressions at 
Turner's Falls, having a strong family likeness to this species, - 
differing but little except in size. It consists of all grades, . 
from that of the plate down to two inches in length, having 
the same thick, stout toes, blunt nails and heel depressions. 
So intimate is the resemblance that it is impossible to separate 
them into specific divisions. As an existing fact of their being 
merely different individuals of the same family, the imprints 
are almost always associated upon the same surface. I have 
a slab in my cabinet, nine feet long by four wide, which con- 
tains sixty fine imprints arranged in nine or ten independent 
lines, and although the size of feet and length of stride differs 
thaterially, I can detect no other certain specific characters. 
In the collection of Dr. A. Binney, of Boston, is a beautiful 
example of this class derived from Turner’s Falls. ` 
It may be inferred that Pl. X XIII. fig. 3, is an individual of 
this group, but it is not so. It certainly presents à similitude 
to the eye, but the nails are very short. It is a graceful, little 
footstep, and belongs to'a light, tall bird, and constitutes ? 
perfect contrast to the preceding example. This is inferred 
from its immense stride as compared with its diminutive foot, 
and from the fact that the feet fall in nearly a direct line. 
Fig. 1, in the diagram, shows these relations. The stride 1$ 
twenty-one inches, or one-half longer than Fig. 3- i 
seen too many instances of this variety to suppose that this 18 
a running gait ; besides, there is always a slipping of the foot 
when the bird runs, the impress often being several inches 
advanced from the spot where the foot first strikes the gr ound. 
This beautiful species is found only at Turner’s Falls, and i$ 
very rare. s proe 
- In Pl. XXIII. fig. 2, we see the representative of a Tace 
large birds, some individuals of which attained an enormous 
.. Size. They were elevated upon long legs, as the stride indicates, 
_ Which, in this instance, was twenty-eight inches, and it 1$ pens 
arly four feet. Fig. 2, in the diagram, shows the relations. 


- 
of Fossil Footmarks. 281 
The original of the plate is extremely shallow, the clay 4 


much indurated at the time when the impression of the 
was given. This we know by the flattening of the phalangeal 
. protuberances, and because the points only of the claws are 
to be traced. This is a splendid example of these speaking 
inscriptions of past times. The class represented by it em- 
braces examples from three inches, and, I believe, less than 
that, to fourteen inches in length. I presented a specithen: of 
the latter measure to Dr. Mantell, of England, the joints of 
which were thoroughly flattened by the resistance of the stif- 
ned mud to the enornious pressure. Its middle toe was 
eight and one half inches in length exclusive of the claw, and 
its geometrical figure was identical with the central toe of the 
plate. I have a large slab in my collection, transversed by 
five individuals, whose feet present a remarkable difference in 
size, but are conformable in all. other respects. There is one 
peculiarity that characterizes this species, which, is the slight 
divergence of the toes; these members lying in contact, simply 
ing up an attenuated ridge of mud between them. Another 
peculiarity forms a contrast to this feature, and it is the di- 
vergence of the claws of the lateral toes, which point outward 
àt a great angle, while the toes are arranged in parallel order 
nearly - lam sure that the flatness of the joints is caused by the 
resistance of an unyielding medium. This prominent species 
i5 widely distributed through the layers, its great physical 
Powers sustaining it through a great proportion of the period 

9f the sandstone deposition. ! 
It will be understood by these remarks how difficult it is to 
arrange many of the footprints by specific nomenclature.’ The 
sustaining affinities to the foregoing species and to 
y others, are great, and I have ever hesitated to apply 
*Pecific names to such examples as I have discovered or de- 
dr the footprints were collected into families or 
Stoups, according to their affinities, and represented by elabo- 
‘ate drawings, it would constitute a feasible method of con- 
"eying ideas of the diversity; elegance and beauty of these 

VOL. y, 19 


"e 
989 James Deane's Illustrations 


remarkable fossils. The utility of artificial nomenclature based 
ipon modifications of a single organ of the animal economy, 
appears to me to be questionable ; it is by the eye alone that 
we judge of. distinctions, it is the form and not the substance 
that we investigate. Many of these forms, it is true, exhibit 
the clearest specific characters ; but, on the other hand, many, 
equally distinct, cannot be separated and arranged by mere 
methods of classification, however ingenious, so as to convey 
to the mind positive ideas of distinction from others so nearly 
resembling them. I, of course, do not speak in disparagement 
of the opinions entertained by others who are better qualified 
to decide upon and execute a different measure, but simply 
state the difficulties always to-be encountered in any classifi- 
cation of this subject, whether artificial or natural. 
The immense magnitude of some of these footprints 18 
extremely well calculated to fill us with amazement. I have 
just spoken of a footstep fourteen inches in length ; but I have 
in my possession consecutive impressions of a tridactylous foot 
which measures eighteen inches in length by fourteen in 
breadth, between the extremities of the lateral toes. These 
stupendous vestiges were recovered by Mr. Marsh and myself 
at South Hadley Falls. - Each step will hold half a gallon 
water, and the stride is four feet. It is not possible to cob 
ceive of the grandeur and magnificent proportions of this 
tremendous bird. It was, upon the lowest supposition, four 
or five times larger than the African ostrich, and, on this basis 
could not have weighed less than six hundred pounds. In all 
probability, its weight was much beyond this estimate. Every 
step the creature took, sank deep into the stratum; and the 
substrata bent beneath the enormous load. If an ox walk 
over stiffened clay, he would not sink so deeply as did this 
mighty bird. He sustained to the feathered tribes of his day 
the relations of the ostrich to existing races, and his co'09" 
_ frame well fitted him to endure the turbulence of the era "^ 


- 
of Fossil Footmarks. 283 


which supplied him with subsistence. Throughout the period 
of the entire deposition of the new red sandstone, his gig: 
traces abound ; while other varieties, although powerful, seem 
to have been successively annihilated. LEA 

On the other extreme, there are footprints not one inch in 
length, with a stride of three or four inches, and between 
these limits there is an easy grade, in point of dimensions. 
Many have the fourth toe projecting backward, like the 
heron, with sometimes a claw standing out at right angles, or 
nearly so, from it. Some few have an immense projection of 
the heel backward, larger indeed than the foot itself. ‘There 
is a slab in this place; forming the ceiling of a vault, contain- 
ing two consecutive impressions of enormous size, stride four 
feet, with three immense toes,’ and an appendage pointing 
directly backward nearly half a yard in length, and several 
inches in breadth. The diversity is truly astonishing, and, 
view the subject in any of its aspects, we turn from the con- 
templation in astonishment. As a family or order these birds 
Were doubtless waders, having left their traces upon the mud- 
dy shores and shallow bottoms of the ancient waters. They 
are therefore intimately related to the existing Order Gralle. 
I have never seen but a single species that appears to be 
palmated, or at most semipalmated. ; 

These birds existed over a country of great extent, from 
the northern terminus of the sandstone basin in Gill, Massa- 
chusetts, into Connecticut, where they disappear; but indica- 
tions of them have been discovered in New Jersey, and indeed 
in Pennsylvania, in a rock of still greater age. ‘They occur 
"pon both banks of the Connecticut, but invariably upon the 
eastern declivity of the Trap formation, upon which the sand- 
stone inclines, and the evolution of the igneous might not 
only have been the elevating agent of the sandstone rock, but 
also of its conversion: into solid rock. "Phe irruption of the 
'Sneous rock occurred upon the upper verge of the stratified 
Portion of the sandstone formation, where it was alternately 


984 James Deane's Illustrations of Fossil Footmarks. 


submerged and exposed to the solar action when it was th 
resort of multitudes of birds, great and small. 

Quadrupeds congregated with the birds. The species 
whose imprints I have discovered are quite small, apparently 
of the Batrachian or marsupial order, there being the same 
relative distinction between the anterior and posterior feet. 
Bones have not yet been found associated with imprints; it 
may be that the argillaceous materials of the rock destroyed 
them, but the probable conjecture is, that if the bodies of 
these animals were deposited upon the narrow tract upon 
which the footsteps were impressed, they were swept away by 
the succeeding overflow of the waters. The sandstone beds 
are inclined between five and thirty degrees, and it is of 
. Course upon the upper extremity or limit of the inclined sur- 
faces that explorations are made. "These sandstone rocks are 
truly prolific in the evidences of ancient life, and the zealous 
explorer of their contents will. never go unrewarded for his 
labors. In this brief notice’ there are many important con- 
siderations which cannot even be alluded to; itis necessarily 
very imperfect, written without method or arrangement; but if 
any ideas have been communicated or confirmed, it will not 
have been written in vain, and the subject may be resum 
at a future time. 

These eloquent inscriptions upon the sandstones of Con- 
necticut River teach a lesson and a moral which the genlus 
of man never has accomplished: They teach us of the un- 
changeableness of creative design in perpetuating races of 
animals through a period of time which cannot be compre- 
hended or even conjectured, contrasted with the frailty of all 
human schemes. The transit of a bird over the earth’s SUI" 
face is as enduring as the earth itself, while the proudest mon" 
uments of man crumble to dust, or, as it is faithfully expressed, 
the places that once knew him know him no more forever. - 

Greenfield, August, 1845. 


Some New Species of Marine ‘Shells. 285 


ART. XVIII. — DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME NEW SPECIES OF MARINE 
SHELLS, INHABITING THE COAST OF THE UNITED STATES. 
By Henry C. Lea, Philadelphia. Read Nov. 20, 1844. T 

Puonas semicosrara. Pl. XXIV. Fig. 1. Proceed. Bost. 

Soc. Nat. Hist. Nov. 1844. 

P. testa sub-triangulari, posticé producta et want, anticé oblique truncata, 
tenui, albidá, diaphaná, anticé inflata et costatá; costis transversalibus, 
muricatis, magnis, crebris, posticé obsoletis; sulco uno longitudinali, a nati- 
bus decurrente ; margine basali eurvato ; margine-dorsali vix recto; natibus 
valde inflatis; lamina dorsali parva ; cochlea ligulata, acutissima, incurvà. 

Shell sub-triangular, posteriorly produced and acute, ob- 
liquely truncate anteriorly, thin, whitish, diaphanous, anterior- 
ly inflated and costate; ribs transverse, muricate, large, nu- 
merous; posteriorly obsolete; one longitudinal sulcus running - 
from the beaks; basal margin. curved ; dorsal margin almost 
straight; beaks very much inflated; dorsal plate small; 

cochlea ligulate, very acute, incurved. Long. .17. Lat, .32. 

Diam. .16 poll. 

Hab. South Carolina. 

Remarks. The transverse ribs are rather large, very regu- 
lar, and distant from each other about their own width. 

They are muricate, or covered with small, arched scales, from 

the anterior margin to the longitudinal sulcus, when they 

suddenly become smooth, and soon after disappear. The 
rest of the shell has a few small, transverse lines of growth 


F 
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F 
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"I of the area of the shell, extending from the beak nearly 
to the basal margin, and from the anterior margin a little 
more than one-half to the posterior end, is somewhat in- 
crassated, and raised above the surrounding surface. To this 


286 H. C. Lea’s Description of 


part are confined the coste and sulcus, and it presents the 
appearance of a secondary shell.  Anteriorly, its margin 1s 
sinuous, which causes a similar bending of the ribs. The 
rest of the shell is nearly smooth, very thin, and diaphanous. 

This curious little species I found among some shells sent 
to my father many years since, from South Carolina. It has 
not the most distant relationship to any of its congeners as 
yet described in this country. Although it might seem to 
be an immature shell, from its small size and extreme thin- 
ness, yet, from the peculiarity of its growth, being centrally 
incrassated from the outside, I am inclined to think that it 
had reached its full period. - 


Borta sretacata. PI. XXVI. Fig.2. Proceed. Bost. Soc. 
Nat. Hist., l. c. 

. B. testa cylindrica, sub-quadrata, renal albidá, polita, eburned ; os 
oceultà ; anfractu ultimo superné calloso, inferné striis transversis parvis; 
apertura superné arctata, inferné ovatà; columella plico magno et pues 

ell cylindrical, sub-quadrate, thick, whitish, polished, 

ivory-like; spire concealed; last whorl with a callus above, 
and small transverse striæ below; mouth narrow above, ovate 
below ; columella with a large and a small fold. Long. 15. 
Lat. .07 poll. 

Hab. Shore of New Jersey, near Cape May. 

Remarks. The stri on the base are small and insignifi- 
cant. "The columella has a large oblique fold, about —- 
fourth the length of the shell.from the base; below aro 
takes an undulation, scarcely deserving the name of a su 
and descends suddenly to join the outer lip. The colume 
is continuous posteriorly, and, above, it widens out into 3 
callus at the region of the spire, where it turns round, 


is produced into the outer lip. The substance of the shell . 


is thick, smooth, and ivory-like. — . e : 
There is no danger of confounding this little shell with any 
of the genus in the United States. The two folds at onc? 
listinguish it, and it is the only species with an occulied i 
and plicate columella. - | T 


w 


E 


some New Species of Marine Shells. 287 


Lrrromma Lunara. Pl. XXIV. Fig. 3. Proceed. Bost. 
Soc. Nat. Hist., l c. 


A . 


nea; spirå elevatå, conicá, acutå ; suturis inconspicuis ; q ’ 
planis, costis transversis magnis, crebris; anfractu ultimo angulato, usque 
ad basim costato; aperturà obliqué ellipticà ; labio acuto, undulato; colu- 
mellà inferné latissimá, planà. . 


L. testå quadrangulari, imperforatà, crasså, costatà, lutescente vel brun- 
Es ui cans è; 


Shell quadrangular, imperforate, thick, costate, yellowish or 
brown ; spire elevated, conical, acute; sutures small, incon- 
spicuoùs; whorls four, flat, with numerous large, transverse 
cost: ; last whorl angled, costate to the base; mouth oblique- 
ly elliptical; outer lip sharp, undulating; columella below 
very broad and flat. Long..07. Lat. .05 poll. 

Hab. Coast of New Jersey, near Cape May. 

Remarks. The general outline of the shell is remarkably 

quadrilateral, almost rhomboidal. The whorls are flat, and 
covered with numerous revolving coste, which are much 
smaller on the base of the last whorl. The outer lip is very 
sharp, and with à waved edge caused by the exterior costs. 
For a short distance inside, there are sulci, corresponding to 
the ribs. "The thickening of the columella commences about 
half Way from the top of the mouth, and continues round the 
base towards the. outer lip, forming a broad, erescent-shaped 
area, which is very remarkable. The substance of the shell 
75 exceedingly thick. The color is mostly brown, turning to 
yellowish where the thinning of the outer lip commences. 
: I met with a number of these pretty little shells among the 
interstices of a stone overrun with Serpule, found at Cape 
May. I was at first tempted to suppose it the young of some 
-Other species; but it has all the characteristics of a mature 
shell, in the thickness of the substance, number of whorls, 
broad columella, &c. I know of no species with which it 
could be confounded. : : : 


288 H. C. Lea's Descriptions of 


CiauLA moBUsTa, Pl. XXIV. Fig. 4. Proceed. Bost. 
Soc. Nat. Hist., l. c. 


C. testà ovato-acuminatá, perforata, levi, crassà, albà ; spirà brevi, sub- 
acuta; suturis impressis; anfractibus quinque, ad suturam superiorem sub- 
latis ; anfractu ultimo rotundo ; basi levi; perforatione arctata, pro- 
funda ; aperturi ovata, magna. 
— Shell ovate auie perforate, smooth, thick, white; 
spire short, sub-acute; suture impressed ; whorls, five, some- 
what angled at the superior suture; last whorl round ; base 
smooth; perforation narrow, profound; mouth ovate, large. 
Long..10. Lat. .07 poll. 
Hab. Cape May, (N. J.) 
Remarks. The substance of this little shell is quite thick 
and stout. The surface is occasionally slightly wrinkled by 
minute lines of growth. "The whorls are five in number, in- 
crease rapidly in size, and have a small angle, or shoulder, 
immediately at the superior suture, which has thence the ap- 
pearance of being deeper than it is in reality. The mouth is 


arge, ovate, acute above, and rounded below, with a sharp 
Mes. lip, and continuous posteriorly. "The inner lip, indeed, 
is almost separated from the last whorl by the umbilicus, which 
is long, narrow and profound. 

This little ‘Shell I found on the beach at Cape May, and 

| I obtained but a single specimen, yet I feel no hesita- 

tion in pronouncing it distinct from any species hitherto de- 
scribed. In outline it is not unlike immature specimens pi 
the C. minuta, (Turbo minutus, Totten) but differs from it 
entirely in the thicker substance, more robust form, and - 
separation of the columella from the preceding W whorl. | 
color, too, they are essentially different. 


C-mopesta. PI XXIV. Fig. 5. Proc. B. S. N. H, l 
C, testå ovatà, imperforatà, lævi, tenui, diaphaná, virido-corneà með; spid 


vi hona, haud acutà; suturis parvis; anfractibus qoam e | 
infra ne fotudiao: 3 basi levi; aperturà ovatå, superné a acutà 


EN imperforate, smooth, thin, pee" 


Ls 


some New Species of Marine Shells. 289 


& 
horn-color; spire short, ovate, not acute; sutures small; 
whorls four, flattish ; last whorl round ; base smooth ; mouth 
ovate; acute above, rounded below. Long. .10. Lat. .06 
poll. 

Hab. Long Island, near Brooklyn. 

Remarks. The spire varies somewhat as to length in dif- 
ferent specimens. The whole shell is of a uniform dark 
greenish horn-color. There is a slight depression about the 
umbilical region, but in no specimens that I have examined 
does it amount to a perforation. The whorls are but slightly 
convex, and the sutures small, which gives the shell a very 
regular appearance. The margins of the mouth are united 
over the last whorl by a very thin plate of calcareous matter, 
which in some specimens is almost obsolete. 

"This little shell appears to be quite common on the shores 
of Long Island, _ just below Brooklyn, where I found it cling- 
ing to the arido sur of stones below high water mark. 
It approaches the C. minuta, but is easily distinguished by 
the absence of the umbilicus, and by its dark color, » bgdes 


_ the flatter whorls and regular spire. 


C.rurricunus. Pl. XXIV. Fig. 6. Proc. B. S. N. H., 1. c. 


conica, Mk suturis hates 5 sn frastibus EN ei anfractu ahim 
sub-bullato ; perforatione parva, arctatá, lunatá ; aperturd ovatà ; columella 
crassa, anfractu ultimo pene disjuncta. 

Shell elevated, conic, perforate, smooth, thick, tawny ; 
spire very much exserted, conical, obtuse; sutures small ; 
whorls six, convex; last whorl slightly bullate; base smooth; 
Perforation small,- narrow, lunate; mouth ovate ; cdbsnile 
thick, ies disjoined from the last whorl. 
Lat. .05 po 

Hab. PAA Carolina. * 

Remarks, The substance of the shell is very thick and 

Color, a light yellowish ind sometimes ap- 
P'oaching to white. im surface is occasionally somewhat 
Wrinkled with lines of growth. The spire is elevated, and 


290 Dr. Gould’s Descriptions of Shells 


composed of about six convex whorls. The columella is thick, 
and somewhat raised above the surface of the last whorl. 

' This shell I obtained, together with the Pholas semicostata. 
It differs essentially from all its congeners on this coast. 
Perhaps the Cingula aculeus, Gould, is its nearest analogue, 
but there can be no danger of their being confounded. 


ART. XIX. DESCRIPTIONS OF SHELLS FROM THE COAST OF 
AFRICA. By AvcvsTus A. Goutp, M. D. Read April 23, 1845. 

Tue following shells, with many other fine specimens of 
rare species, were collected by Charles J. Bates, Esq., As 
sistant Surgeon, United States Navy, and by his permission I 
offer the following descriptions. The Pholas were found 
living, and imbedded in lime stone. The others, with two 
fine species of Tellina, a Cytherea probably new, and a 
Sigaretus were brought up, at one time, by the anchor; = 

* "e locality I have failed to remember. : 


Pnuornas Brancuiata. Pl. XXIV. Fig. 7. 


,Strucetà: dorso secutis tribus obtecto, unico magno umb 

duobus marginalibus lanceolatis, duobus quoque ventralibus ; apo 

exili, flexuoso-falciformi. : 
Long. 11; lat. 2 poll. 

Shell egg-shaped, posteriorly pointed, rather solid, of a 
dingy white color, its surface divided into three nearly 
triangular areas; the anterior one is largest, and its v 
portion is sculptured by close, concentric, finely Serra 
striæ, while beneath it is smooth and polished ; the middle 

sarea is marked by very fine transverse strize ; and the ot 
rior one is remarkable for a series of concentric, horny, shining, 
flexible lamine, resembling the branchize of some c ry 
The back is protected by a very large, rounded, firm we 


. from the Coast of Africa. 29] 


over the umbones, as broad as the shell, into which the mar- 
ginal plates intrude posteriorly, nearly to its centre. "These 
latter are slender and lanceolate, and may perhaps be more 
properly considered as one, so closely are they united. "There 
are also two firmly united lanceolate plates along the basal 
margins. The apophysis is slender, compressed, falcate. 
The shell is entirely closed, except a small, vertically com- 
pressed, posterior opening, which was probably enclosed by a 
tubular appendix. Indeed the proper valves seem to terminate 
acutely, at a little distance within the present opening, which 
seems to be constructed by an accretion much like that 
formed on Lithodomi. 

This Pholas belongs to the same group as P. Californica, 
Conrad, (P. Janellii, Desh.) and with others, which are in 
like manner closed anteriorly, and have supplementary ventral 
valves, have been separated as a subgenus from the gaping 
species under the name. " Pholadidea. 


PsawwoBrA riGLiNA. Pl. XXIV. Fig. 9. 


Testà erassá, sub-ovali, esr cipi rufo-cinered ; anticé rotundatà ; 
Posticé hiante, Sub-rostratà, valdé flexuosa, apice emarginatà: valvis con- 
centricé laminoso-striatis, radiatim ticdu: natibus elevatis, attigentibus ; 
dentibus cardinalibus divaricatis : intus alba, punctis numerosis i indentata. 

Long. 31; alt. 92; lat. 12 poll. ” 

Shell thick, nearly equilateral, suboval, acutely rounded 
before, posteriorly gaping, somewhat rostrate, very strongly 
Waved or folded, and emarginate at apex. Color a reddish- 
asn, Surface marked with close and somewhat E P 

aint 


other; margin behind the beaks straight and excavated. 
Hinge teeth divaricate, two in the right and one in the left 

ve. Within white, indented with numerous large punc- 
tures. Siphona] scar linguiform, narrowed at base, extending 
half the length of the shell. 


992 Dr. Gould’s Descriptions of Shells. 
Nucuua BicUsPIDATA. Pl. XXIV. Fig. 8. 


esta albà, transversá elongato-ovatá, sub-cylindricá, anticé rotundatà et 
triplicata, posticé productà, tricarinatà, bicuspidatà ; valvis obliqué coneinné 
aratis,. preter spatio excavato inter carinas serratas; cardine dentibus 
anticis ad 12, posticis ad 26. 4 

Long. 2; alt. 1 poll. 

Shell milk-white, shining, elongate-ovate, sub-cylindrical ; 
anterior extremity rounded, having three very distinct folds 
radiating from the beaks ; posteriorly produced, and rendered 
emarginate by a deep, smooth excavation running from the 
beaks between the acute, serrated keels, two of which are 
approximate and above it, near the upper margin ; the other 
running to the inferior posterior angle, and terminating in 
projecting points. 'The sides are obliquely and regularly 
grooved, with fine acute striæ. The serratures of the carin® 
are produced by the strie of growth, and there are two to 
each of the oblique furrows. Teeth of the hinge about 1? 

_ before, and 26 behind the beaks. Interior highly polished ; 
. cavity of the beaks profound. 


Nassa TunBINEA. Pl. XXIV. Fg 10. 


Testa solidà, ovata, apice productá, albidà ; anfr. 9 sub-tabulatis, plicis 
umerosis acutis et ae volventibus profundis ad 13 de cussatis; basi 
spiraliter striati; apertura à parva, stricta, angulato-ovali ; 
erenulato, intus ME yaks columellari.erecto, granulato 
Long. 3; lat. } poll. 

Shell solid, whitish, topshaped ; whorls nine, the last one 
very large, and sub-globose, the posterior whorls not conforming 
to the others, but prolonged into a slender apex, so that bes 
profile outline of the shell is concave. Surface cov 7 
regular and numerous sharp folds, which are crossed by deep 
and regular revolving stris, about 4 on the posterior, 
on the large whorl, thereby producing a regularly granulatec 
surface; around the canal are fine spiral lines. pet 5 
small, narrow, elliptical, angular above ; lip ome somewhat 
‘inflected, deeply sulcated within ; columella with 
folds, and an erect callus; canal broad and strongly cect 


labio acuto, 


Note on Melocactus viridescens. 293 
Nassa: ELATA. Pl. XXIV. Fig. 11. 


Testa elongato-conicá, cinereo-albidá ; anfract. 8 tabulatis, marginatis, 
posterioribus plieatis, penultimo glabro, ultimo anticé striato; apertura 
angustá, ovali, albá ; labro acuto, anticé crenulato, intus striato. 


Long. 32 ; lat. 3; poll. 

A pretty, dingy-white shell, its slender, elongated forin 
giving it somewhat the aspect of a Terebra. It is remarkable 
for its varied sculpture. There are 8 flattened, turreted 
whorls, with a marginalline near the suture. "The six upper 
ones are marked with regular, somewhat distant, acute folds; 
the last but one and the upper half of the last are smooth, and ` 
the lower half is occupied by about half a dozen regular, 
deeply impressed, revolving strie. Aperture small and nar- 
row, less than half the length of the shell; lip sharp, some- 
what sinuate near the front, and rendered serrate where the 
revolving strie cut it; striate and white within; callus on the 
columella rather sparing. 


ART. XX. — NOTE ON MELOCACTUS VIRIDESCENS, Nvrr. (ECHI- 
" NOCACTUS, Torr. & Ga.) By J. E. TEscHEMACHER 


I see to communicate to the Society that I have just re- 
ceived from San Diego, California, a living specimen of Melo- 
cactus viridescens of Nuttall, MSS. communicated to Messrs. 
Torrey and Gray, and published by them in their invaluable 
Tk on the plants of North America, as an Echinocactus. 
this difference of opinion arose probably from Nuttall’s de- 
| iption stating that the flowers proceeded from the upper 
clusters of spines, whereas the flowers of Melocactus proceed 
from the woolly head characteristic of this genus, in which 
they are usually imbedded. But Nuttall also states that the 
fruit is smooth; this is a character of Melocactus, the fruit 
of Echinocactus being generally more or less scaly from the 
s “remains of the sepals; Pfeiffer says rarissime levis. 

My specimen is about 5 inches high, and 9 inches diameter ; 
the boum are radiating, very —_ and transversely striate ; 

d 


4 


E " 


294 & Di W yman's Notice of | | i 


four of them (Nuttall says three) in each fascicle are larger 
than the rest, but the upper and lower spines are the largest. 

ese spines are rather poisonous; wounds inflicted by them 
are almost certain to fester. In other respects, it agrees with 
Nuttall's description ; but it has a distinct woolly head, which 
is, however, small, and depressed, in the centre of the plant. 
There are no flowers now on the specimen, but the scars left 
by them exist. On these scars several seeds remain, exactly 
as may be seen on other Melocacti, of which the fruit has 
dried off. The scars are behind the fascicles of spines, near 
the axis, and not in the centre of the fascicle as in Echino- 
cactus, and, from their close proximity to the woolly. head, 
were probably immersed in the edge of it.. Nuttall observes 
that they are seldom laterally clustered; there were, however, 
two young plants laterally attached to my specimen, which 
I have removed ; and, although they are very dry, I shall take 
every pains to revive them. 

From this examination, it is clear that this plant will have 


.. to be restored to the genus Melocactus, in which Nut 
originally placed it. The native name of the plant is Choyas. 
x 


—. Boston, 14th April, 1845. 


Pa J 
ART. x ies OF: Wo SPECIES OF ances PELA By JEFFRIES 
mmunicated peo 17,1846. ^ 


Tue genus eh Froelich, is eyiioo jiu with that 
of PrwTASTOMA of Rudolphi. — According to its organizati p, 
it ranks: Nematoid entozoa, or Coelelmintha of Owe 
Lamarck, led into error doubtless, by the external resem 
of some of the species to Tania, associates * them with his 
Vers planulaires, which are nearly synonymous with the 
Parenchymata of Cuvier, and Sterelmintha of Owen. Lin- 


* guatuke are met with in various parts of the animal em 
so many 


.! Animaux sans Verteb. Tome III. p. 592. Rudolphi gave the 
TASTOMA, supposing that t En. cmm the lodgment of the hooks were 50 


xa Re 9 AU 


Ww 


$ 


siu. aie 


x 


and in organs entirely dissimilar. Lamarck gives instances of — 


individuals found in the lungs of the hare, the liver of ‘the 
goat, urinary bladder of the frog, human ovary, anterior tibial 
vein of man, and frontal sinus of the dog and horse. They 
have also been found in the throat of the Champsa sclerops, 


lungs of Crocodilus acutus, and the intestines of various 


fishes. As regards their habitat the Linguatule are some- 
what remarkable. For the most part the species of the dif- 


ferent genera of Entozoa are confined to certain classes of - 


Organs or tissues.  "Twnie, Echinorynchi, Ascarides, and 
others, as a general rule, infest the intestinal canal; Cysti- 
 Cercus. ‘the aveolar tissue ; Trichina, the muscular, &c. But 
rarely do we find the species of a genus so widely diffused, in 
such different tissues, as those belonging to that under con- 


. sideration. The presence of hooks about the mouth would 


seem to indicate that a free surface was the habitat most 
Congenial to’ their organization, and such is the fact as re- 
gards most of the species. The anatomy of Linguatula tæ- 
nioides has rer completely described and figured by Owen' 
and Diesin 


# bem. ARMILLATA. Pl. XV. Fig.3. Body cylin- 


areal, slightly flattened on its inferior face, and surround- 
d by about twenty distinct rings, separated from each other 
€ wide interval. The length of the different specimens, 
- all of which were fe : les, varied from three and a half to four 


: E. 
a inches ; the greatest diameter being about four-tenths of an 


ads The rings, which form the most puo pe Cdi n 


` The head is homer — $4 and on the in- 


T : omg Soc. Vol. I. p. 235. ; 
ee da gen re Pentastoma. Annales Mus. de Vienne, Vol. L, 


E 


two Species of Linguatula. = 295 s 


* 


A 
we 


i e ee “DE Wyman, on two Species of Linguala. w 
te ' ferior face is provided with four cavities, (Pl. XV. Fig " 


- arranged i ina curved au S apis with an ac 
un (PL XV. Fig. br 
EA rar e | en between these hooks, is. 
1 ae Situated the mouth, a . simple orifice. Posteriorly, the body - 


i-a sabe N a conical point, in the middle of the inferior da 
ER of which is situated the. anus. The intestine, g ai 
straight. ranous canal, extends from one extremity of the 


strai 

E aeu cavity to the other, and is loosely attached to the | 
P dorsal parietes. The extremely long and convoluted ovidadts k 

occupies the larger portion of the abdominal cavity, n does 

not, except near the posterior extremity, invest the in sia f 
he integuments are covered by a thin cuticle " 


3 

*A of this species were all found by Dr. Thomas A 

= ! intestine of the Python dre procured - 

| ; Cape Palmas. 

l specimen, Pl. XV. Fig. 6, was gie ae 

South American Boa, to the surface of which it 

was eiue, in company with three or four others of a 
At is three and a half inches in length, and 

| nterior fourth, 


e il 20 81 
exceed an inch and 
to be males. 
|. Was supposed o 
.* entozoa, it greatly 


P AN. 33 


ii 


TOTAM 


Stomáóh 


of a Dolphin, 


2^ - 
3 et 
a 
oe > 
g ae 
M 
'* 

rie 
A we 
T 
b 
» 2 
E 
e 
lam s 


VOL.V 


iu 
Y 


e 


cA 
A 


eet 


QC» 


Araneides of the 


Hentz's 


4 


E 


——————— 


a 
e y p up 
S i a : n neg eae tricte kf 
Scafites BS substriaius Hald Ha Scarites affinis Le C. fig. 9. Galosoma tristi Le 
cites @phialtes Lel Tie G-Scarites patruelis Le C ie.10 Dytiscus margimoollis. Le 
»tarite: rmedius n Bio 7 indel omi Le i Lamia scalator. Fabr 


Jalosom a 


" Le G 
"artes subterranens Tu B 


Ss 
a ( EQ iss 
a ORO Gt 


WE Tappan Se 


h — Fig. 2-Catostomus bubalus. Raf 
mtis uet Les. ^ 


j w F Tappan $c 


ale) fig. 2-Catostomus - anisaris Raf. 4 


ze” s, Raf. : 


YOLV. PL.XXI 


XX OX Y 
X X Y 
XXXV 


CM 


* 
A C 
iS vih aa SIE 
P CE n: 


x Tigl-Exoglossum dubium. K 


Fig. 2 - Catostomus 


f: 


Fi i 5 
18.1; Leuciscus dorsalis Ref. — ři 
ha € 


3-Leuciscus aped 


PL. XXIL 


2-8 Selyathus cyprinus 


Les 


f^ 


WDA 


MAT 
ap 
? 


iy: 
Uer 
end e A Ai es 
ur $^ : ; 


MUXX TT A TOA. 


BOSTON 
JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 


VOLUME V.— No. III. 


JUNE, 1846. 


Art. XXII.— NOTICES OF NEW LOCALITIES OF RARE MINERALS, 
AND REASONS FOR UNITING SEVERAL SUPPOSED DISTINCT 
SPECIES. By Francis Atcer. Read January 7th, 1846. 


Puaconire from New York. This rare mineral, which 
comes to us principally from Bohemia and Ireland, I have dis- 
covered among a suite of specimens of various kinds found on 
New York Island, near Harlem, by Messrs. Mathews and 
Johnson, of New York city. The specimens, which event- 
ually proved to be this mineral, were labelled Stilbite ; but 
their appearance was so peculiar, that I questioned at the time 
Whether they had been correctly designated, and determined 
to examine them carefully at my earliest convenience. I have 
since received two other specimens, better characterized than 
the first, from Mr. Johnson. The crystals are in a geode form, 
implanted on calcareous spar, and associated with silver-colored 
Mica and a few scales of Oligisto-magnetic iron ore. They are 

OL. v. 20 


298 Alger’s Localities of Rare Minerals, 


of a wax or honey-yellow color, have a waxy lustre, and the 
smallest individuals are translucent. They are brittle, break- 
ing with an uneven fracture, have none of the foliated structure 
: of Stilbite, and afford no indications of cleavage. Hardness 
superior to that of Stilbite, and equal to that of Chabasite. 
Their surfaces are roughened or pitted, so as to reflect no 
image by which they could be subjected to measurement by 
the goniometer. Before the blowpipe, a fragment of the 
mineral swells and intumesces slightly, like the Bohemian and 
Ferroe Chabasite, and fuses into an opaline, blebby bead ; at 
the mofhent of ignition, in the outer flame, it gives out a 
beautiful green phosphorescence, which I have also noticed, in 
a less degree, in the Phacolite from Ireland. It is soluble in 
hydrochloric acid. The crystals, at first sight, appear to be 
rounded, and to have no determinate form; but, on closer 
examination, some of the smaller and more isolated ones are 
found to be nearly perfect double six-sided pyramids, precisely 
similar to the Phacolite from Bohemia, differing from it only 
in color and lustre. I cannot doubt that, like that mineral, 
they are secondaries to a primary rhombohedron, probably of 
the same measurements, and are also identical with it in com- 
position. The absence of well defined cleavage is unfortunate, 
but this is a defect which applies equally to the foreign min- 
eral. Nor is the rhombohedral cleavage of ordinary Chabasite, 
of which Phacolite is by many supposed to be only a variety, 
by any means easily determined ; in fact, Sir David Bee 
has suggested, from optical investigations, whether the primary 
form of Chabasite be not a prism. ; 
Is Phacolite a variety of Chabasite, or distinct from it? 
Tamnau, of Berlin, in his very complete little essay on Chaba- 
sites, has given very good reasons for uniting the two; while 
Breithaupt has maintained them to be distinct. The primary 
rhombohedron of Phacolite, according to Breithaupt, 1$ Ton 
P, 94°, that of Chabasite P on P, 94° 24’. Phillips makes 
the last 94° 46’. The analyses of Anderson and Rammels- 
berg would seem, at first, to show a marked difference 1n their 


and Union of Supposed Distinct Species. 999 


composition, a difference which is also shown by the different 
analyses of common Chabasite, resulting in varieties havi 
different formularic expressions. For example, Acadiolite 
contains three per cent. more of silicic acid than common 
Chabasite, and is a tersilicate of lime and the other isomorphous 
bases, instead of a bisilicate of the same bases.: The minera- 
logical formula of Acadiolite is, 3 Al Si? + (Cal, N, K,) Si? + 
6 Aq., while that of Chabasite is, 3 Al Si? + (Cal, N, K,) Si? + 
6Aq. Rammelsberg is inclined to regard Phacolite as a mix- 
ture of Acadiolite and Scolecite (lime mesotype,) the latter 
containing an additional atom of water. By uniting the atoms 
of both, he thus states the chemical formula for Phacolite : 
2 R Si + AF SP + 10H. | As the analyses stand, (compare 
Berzelius’s and Thomson’s with the two just referred to,) 
Phacolite differs from Chabasite in containing three per cent. 
less of silicic acid, and three atoms less of water. Now it is 
obvious that these differences are insufficient to authorize a 
Separation of the two minerals, unless there be a want of 
agreement in crystallographical and other characters, greater 
than that as yet pointed out. An equally valid reason could 
be urged for the separation of Acadiolite from Chabasite, on 
the ground of a difference in their composition, had not the 
examinations of Prof. G. Rose proved an exact agreement in 
e angles of their primary crystals. So, also, of Levyne and 
melinite, which are now admitted to be only varieties of 
C basite, their occurring forms all being secondaries to the 
Same primary rhombohedron. ‘The evidence of the identity 
9f any two minerals is best shown by the incipient or inter- 
mediate passages of one into the other, in the same specimen. 
am not aware that, in the case of the Irish or Bohemian 
Phacolite, such evidence has been adduced ; no tendency of 
the sort is shown in the specimens I have examined, from those 


e wie Suppl. to his Handwörterbuch, p. 112. Tt was on these grounds that 
Chabasite. Proposed to separate Acadiolite, > wall as the 
— Poggendor.f's Annalen, xxv. 495. 


300 Alger's Localities of Rare Minerals, 


countries. Now one of my specimens, from New York, has 
the distinct form of Chabasite (the perfect rhombohedron,) and 
of Phacolite (perfect double six-sided pyramids.) The first 
form, however, is rare; the incipient replacements are also 
shown ; but these crystals have not the full perfection of waxy 
lustre reflected by the ultimate form of Phacolite, —a singular 
effect, attributable, probably, to the nature of the solvent in 
which the molecules were suspended. 

Approach of twin-crystals to the Phacolite form. These, 
as they are sometimes presented, would, unless carefully exam- 
ined, be mistaken for the true form of Phacolite. The most 
perfect specimens I have seen, are from Nova Scotia. They 
consist of two rhombohedrons united in the usual manner, 
each crystal turned half round, but having their superior edges 
and lateral angles deeply replaced. The approach to the form 
of Phacolite is thus produced : the edges and angles not stand- 
ing out in relief, as they ordinarily do in these twin forms. 
The strize, parallel with the edges of the two rhombohedrons, 
so intersect as to show the compound nature of the crystals. 
Dr. C. T. Jackson has a fine specimen of this variety from the 
Two Islands, in Nova Scotia, of a wine-yellow color; I have 
another pure white, from the same place. 

Yitro-cerite. This rare mineral is found, associated with 
Brucite, in rolled masses of limestone, in the town of Amity, 
Orange county, New York. I have, as yet, seen sanción 
specimens of it, which I found among some fragments of lime- 
stone containing Brucite and mica, in the duplicate collec- 
tions belonging to the late Dr. Horton, of Edenville. It at- 
tracted my attention as being unlike fluor spar, which it was 
supposed to be at the time, and I have now satisfied myself 
that it is Yttro-cerite, though I have not gone so far as to 
detect the Yttria, the presence of which in the mineral cannot 
be indicated by mere blowpipe experiments alone. It has n° 
crystalline structure, but appears in thin layers, or seam? 
which sometimes amount to scarcely anything more 


and Union of Supposed Distinct Species. 301 


peach-blossom, or purple stains, penetrating the seams of the 
limestone: precisely the character of this mineral in the speci- 
mens I have of it, from Finbo, in Sweden. With this it also 
agrees in hardness and color. When heated in a glass tube, 
it slightly decrepitates, shows no phosphorescence, gives out 
moisture, and becomes milk-white ; at the same time, there is 
a perceptible burnt smell. When its powder, moistened with 
sulphuric acid, is placed in a platinum crucible, hydro-fluoric 
acid is given out by the application of heat, and the usual 
reaction on glass is produced. "The pulverized mineral, heated 
with fused salt of phosphorus in an open glass tube, also 
shows the same reaction, the glass losing its polish where the 
moisture is deposited. In these experiments I was careful to 
separate the mineral entirely from the Brucite ; but I have not 
been able to obtain fragments sufficiently free from carbonate 
of lime, to enable me to give its blowpipe characters in detail, 
or subject it to any other trials. I hope to be able to obtain 
better specimens at an early day, and then to complete its 
examination. The mineral is very characteristic, and, in the 
hand specimen, cannot be distinguished from the Finbo va- 
riety, 


Ottrelite identical with Phyllite. The name of Phyllite, 
from gviior, a leaf, was given by Dr. Thomson to a mineral, 
Which was discovered and sent to him for analysis by Prof. 
Nuttall. It comes from Sterling, Massachusetts, and is dis- 
"eminated, in small, thin plates, through what appears to be 
an argillo-micaceous slate. Some of these plates are angular 
and others rounded, not appearing to have any regular crystal- 
ins form ; yet, in a few instances, they present the distinct 
form of rhomboidal tables. Color, brownish-black, or grayish 

lack ; lustre, shining and semi-metallic; opake; fracture, 
“neven, The knife makes a faint impression upon them. In 
‘trong transmitted light, the thinnest disks present a greenish 
Color. Before the blowpipe, on charcoal, it becomes magnetic, 
but does not fuse even on the edges; with double its bulk of 


302 Alger's Localities of Rare Minerals, 


borax, it slowly dissolves into a dark iron-green glass. Its 
composition, as stated by Dr. Thomson, is as follows : 


Silica, 38.40 

Alumina, 23.68 
Peroxide of iron, 17.52..." 

Magnesia, mg: 

6.80 

Water, 4.80 

100.16. 


Ottrelite was discovered by M. Desclozeaux, and analyzed by 
M. Damour, in 1842. A full description of it is given in the 
Annales des Mines, for that year, vol. ii. p. 357. It occurs in 
small disks or plates, of a grayish-black or greenish-black 
color, with considerable metallic lustre, disseminated through a 
gangue which appears like a greenish argillaceous slate. These 
disks present no distinct form in the specimens I have exam- 
ined, their edges being rounded, as in the case of the Phyllite; 
but Desclozeaux has referred them to a hexagonal prism, or to 
an acute rhomboid deeply truncated by a plane perpendicular 
to the axis, or deeply compressed in that direction. He also 
obtained a cleavage parallel with that plane. Minute frag- 
ments are translucent, and show a greenish color by trans- 
mitted light. Before the blowpipe, it fuses, alone, with 
difficulty, on the edges, into a black, magnetic globule. k 
dissolves slowly in borax, giving the reaction of iron, and with 
ate of soda, shows the presence of manganese. 
Its constituents are as follow : 


Oxygen. Ratio. Formule. 

Silica, 43.34 22.51 4 B 
Alumina, 24.63 11.50 2 2AlSi-+ (Fe, Mn.) Si 
Protox. of iron, 16.72 2.80 -- Aq. 
Protox. of man- 5.63 1 
Water,” 566 508 1 2A Si-+ (Pe, Mat) SP 

: 3H. 

98.53 


Dr. Thomson’s analysis affords a different formula, and, 8c 


and Union of Supposed Distinct Species. 303 


cording to his method of determining the atomic proportions, 
Phyllite is a simple silicate, (the atoms of silica and bases 
being equal,) consisting of nine atoms silicate of alumina, three 
atoms silicate of peroxide of iron, three atoms silicate of man- 
ganese, and one atom silicate of potash.' The occurrence of 
so large a proportion of potash in the mineral is not a little 
remarkable, and I would suggest whether it may not have 
been derived from the gangue of slate, from which it is difh- 
cult to obtain the mineral entirely free. Its infusibility before 

€ blowpipe would seem to show this. It has been suggested, 
also, that a part of the iron may have been in the state of 
protoxide. It seems impossible, without some such supposi- 
tion, that substances, so closely resembling each other in all 
their physical characters, should differ so much in chemical 
Composition. Now, if the potash be left out, and the peroxide 
of iron be changed into protoxide, the ratio between the atoms 
of acid and bases is nearly the same as in Ottrelite, if we unite 
the atoms of magnesia and iron, as isomorphous with each 
other, Ottrelite, also, is not easily separated from its matrix, 
but the larger size of its plates would seem to render it more 
easy to obtain pure specimens for analysis ; and it is to be ob- 
Served that Damour repeated his analysis, and obtained pre- 
cisely the same result. It is remarkable that Rammelsberg 
has alphabetically inserted Phyllite, but has given no formula 
lor its constitution. It seems proper that the name of Phyllite, 
on the ground of its priority, and because it expresses so well 
the ordinary appearance of the mineral, should stand, and that 
of Ottrelite be abandoned.’ 

Dysluite identical with Automalite. 1 am satisfied, from 
recent observations, that these two minerals, as they occur in 
New Jersey, should form but one species. The difference in 


? Outlines of Mi ; . Dr. Thomson's atomic weights, 
founded upon e d E ds pie multiples of the atomic weight of 
Ydrogen, vary somewhat from Berzelius's. à : ‘ BU senis 
the a € has supposed Phyllite to be identical with Gigantolite. t ii den. 
c analysis of Gigantolite with Damour's analysis above, the evidence of their iden 
JY (supposing Ottrelite to be a purer variety of Phyllite) is much more marked, 
. the atoms of acid and bases is nearly the same in 


304 Alger's Localities of Rare Minerals, 


hardness, color, specific gravity and pyrognostic characters, 
can be accounted for by the well established fact of the iso- 
morphous replacement among the constituents of certain min- 
erals which do not differ in crystalline form. In Dysluite, we 
have but thirty per cent. of alumina, the acting acid principle 
in the mineral, while, in Automalite, we have sixty per cent. 
But the peroxide of iron, which is isomorphous with the 
alumina, amounts to nearly forty-two per cent. Now, if we 
suppose about thirty per cent., of this peroxide of iron, to have 
replaced the same number of atoms of alumina in Automalite, 
and the eight per cent. of protoxide of manganese to have re- 
placed so much of the oxide of zinc, we make up, very nearly, 
the essential constituents as shown in the analyses of Auto- 
malite by Ekeberg and Abich. It is to be observed that the 
latter chemist puts down the iron as protoxide in the Franklin 
Automalite. If it should prove that the iron exists in Dysluite 
in both states of oxidation, the twelve per cent., remaining out 
of the forty-two, may be protoxide, replacing so much oxide 
of zinc. So that, in this view of the case, the 17 per cent. 
oxide of zine + 11 per cent. protoxide of iron + 7 per cent. 
protoxide of manganese — 35 per cent. oxide of zine; which 
is nearly the exact quantity found by Abich in the crystals 
from Franklin. We may then state the constituents as follow : 


Oxygen. Ratio. 
Alumina 30.49 14.24 3 
Peroxide of iron, 3000 . 919 j 22-3 
Protoxide of iron, 11.93 2.12 
Protoxide of manganese, 7.60 m TH 5 
Oxide of zinc, 16.80 3.34 


Here it is evident that the atoms of acid and bases are to each 

other as three to one, which is the case, also, with Automalite, 

taking Abich's analysis, and grouping the isomorphous bases, 
us: 


Oxygen. Ratıo. 
Alumina, 57.09 26.66 3 
Oxide of zinc, 34.80 6.92 } 
i 22 "i 872 1 
Protoxide of iron, 4.55 1.04 


and Union of Supposed Distinct Species. 305 


Dr. Thomson, the only chemist who has analyzed Dysluite, 
reckons all the iron as peroxide, and as the principal basic 
constituent of the mineral, which, in his view, consists of the 
aluminates of iron, zinc and manganese. Rammelsberg, in 
stating the analysis, has given both oxides, and. the atoms of 
alurhina and peroxide of iron, as put down by him, are 22.80, 
and those of the isomorphous bases — protoxide of iron, pro- 
toxide of manganese and oxide of zinc— are 7.83 (7.891) ; 
thus giving the same ratio as that above stated. 

But other reasons may be urged why Dysluite should be 
regarded only as a variety of Automalite. 1 have seen speci- 
mens on which there were crystals well claiming the name of 
Dysluite, as well as others equally entitled to the name of 
Automalite; while there were yet others, evidently passing 
from one into the other, ——the bright and perfect crystals of 
Automalite gradually losing their lustre, becoming porous, - 
comparatively brittle and soft. I think if these circumstances 
had been attended to in the early history of the mineral, the 
name Dysluite would long since have departed from the cata- 
logue of mineral species. 

Polyadelphite. As Dana, in the new edition of his min- 
eralogy, has very properly included this mineral under the 
species garnet, I merely refer to it, to give further evidence of 
the correctness of his opinion from circumstances connected 
with its occurrence at the locality. It is evidently a granular, 
imperfectly crystallized yellow garnet, and the specimen which 
I received, ten years ago, from Prof. Nuttall, contains mechan- 
ical mixtures which it would be impossible to separate from it, 
*0 as to give us entire confidence in its analysis. To these, I 

eve, we may attribute its departure in composition from 
common brown or yellow garnet, though it does not differ 
much from the brown garnet of Franklin, analyzed both by 

r. Thomson and Mr. Seybert. : 

Beaumontite of Levy, and Lincolnite of Hitchcock. Ina 
Paper read before the Boston Society of Natural History, 
and since published in their Journal, and in the American 


e 


306 Alger’s Localities of Rare Minerals, 


Journal of Science, (vol. xlvi. p. 235,) I gave my reasons for 
classing these two minerals with Heulandite. That Beau- 
montite is Heulandite, I believe, is no longer doubted in this 
country or Europe. An analysis of the mineral, by M. 
Delesse, has appeared since the publication of my paper,’ and 
it agrees with all the other analyses of Heulandite, excepting 
in the slight excess of silicic acid. In this respect, it offers an 
example analogous to that of the variety of Chabasite called 
Acadiolite, in which the silicic acid forms a larger atomic pro- 
portion of the mineral, without causing any appreciable variation 
in the angles of the crystals. As to Lincolnite, I must think 
that the various papers, that have been called forth in relation 
to it since my first communication appeared, have established 
its indisputable identity with Heulandite. 

Peculiarities in the modifying planes, have given rise to a 
secondary form, rarely observed in Heulandite. "These consist 
in the enlargement of the planes f (Phillips,) or ë (Dana,) so 
as nearly to obliterate the primary planes M; being, in fact, 
the reverse of what we usually observe in Heulandite from 
other localities. In the measurements by Prof. Hitchcock and 
Prof. Shepard, the angle of f on T was mistaken for that of 
M on T, and in the figure given by Prof. Hitchcock, it 15 
evident that the planes lettered M should be f. The true 
value of f on T is 115° 10 (Dana); Prof. Shepard's last 
measurements made it 116° 17'. : 

ererite. I am compelled, at last, to declare my convic- 
tion that the specific nature of this mineral can no longer be 
maintained. Connell’s analysis of an Irish Gmelinite, which 
agrees with Lédererite in all its physical and crystallographical 
characters, has shown also an identity in chemical composition. 
The phosphoric acid, detected by Mr. Hayes, must be viewed 
as an accidental constituent, varying probably in different 


1 Ann. de Chim. et de Phys. for 1843, t. ix. p. 395. Phillips’s Min. P- — 416. 
? For the figures see Am. Jour. of Science. vol. xlvi. p. 234, and vol. ni. p. Am. 
Corroborative evidence of the correctness of my opinions, by the editors of the 
rec + b y £ ^£: 


Jour. 


+ J 4" 


and Union of Supposed Distinct Species. 307 


crystals, or, in some of them, not existing at all. Some of the 
Zeolites, in the Nova Scotia trap, have been found associated 
with small crystals of phosphate of lime, and it is not impos- 
sible that some of the minutest of these may have intercrystal- 
lized with the Ledererite. We regret that we have not been 
able to obtain other specimens to enable Mr. Hayes to give it 
a reéxamination. For comparison, I subjoin the analyses of 
Ledererite and Gmelinite. 


Ledererite. Gmelinite. 
Silica, 49.47 : 
Alumina, 21.48 18.05 
ime, 11.48 6.13 
Soda 3 


, .94 3.85 
Phosphoric acid, 3.48 Potash, 0.39 
Protoxide of iron, 0.14 0.11 

ater, 8.58 21.66 


98.56, Hayes. 98.75, Connell. 


Now, if the phosphoric acid, in Ledererite, is united with lime 
as an accidental mixture, 2! per cent. of the lime should be 
taken from the 11.48 per cent found in the mineral: this 
brings the proportion down nearly to that obtained by Connell. 
Mr. Hayes was not able to determine the weight of the water 
With accuracy, owing to the small quantity of the mineral 
Operated upon. As the loss (1.44 per cent.) was mostly 
water, we may suppose, with Rammelsberg, that Ledererite is 

melinite containing (1?) its quantity of water. The chemi- 

formula for Gmelinite and Chabasite is thus : 


m 1 
. 


Excepting the absence of striæ, and the shorter dimensions of 

Prismatic planes of its crystals, the Irish Gmelinite precisely 

fre Handuirterbuh, i. 150. Rammelsberg unites Chabasite and Gmelinite, the 

"38 soda Chabasite, the last as lime Chabasite. This is in accordance with 

Tamnau, who has ¢ tablished their identity on erystallographical grounds. ‘The close 

Pre of the two minerals was, however, first shown by Prof. Mohs. See his 
Vol. ii. p. 105. 


308 Alger's Localities of Rare Minerals, 


resembles Ledererite ; their hardness, lustre, color and. blow- 
pipe characters are the same. The appearance of hexahedral 
cleavage, on which Dr. Jackson originally founded the chief 
claim of the latter to the character of a new species, was only 
imperfectly produced by heating the crystals, and not by 
ordinary mechanical cleavage. This could not be effected, 
the mineral breaking, in all directions, with a vitreous fracture. 
Dr. Jackson agrees, with me, that it can no longer be retained 
as a distinct species. 

While preparing my edition of Phillips’s Mineralogy, I re- 
quested Mr. Hayes and Dr. Jackson to make several analyses 
for me with particular reference to that work. As some of 
these have not appeared in any other form, I wish now to 
make a permanent record of them, in order that they may be 
seen where they might not otherwise reach. The first are of 
the Nova Scotia Chabasite (Acadiolite,) which Hoffmann has 
distinguished from common Chabasite, by its containing 3 per 
cent. more silica, and for which Rammelsberg has given a 
formula differing somewhat from that of Chabasite. (See first 
part of this article.) 


Silica, 52.02 52.20 
Alumina, 17.88 18.27 
Lime, 24 6.58 
Potash 3.03 

Soda, 4.07 l dei 
Water, 18.30 20.52 


.. 99.60, Hayes. 99.69, Hayes. 


These results agree with those obtained by Hoffmann,’ in his 
analysis of the same mineral, the specimens of which were 
presented to him by Charles Cramer, Esq., of St. Petersburg. 

Washingtonite of Shepard, analyzed by Mr. J. S. Kendall, 
under the direction of Dr. Jackson, gave these results: 


1 Amer. Jour, of Sc. vol. xxx. p. 366. 


and Union of Supposed Distinct Species. 309 


Oxygen. Ratio. 


Titanic acid, 25.98 4.82 1 

Peroxide of iron, 51.84 10.36 2 

Protoxide of iron, 22.86 5.08 1 
99.98 


The atomic proportions are thus, nearly one atom titanic acid, 
two atoms peroxide of iron, one atom protoxide of iron; or, 
a trititaniate of i iron, consisting of two atoms trititaniated per- 
oxide and one atom trititaniated protoxide. If we unite the 
magnesia and lime with protoxide of iron, in the following 
analysis of an IImenite. from Arendal,’ by Mosander, we obtain 
Precisely the same result. The crystalline form of the two 
Varieties is also the same, and there can be no donbt of their 
identity as one species.’ 

Titanic acid, 24.19 

Boise of iron Nu 53.01 

rotoxide o ifou 
Magnesia and Lime, 1.01 d RBB? 


i referring to the analyses of Ilmenite from other localities, 
it will be seen that the essential constituents, titanic acid and 
the two oxides of iron, so interchange with each as to produce 
different varieties, but all having the same crystalline form. 


= enlin of Breithaupt 
à te rhombohedron, PonP 86° 10^, for the Ilmenite. Shepard, employing 
oia planes of the Washingtonite, makes P on P 86». Prof. Shepard fou fou nds 


Shown to be distinct, i n any essential manner, from the axotomous pae 

S, or from C richtonite (including Ilmenite) : indeed, it nene most pr » 

hos these minerals are not onl y identical in their angles, but are isomorphous 

eM ì iron,” tage vol. xliii. p. 365. The analysis, now, would seem 
‘toy the groundwork Si des piety 


310 Rogers’s Account of two Remarkable 


Art. XXIII. — AN ACCOUNT OF TWO REMARKABLE TRAINS OF 
ANGULAR ERRATIC BLOCKS, IN BERKSHIRE, MASSACHUSETTS, 
WITH AN ATTEMPT AT AN EXPLANATION OF THE PHENOMENA. 
By Pror. Henry. D. Rogers and Pror. Wittram B. Rocers. Read Dec. 3, 
1845. 


Tue origin of the drift or diluvium, that extensive, super- 
ficial stratum of loose, fragmentary, rocky materials, which 
covers, in one unbroken sheet, the northern portions of both 
continents, from the highest latitudes explored to the parallel 
of the Alps, in Europe, and to 40° or 41°, in North America, 
has, for many years past, been one of the most interesting 
questions in geological dynamics. 

In the recent discussion, which it has received from some 
of the most eminent of the cultivators of science, on both sides 
of the Atlantie, this question has been shown to involve an 
inquiry into the nature and mode of action of nearly all the 
great physical agents concerned in the revolutions of the 
earth's surface, the transportation of soil by icebergs, the 
pushing forward of moraines by glaciers, and the more rapid 
strewing of débris by violent continental inundations. 

It connects itself, therefore, with investigations into the 
former climates of the world, and into the changes in the dis- 
tribution of its lands and waters, and it, consequently, requires 
a knowledge of the great secular and paroxysmal disturbances 
in the earth's crust, from whence these and all the other sur- 
face revolutions have proceeded. 

The object of the present brief paper is not so much to 
present our views of the whole train of causes explanatory of 
the origin of the drift, —a discussion which would lead to ? 
wide investigation into the efficacy of nearly all the physical 
agents and changes above referred to,— but it is simply xf 
test, by certain unexplained phenomena, the relative merits © 
the several hypotheses of drift-action, most in favor with geo- 
logists. 

The phenomena, to which we here allude, are those of 


Trains of Boulders, in Berkshire, Mass. 311 


certain long and narrow trains of large and angular blocks, 
seen, in the mountainous districts of New England, resting 
upon the surface of the more rounded materials of the ordinary 
drift. There are many conspicuous trains of this description 
in New Hampshire, Vermont and Massachusetts. One striking 
example, to be met with in Berkshire County, Massachusetts, 
has been already the subject of instructive notices by Dr. S. 
Reid, of Richmond, who resides in its immediate neighborhood, 
and Dr. Hitchcock, of Amherst College. The earliest account 
of this very curious train was given by Dr. Reid, in 1842, in the 
Berkshire Farmer, a newspaper printed at Lenox ; that by Dr. 
Hitchcock was read to the American Association of Geologists 
and Naturalists, in May, 1844; and a still more detailed 
description, by Dr. Reid, was submitted to the same society, 
at their meeting in May, 1845. 

Neither Dr. Reid nor Dr. Hitchcock has ventured upon any 
hypothesis to account for this and other similar lines of bould- 
ers; but the latter observer, on the other hand, influenced by a 
spirit of philosophic caution, confesses that he finds so many 
difficulties on any supposition which he can make, that he “ pre- 
fers to leave the case unexplained, till more analogous facts shall 

ave been observed." Having, in the month of August last, 
While engaged in some observations on the geology of the Taco- 
me chain and the Green Mountains, been permitted, through 
the kindness of Dr. Reid, who guided us along this enormous 
stream of stones, to trace it to its source, and study with suffi- 
cient care its instructive features, we feel a desire to add to 
the descriptions already published a notice of a few omitted 
Points, which appear to us to deserve a record from their 
theoretical importance. Believing that all the phenomena of 
the drift Stratum, as seen in Berkshire, and, indeed, throug 
om the continent, do admit of intelligible explanation, upon 
the views we entertain of paroxysmal action, we propose to 
Submit these doctrines to the ordeal of the facts observed by 

- Reid, Dr. Hitchcock and ourselves. 

Standing on the most westerly elevated spur of the Taconic 


312 Roger’s Account of two Remarkable 


chain, in Canaan, New York, a little west of the Massachusetts 
line, and about four miles south of the Lebanon Springs, we 
may perceive two remarkable trains of thinly scattered erratic 
blocks, stretching, for many miles, in a south-easterly direction, 
across the valleys, and up and over the parallel intervening 
mountain barriers of Berkshire. These trains are of extra- 
ordinary length ; the most northerly of the two extending, ac- 
cording to the observations of Dr. Reid, who has traced them 
over the fields, and through tracts of forest, a distance of 
nearly twenty miles. They are only approximately. straight 
and parallel, for they bend sensibly at several points, and 
diverge a little as they recede from their place of origin. 
Their average width is about three or four hundred feet, and 
the distance between them is from one third to one half of a 
mile. 

The blocks composing these trains are, for the most part, 
of enormous size ; the smaller ones being generally several feet 
in diameter, while others are ten or twenty feet, and a few are 
even thirty feet or more. One of the largest lies not far from 
the residence of Dr. Reid, in the neighborhood of Richmond 
meeting-house, and therefore nearly four miles from its source. 
It has been ascertained by him to be nearly fifty feet long, 
forty feet wide, and about fifteen feet thick, five feet of its 
thickness being imbedded in the gravelly drift. Its weight 
probably exceeds two thousand tons. The fragments, in both 
trains, are rather thinly scattered, the distances between them 
being generally several times their own dimensions ; but there 
are localities where they lie almost in contact. : 

While these erratics are of various sizes in the same neigh- 
borhood, there is a perceptible, though, of course, very gradual, 
diminution in their average bulk, as we follow them to the 
south-east. It is true, blocks of very great magnitude, like 

the one just referred to, are met with, even several miles 
remote from their parent stratum ; but, when we compare the 
mean size of the fragments, at any given locality, with that - 
another spot, a mile or two further on, we discover an obvious 


Trains of Boulders, in Berkshire, Mass. 318 


diminution. ‘This declension in size must be regardéd, in 
connection with theory, as a crucial. fact, wholly inexplicable 
upon the iceberg theory, which supplies no reason for such 
gradation. The masses which have travelled furthest seem.to 
be no more worn at their edges than the others, a circumstance 
in strict accordance with the theory we shall here advocate. 

The blocks have, been described as presenting no evidence 
of attrition. It Gs true, their corners and edges are not 
rounded off, nor are their surfaces smoothed and furrowed, 
like those of the tite boulders of the general drift which sup- 
ports them. Their angles are, however, perceptibly blunted 
and worn, and their surfaces all indicate a certain. amount of 
erosion. Nevertheless the boulders and pebbles of the true 
drift, below them, have a very different aspect, being entirely 
covered with the traces of a long-continued and violent 
rubbing, 

Another very curious and significant fact, already noticed 
by Dr. Reid and Dr. Hitchcock, is, that these blocks do not 
mingle with the general drift, but merely rest upon it. In a 
somewhat deep excavation on the Western Railroad, and at 
other places, the worn and furrowed fragments of the drift are 
seen to support these angular erratics, but to contain none 
below the level of the soil. The greater number of these 
angular blocks are, it is true, imbedded to a trivial depth, 
Usually an unimportant portion of their thickness. Many of 
them appear to have been suddenly split, as if by impinging 
violently upon the spots where they repose; the broken halves 

hear each other, sometimes almost in contact, sometimes 
Several feet asunder, but always with their fractured surfaces 
unworn and rough, as if the pieces came to rest very soon 
after bursting. face Se 

lt is another circumstance worthy of observation, that these 
“matics differ from the drift below them, as much in their 
mineral nature, as in their shape, size and situation. While 

Seneral drift, in any neighborhood, is composed of frag- 
Ments. torn from the outcrop of all the strata, especially the 
21 


YOL. v, 


314 Rogers's Account of two Remarkable 


less easily destructible, which occur for many miles north-west 
of it, smoothed and rounded by their mutual attrition, and 
mingled in the most heterogeneous manner, these trains con- 
sist of one special kind of rock, readily distinguishable from 
every other in the region both by its composition and external 
aspect. It has a distinct greenish color, is excessively tough, 
and is partially, and in some masses almost entirely, crystal- 
line. The fracture and composition plainly show it to be a 
rock altered by igneous action, and in that intermediate state 
towards full crystalline development, in which a determination 
of its component minerals is attended with some uncertainty. 
It contains much glassy felspar in apparently incipient for- 
mation, a green mineral like Nephrite, and perhaps. Picros- 
mene. So well marked are all its external features, that the 
observer finds no difficulty in recognizing any isolated frag- 
ment of it; he perceives, at a glance, that the blocks do not 
belong to any of the zones of argillaceous or talco-argillaceous 
slates, vitreous sandstones, and semi-crystalline limestones, 
which the trains cross, but he identifies them at once with a 
particular hard and massive stratum found nowhere but in the 
very summit of the high ridge in Canaan, where it projects, 45 
a narrow rib, along the sharp and somewhat broken crest. 
After tracing either of the two long and narrow belts of angu- 
lar stones, north-westward, for many miles, across successive 
valleys and their intervening ranges of hills, and finding, as 1t 
were, no parentage in any of the strata beneath for these far- 
strewn surface blocks, the geological traveller feels extreme 
amazement when, upon clambering to the torn and narrow 
crest of the Canaan ridge, he sees at last the separate source 
of each of these immense streams of stones. There each train 
suddenly terminates, and there, in the very crest of the 
mountain, is the material from which the whole collection of 
fragments must have been derived. As observed by Dr. 
Hitchcock, the very places whence the fragments were "ne 
tured, are still visible. The observer is surprised to notice 
that each train originates in a distinct depression in the crest 


Trains of Boulders, in Berkshire, Mass. 315 


of the mountain, each of the depressions being at the head of 
a very steep and rugged ravine, on its easterly flank, the long- 
est train beginning in the largest depression. The knob, which 
fills the space between the two indentations, is not, as sup- 
posed by Dr. Reid, the starting place of either of these trains. 
Gazing westward from the crest, we look in vain, down the 
declivity on that side, or upon any of the lower ranges of hills 
towards the Hudson valley, for a single block like those which 
$0 thickly sprinkle its eastern slope. ‘Turning, however, to 
the eastward, and tracing the longest and most conspicuous 
stream of fragments, we notice that, while all the principal 
ridges and valleys of the district range about 20° west of 
south, the train takes a course which varies, in different parts, 
from 50° to 35° east of south; and here it is essential to . 
remark that this is the general direction of the diluvial furrows 
and scratches upon the strata of the district, and coincides 
With the direction taken by the rounded drift. It will be in- 
structive to notice a little in detail some of the changes which 
this gigantic pathway of stones exhibits. Descending the 
eastern flank, the blocks, which are here of huge dimensions, 
are thickly crowded along the great gutter or ravine. They 
9 not stream directly down the mountain, as if they had 
merely rolled to the foot by their gravity, but they take an 
oblique line, and cross the valley in a direction of about 45° 
fast of south. At a point about three quarters of a mile from 
i commencement, and near a small Shaker village, the train 
Inclines perceptibly (about 10^) more to the southward, and, 
in this course, it climbs the slope of the next mountain barrier, 
the Richmond range. On the brow of the mountain it re- 
Sumes its first direction, crossing, for a mile or more; its broad 
summit exactly over the highest point of one of its most con- 
‘Picuous knobs, elevated nearly one hundred feet above the 
Point in the Canaan ridge whence the train started. It then 
descends the eastern slope, in a line about 5^ more towards 
the east, and here contains an unusual number of the larger 
9f fragments, there being, according to Dr. Reid, in 


316 Rogers's Account of two Remarkable 


a length of three quarters of a mile, more than fifty boulders 
of the capacity of from one to two thousand cubic feet, the 
belt in this part being only two hundred and fifty feet wide. 
Entering the Richmond valley, it presently deflects as much 
as 20° to the south, altering its course from S. 50° E. to 8. 
30° E. The belt is now hardly two hundred feet in breadth. 
From this last elbow, which is near the Richmond meeting- 
house, the train, having a breadth of from two hundred and 
fifty to three hundred feet, extends, in a line approximately 
straight, across the Richmond valley, a distance of about four 
miles. It then ascends the mountain west of Lenox, which it 
passes at an elevation about as great as where it traverses the 
knob of the Richmond ridge. On the eastern declivity of the 
Lenox mountain, the larger boulders measure from eight hun- 
dred to one thousand cubic feet. Gaining the Lenox and Stock- 
bridge valley, which is about one hundred feet lower than the 
Richmond valley to the west, the blocks become less nu- 
merous, and there are portions of the belt where they are 
almost absent, while, in intermediate sections, they occur 
thickly crowded. The train ranges on, crossing the southern 
corner of Lenox, and the whole of Lee, in which it passes the 
Housatonic river. It afterwards enters Tyringham, where it 
climbs the broad and rather lofty belt of hills called the Bear- 
town Mountains. Beyond the Lenox ridge, its average direc- 
tion is S. 35° E. Dr. Reid, from whom these measurements 
are principally derived, has followed it a distance of more than 
twenty miles, and thinks that he did not reach its termination. 

The other parallel train he has traced, from its adjacent 
source in the Canaan mountain, through a length of about ten 
miles, but is not sure that he reached the end. The blocks 
in this train are rather more sparsely and less uniformly scat- 
tered. Between these two trains, very few detached blocks 
are found. [See Plate XXV.] 

The two conspicuous trains, here described, are not the 
only ones in the district, though the rest have not as yet bee? 
traced in detail. Dr. Reid, in his communication to the Asse 


Trains of Boulders, in Berkshire, Mass. — 311 


ciation, speaks of having met with several others farther to tlie 
south, and originating, probably, in the same mountain crest. 

When the observer turns his attention to the relative abun- 
dance of the rocks, he is surprised to notice that they are both 
more numerous and larger on the eastern than on the western 
slopes of the ridges, a condition of things apparently incom- 
patible with their transit along the surface of the ground, as, 
in that case, each barrier of hills would check their eastward 
speed, and cause a greater accumulation upon the western 
declivities. We shall endeavor presently to explain the cause 
of this greater abundance upon the eastern sides of the ridges. 

The height of the Canaan ridge, above the valley on the east, 
is hearly seven hundred feet, while that of the knob, where 
the train passes the Richmond mountain, is perhaps as much 
as eight hundred feet, and the next or Lenox mountain is but 
little lower. 

Other long and narrow lines of huge erratic fragments are 
seen elsewhere in Berkshire, and abound, we think, in nearly 
all the mountainous districts of New England. One such 
train, originating apparently in the Lenox ridge, about two 
miles to the south of Pittsfield, crosses the Housatonic valley, 
South-eastwardly, as far at least as the foot of the broad chain 
of hills in Washington. Some very extensive ones are to be 
seen on the western side of the White Mountains, in journey- 
Ing from the Notch towards Littleton. Every train observed 
by us has exhibited essentially the same phenomena as those 
We found to characterize the trains of the Canaan mountain ; 
and whatever explanation will apply to the latter, must involve 
* cause general and energetic enough to reach the others. igh 

We shall now proceed to suggest a possible origin for these 
Temarkable streams of surface blocks, aiming to confine our- 
selves to a strict induction from the foregoing facts, and the 
known laws of action of the great physical agents concerned 
0 geological revolutions. : 

We entirely concur with Dr. Hitchcock in rejecting Mr. 
Lyell’s explanation of the drift, which would make slowly- 


318 Rogers's Account of two Remarkable 


floating icebergs the agents in the dispersion of these erratics. 
He justly asks, By what agency could the blocks be raised upon 
the backs of the icebergs ? How could one large iceberg have 
loaded itself with enough of these huge fragments to strew 
the ground, as thickly as we see, for so many miles; and who 
will believe that successive icebergs could tear off and bear 
away successive blocks in precisely the same direction, so as 
to lengthen out the train? But there are other difficulties 
besides these which here suggest themselves. If we suppose, 
with Mr. Lyell, the surface of all the land now covered with 
the drift to have been submerged below the sea, it is obvious 
that only the advanced edge of the base of a drifting iceberg, 
striking the summit of the Canaan ridge, could load itself with 

any fragments. But, in this case, even if it could gather a - 
sufficient freight, there seems to be no adequate cause pro- 
posed for the linear and uniform scattering of the blocks, be- 
ginning with the very spot where they were just caught up. 
The dropping or spilling of boulders and soil from the surfaces 
of icebergs, is due, we know, to a gradual melting, chiefly, of 
the portions not immersed, while, in this imaginary case, the 
parts sustaining the boulders, being low in the water, would, 
certainly, not nielt fast enough to cause so copious a deposition 
as we see. But there is another difficulty. The top of the 
Taconic range is higher, as we have seen, than the source of 
the blocks in the Canaan ridge, and any iceberg, sunk deep 
enough to impinge upon the latter, would have found its pro- 
gress to the south-east effectually arrested by this higher 
barrier. To this latter objection it is not sufficient to reply, 
that the main Taconie ridge may have gained its present 
superior elevation, since the dispersion of the erratics, during 
a supposed subsequent slow rising from the sea of all this drift- 
covered region. Such answer would be equivalent to the as- 
sumption of an anticlinal bulging of the crust, under not only 
the Richmond and Lenox ridges, but beneath the still loftier 
Beartown chain; whereas the uniformity in the dip of the 
folded strata, in the two first ridges and their included valleys, 


Trains of Boulders, in Berkshire, Mass. 319 


shows that no such local lifting of the region has taken place. 
The entire absence of any evidence, in the position of the 
drift itself, of an alteration in the configuration of the surface 
since its deposition, produced either by secular or paroxysmal 
actions, is a sufficient demonstration that, whatever change of 
level may have oceurred, has been a general continental rising, 
as in the case of Sweden, shared alike by the valleys and 
mountains. The total absence of any undulations in the level 
of the marine clay beds of the river valleys, from the coast of 
Maine to the Hudson and St. Lawrence, is a conclusive proof 
that this uplifting has not been local, but general. 

But a more comprehensive refutation of this hypothesis of 
the origin of the drift from wandering icebergs, during an era 
9f general permanent submersion of the land, and compara- 
tively tranquil currents, is presented by the undeniable fact 
that the bed of every quiet sea must inevitably become the 
receptacle of fine-grained sediments, of some depth at least, 
entombing forms of animal and vegetable life, and which no 
subsequent denudation of its bed can altogether obliterate. 
But in connection with this great stratum of the drift, there is 
not to be discovered a solitary oceanic fossiliferous deposit to 
show that the land was then stationary below the level of the 
“a. That the drift-dispersing waters were above the land 
We do believe ; but their presence there was transient, in the 
Condition of a vast inundation, and while the level of the con- 
tinent was nearly what it is and has been since the appearance 
of the human race, 

According to another hypothesis, that which imputes the 
transport of boulders and erratics to the agency of glaciers, 

trains would be regarded as so many great moraines. 
But the well-known absence in the United States of lofty 
mountains penetrating the atmospheric level of perpetual snow, 
and acting as centres of dispersion for alpine glaciers, and the 
Proof afforded by the universal north and south direction of 
the strewn materials, and the furrows on their rocky floor, that 


RO such centres of dispersion existed, make the application, 


320 Rogers's Account of two Remarkable 


to our conünent at least, of this favorite theory of the Swiss 
geologists altogether inadmissible. And, moreover, Dr. Hitch- 
cock has already exhibited the absurdity, in the special case 
before us, of supposing a glacier to be capable of conveying a 
moraine, from the ridge in Canaan, across another ridge higher 
than the one from which it started. Since it has been beauti- 
fully demonstrated, by Prof. Forbes, of Edinburgh, that every 
glacier is partially plastic, and actually flows onward, though 
very tardily, in a species of semi-fluid current, floating its 
moraines along with it, we see that it can no more ascend a 
barrier higher than its snow-fed source, than can running . 
water. 

But turning from these speculations, as too unsatisfactory, 
we now proceed to inquire whether there is not another pos- 
sible mode of transport of fragmentary rocky matter, by an 
agency in the economy of our globe much more widely active, 
and more in harmony with the facts to be explained. This 
agency, to which we are disposed to attribute the phenomena 
we have described, is the paroxysmal, or sudden and violent, 
disturbance of the slightly flexible crust of the earth, causing; 
in the period of the northern drift, a partial elevation and dis- 
placement of the bed of the great frozen sea which occupies 
the arctic latitudes, and sending its waters, with all their ice, 
in a sudden inundation, over all the northern lands of the two 
continents. Before undertaking to account, by this cause, for 
the special phenomena of the boulder. trains of Berkshire, we 
- Crave permission of the reader to explain oup views of the 
nature of continental inundation, as they are expressed in an 
address, delivered by one of us, in May, 1844, to the Associa- 
tion of American Geologists and Naturalists. 

** The paroxysmal theory, I cannot but think, will be found, 
on careful examination, to be more in agreement with the : 
mitted laws of physical dynamics than either of the more 
popular. hypotheses of the day... This. doctrine, appealing t° 
the proofs which our science furnishes of the sudden disturb- 
ances.of the level of the different tracts of the earth's surface, 


Trains of Boulders, in Berkshire, Mass. 391 


at all periods of geological time, merely supposes that, at the 
epoch of the drift, the polar half of the northern hemisphere 
was the theatre of violent, and perhaps frequently repeated, 
movements of the earth’s crust, each particular disturbance 
emanating, probably, from a different local region. These 
disturbances, which are conceived, by Von Buch, De Beau- 
mont, Hopkins, De la Beche, Sedgwick, Phillips, and other 
distinguished geologists, to have been of the nature of simple 
paroxysmal elevations, and by ourselves, to have consisted in 
an energetic and extensive undulation of the crust of the 
earth accompanying each sudden rise, are deemed suflicient 
to have caused a rush of the northern waters over all the 
higher latitudes of Europe and North America, covering the 
surface with an almost continuous sheet of gravel and bould- 
ers, and polishing and scoring the whole rocky floor. 

“The chief cause of hesitation, with many minds, in em- 
bracing a theory so much in harmony with the general physi- 
cal history of our globe, bas arisen from their not recognizing 
à force sufficient to dislodge and sweep onward blocks of the 
huge size which we sometimes encounter, or to drive the 
detrital matter up and over the high mountain barriers, across 
Which, by some process, it had travelled. So long as no de- 
finite estimate had been made of the velocity of the current 
which Would result from a given amount of paroxysmal eleva- 
ton, such a distrust of the energy of diluvial waters was 
natural and prudent; but we are in possession of facts and 
Seneralizations calculated greatly to exalt our conceptions of 

power. 
_ “Tt has been shown, by Mr. Hopkins, of Cambridge, reason- 
g from the experimental deductions of Mr. Scott. Russell 
upon. the properties of waves, that * there is no difficulty us 
accounting for a current twenty-five or thirty miles an hour, if 
We allow of paroxysmal elevation of from one hundred to two 
hundred feet;" and he further proves that a current of twenty 

San hour ought to move a block of three hundred and 
‘wenty tons, and since the force of the current increases in 


322 Rogers’s Account of two Remarkable 


the ratio of the square of the velocity, a very moderate ad- 
dition to this speed is compatible with the transportation of 
the very largest erratics anywhere to be met with, either in 
America or Europe. 

* Holding in view these demonstrable conclusions, let us 
consider the far more enormous velocity which a broad, general 
current would derive from that mode of paroxysmal action, 
earthquake undulation, which constitutes, as we have endeav- 
ored to show, an essential feature in all movements of eleva- 
tion. Regarding such disturbances as a true billowy pulsation 
of the flexible crust of the globe, we have deduced, from data 
connected with some of the best authenticated earthquakes, 
the extraordinary progressive velocity of the undulations of the 
ground, and have shown that, when the pulsation has been 
imparted to the sea, the vast waves engendered have moved 
at the amazing speed of five miles or more per minute. 
Making every abatement for resistance from the comparative 
shallowness of a continental inundation, the phenomena © 
earthquakes fully justify us in the belief that the broad and 
rapid onward undulations of the ground would be propagated 
to an uplifted sea above, and the gigantic billows be propelled, 
across the surface of the heaving land, with a velocity, and a 
propulsive energy, approached by no other possible terrestrial 
current. 

* If we will conceive, then, a wide expanse of waters, less, 
perhaps, than one thousand feet in depth, dislodged from some 
high northern or circumpolar basin, by a general lifting; of 
that region, of perhaps a few hundred feet, and an equal su 
sidence of the country south, and imagine this whole mass 
converted by earthquake pulsations, of the breadth which such 
undulations have, into a series of stupendous and rapid-moving 
waves of translation, helped on by the still more rapid flexures 
of the floor over which they move, and then advert to the 
shattering and loosening power of the tremendous jar of the 
earthquake, we shall have an agent adequate, in every way; t° 
produce the results we see,—to float the northern ice from 


Trains of Boulders, in Berkshire, Mass. 323 


its moorings, to rip off, assisted with its aid, the outcrops of 
the hardest strata, to grind up and strew wide their fragments, 
to scour down the whole rocky floor, and, gathering energy 
with resistance, to sweep up the slopes and over the highest 
mountains.” 

Let us endeavor to dilate our thoughts to a just conception 
of the scene here feebly hinted at; let us picture an ocean 
freighted with its ponderous bergs and fields of ice, rushing 
across the tops of the mountains, and thrown, by the earth- 
quake undulations of its temporary bed, into a series of enor- 
mous billows, each of which would possess a breadth, as it can 
be shown, of several miles, and a velocity of from five to ten 
miles per minute; and then advert to what would happen as 
the vast masses of solid ice, rivalling in magnitude the hills 
themselves, and borne forward with almost the velocity of a 
cataract, impinged with full momentum against the summits of 
the higher ridges. While a wide, diffused sheet of fragment- 
ary matter, the mingled wreck of all the strata, would be 
driven along at the bottom of the rapidly moving flood, scour- 
ing the rocky floor, and grinding itself into rounded forms by 
its rolling motion and tremendous attrition, the summits of 
the Yet submerged hills would be shot away as it were by the 
striking of the rushing ice, and an enormous speed imparted 
to the broken pieces. As this speed would be sustained by 
the swift motion. of the general current, and the yet greater 
velocity of the vast billows or waves of translation, the projec- 
tile distances of the blocks, or their course through the water, 

ore they came to final rest, might be even as much as 
Several miles.' That the fragments might be conveyed thus 


Ssions by a violent stroke of a large mass of floating ice, is strikingly con- 
firmed, we think, by the interesting fact already observed by Dr. Hitchcock, that 
See the places where the ragged fragments were torn off, and the fracture 


Pi ick Sgestion here made, that the crest of the ridge was scooped off at each of 


i wy ot the n rounded drift, 
EM indentations in the backbone of the ridge, we should look for a smooth and 
line, e curving surface in the shallow notch, whereas we really see a broken out- 
: the ragged edges of the strata, indicating that the top of the moun- 


394 Rogers's Account of two Remarkable 


far will seem more than probable if we pause and consider the 
conditions of their motion. The suspended blocks, losing, as 
we know, more than two-fifths of their weight from the buoy- 
ancy imparted by the fluid, would be carried onward a great 
distance before they could descend through several hundred 
feet of water; and after they had struck, it is very obvious 
that many of them would maintain a rapid progress for some 
distance further, bounding and rolling forward upon a floor of 
loose detrital matter moving in the same direction, and still 
impelled by the pressure of the onward current. Upon these 
considerations we may understand why the blocks, in retain- 
ing their original angular or fragmentary shape, should ex- 
hibit partial traces of abrasion at their edges, and why they 
should rest imbedded in the rounded drift to so small a depth. 

But there is a much more efficient power exerted by cur- 
rents, and precisely such as would be exercised by a great and 
rapid inundation sweeping over an irregular surface of plain 
and mountain. We here refer to the lifting or buoyant power 
of the great whirlpools or gyratory funnels, which the inequali- 
ties in the velocity of the current, produced by the local ob- 
structions in its bed, would infallibly engender. When the 
true nature and stupendous energy of this mode of fluid mo- 
tion are duly contemplated, and its special agency in the 
general inundation fitly considered, it will account, we think 
for all the previously unexplained features of the boulder 
trains, including the perplexing phenomena of their great 
length and extreme narrowness. 

We cannot in this paper assign ourselves sufficient space to 
discuss critically the dynamics of gyratory fluid motion; but 
the attentive reader will be satisfied, from the close analogy of 
such vortices in rushing water, to those terrific whirls which 
arise in the more attenuated fluid of the atmosphere, under 
the forms of the tornado and the waterspout, that their func- 
tions are strictly identical. Nothing in the natural history of 
tain has been violently ploughed off; precisely as if by the concussion of som? 


huge solid body moving with irresistible momen 


Trains of Boulders, in Berkshire, Mass. 395 


the atmosphere is more notorious than that the uprooting and 
far-scattering tempest of the tropics has an excessive gyratory 
momentum at its centre; by which it actually lifts and bears 
away the most ponderous and bulky objects, even trees, beams, 
animals, and houses. It is equally well known that its path is 
linear and very narrow, the upborne fragments being strewn 
along, dropped out, as it were, from the apex of the whirling 
funnel. Precisely the same lifting and carrying action is seen 
in the mimic funnels which we make experimentally in a 
shallow sheet of water, or behold in almost any rapid brook. 
That the particles in the whirlwind or waterspout, and, by 
analogy, in the whirlpool, rotate, round the axis of the vortex, 
in ascending and widening spirals, is a fact expressly men- 
tioned by all who have been presented with opportunities for 
observation. This spiral motion in a waterspout was per- 
ceived by Captain Beechey near Clermont-Tonnerre, and was 
distinctly seen, in another near Bermuda, by Governor Reid, 
who, in his valuable Treatise on the Law of Storms, speaks 
of his having beheld the phenomenon through a telescope. 
lt has been established beyond all controversy by Mr. Red- 
field, who has cited some very interesting details to show that 
à rapid ascending whirl is producible artificially, when a large 
mass of combustible matter, such as brushwood, is set blazing, 
in a calm day, in an open field. The upward whirling column, 
thus caused, extended, in one instance, to a prodigious height, 
and had a swiftness which the beholder describes as exceeding 
all his previous conceptions of the velocity of wind. Nearly 
every reader of travels is familiar with Bruce’s glowing descrip- 
tion of the tall pillars of sand which he encountered in his 
traverse of the Nubian Desert— their tops reaching to the 
very clouds, while their diameters, at the ground, scarcely 
exceeded a few feet, and stalking over the vast plain with 
majestic slowness, or chasing each other with the speed of the 
Swiftest horse. These were evidently the same phenomenon 
as the Waterspout, possessing the same enormous upward 

| power. The elevating and transporting energy of 


396 Rogers’s Account of two Remarkable 


the waterspout, or whirlwind, is manifested, also, in those in- 
stances of the sudden showers of fishes from the upper air, of 
the occurrence of which, in India and elsewhere, we have the 
most incontestable evidence ; and it is strikingly exemplified 
in the results of one at Olziitiidnde, which so nearly emptied 
the harbor that the greater part of the bottom was uncovered. 
The learned Professor CErsted, of Copenhagen, who states 
this latter fact in a paper in Jameson's Edinburgh Journal, 
adduces several instances to prove the great distances to which 
waterspouts have transported the largest objects. He attri- 
butes the upward tendency of the air, in the interior of the 
whirl, to the resistance which the rotating particles encounter 
at the circumference, forcing them into the only direction in 

which they can yield to the pressure, namely, upwards." 
Keeping in view, then, the true mode of action, and prodi- 
glous power of the whirling current, and the enormous Mo- 
mentum of the impinging ice, we may arrive, we think, at^a 
satisfactory solution of all the phenomena of these boulder 
trains. In the first place, the velocity of that portion of the 
northern flood which swept across the Berkshire hills must 
have been excessively great. Coming from the north-west, 
from the elevated region of the Adirondack, the current must 
have been greatly accelerated by pouring down from a height 
A more accurate explanation of the lifting action of the whirl yr be that, W 

e Vi 


think, — Mead ascribe it to the diminished molecular tension in part 
aused by the ce effort of the particles to press awa way from 


ru line, or, in bá words, by the centrifugal force due to their rotation. d 
diminished vein on, though not bom of a sensible rarefaction © of the RUF 
such as would happen were t T O ng column air, will still, as it would 


gated from above. T: subjacent fluid, urged upwards by the undimin! 
therefore predominating, pressure of the remoter and comparatively quiescen 
will be con Mae to rise along the axis of the whirl, very much as air a 
along the heated flue of a chimney, but, uniting to this pini motion the acq 
revolving one, it will, necessarily, move in a regular asce ascending wu 
moreover, of the progressive reduction of the lateral pressure towa 
the particles of liquid rise, their gyrations will continually widen, $0 as 5 to A 
conical, or more nearly a ma figure ied if the ary ot winter is sion vhi 
of the ‘time E “37 4 unnel-s 


path particles will b d depression 
will form at the surface. 


Te 


Trains of Boulders, in Berkshire, Mass. 391 


of several thousand feet, in a course of fifty miles, into the 
low, broad valley of the Hudson. Few persons are aware of 
the enormous speed which such a declivity would, of itself, 
impart to a deep and wide-spread stratum of water. The 
only currents we can actually observe are the confined and 
shallow ones of rivers, and of the tide in certain obstructed 
straits, and, in these, the velocity is kept down by the very 
trivial declivity of the channel, and by the disproportionate 
friction and resistance produced by the proximity of the shores 
and the bottom. Yet, notwithstanding this retardation, we 
may notice how rapidly the current of any river is accelerated 
when a freshet deepens its stream by only a few feet or 
fathoms. When the waters of the Ohio are swollen, they 
have a mean velocity of several miles an hour; yet the slope 
of its bed does not exceed eight or ten inches per mile. And 
the Gulf Stream, that stupendous river in the Atlantic, pos- 
Sesses, from the mere fact of its great depth and breadth, and . 
ils exemption from friction, a velocity of more than three 
miles an hour, although its actual descent is almost inappreci- 
able. How terrific, then, must have been the speed of a con- 
Unental inundation, unconfined by any shores, and deep enough 
to °vertop the summits of our highest mountains, and moving, 
In some portions of its progress, down the long-inclined planes 
of the surface, with a slope even more than fifty times as great 
as that of the most impetuous rivers. In the case before us, 
the Waters, hurrying thus along the Adirondack slope, would 
Sweep, unresisted, across the wide valley of the Hudson, and 
Tüsh, with incalculable violence, against the western crests of 
the Green Mountains and the Taconic chain. At a certain 
Stage, early in the dispersion of the flood, the ice, which, until 
“en, had rushed unchecked across the highest peaks and 
ridges, would, necessarily, subside to their level, and would, 
here and there, strike with a force which no imagination can 
Conceive, Standing on the Canaan Mountain, it is easy to see, 
as we look north-westward, towards the lower plain of the 
Hudson, and discern no barrier, in all that quarter, that could 
break the fury of the inundation, that this sharp and narrow 


398 Rogers's Account of two Remarkable | 


ridge stood exactly in the place to receive the brunt of 
the impinging ice ; whose vast momentum would be derived, 
not merely from the force of the general current, but from the 
still more tremendous impulse of the great waves of trans- 
lation, generated in the rocking crust, and launched, in suc- 
cessive surges, ahead of the current itself, full against the 
opposing barrier. 

For the production of either of the boulder trains, we have 
only to conceive, then, that a large island or berg of ice, 
driven forward at the extremely rapid rate we have endeavored 
to picture, suddenly struck the top of the ridge a little below the 
actual crest. A broad, shallow, and ragged notch, or depres- 
sion in the summit of the mountain, would be the inevitable 
consequence of the tremendous collision. That part of the 
solid strata which received the blow would be broken into 
huge angular fragments; but no sooner would the blocks 
thus dislodged be sent forward into the current, than they 
would be gathered in and prevented from dispersing by the 
immense vortex or whirlpool which would naturally form e, 
the waters moved in their rapid course past the prodi- 
gious stationary block of ice thus made to impede their 
progress. ‘The whirlpool would form just over the top of the 
mountain. It would possess an excessive gyratory force com- 
mensurate with the check received by the swiftly-moving cut- 
rent; and, in virtue of this, it would exert in a high degree 
that lifting or upward-floating power, which we have seen to 
belong so conspicuously to every vortex. Winding the broken 
blocks within its narrow, whirling column, and advanbing ™ 
the direction and with the progressive speed of the general 
current in which it was rapidly spinning, it would float pen- 
dant from the surface of the water, indifferent, in a great 
measure, to the inequalities of the land beneath. Be 
forming to the onward course of the inundation, it W 
only deviate with the changes in the path of the general cur 
rent itself; and, hanging from the surface to the bottom, it 
would rise and fall with every great undulation on the bosom 
of the flood. Wherever the apex of this slender, water 


ould 


- 


Trains of Boulders, in Berkshire, Mass. 399 


funnel touched the ground, the gyratory and sustaining velo- 
city being checked, it would spill a portion of its ponderous 
burden, and thus strew in its march the long, narrow, and gi- 
gantic pathway of stones which we behold. So long as its 
apex dragged the bottom, this discharge would proceed, and 
there would be produced a continuous line of fragments; but 
Whenever its level undulated, either from varying depth or 
vast swells at the surface, it would touch the bottom only in- 
termittingly ; and thus it would alternately strew and miss, 
precisely as the whirlwind of the tropics moves in bounds or 
long undulating skips, now uprooting the earth, and now mov- 
ing lügh above the tops of the trees and houses. In this way 
We may explain the interruptions visible in especially the 
shorter and less regular of the trains. 

Whenever the vortex passed either. of the mountain 
barriers lying across its path we can see that its containing 
apex might have its velocity of gyration somewhat disturbed 
and retarded; and to this cause perhaps is attributable the 
increased abundance of the boulders on the south-eastern 
‘lope of the Richmond mountain. 

In relation to the alternations in the course of the train 
Where it climbs the Richmond Ridge, and again where it 
Teaches the broad valley.beyond, it is not difficult to perceive 

Ow the last or main elbow at least might be occasioned. 
We have only to reflect that the general current would natu- 
Tally change to a somewhat more southerly direction, as it met, 
In this deep, wide and unobstructed valley, with other portions 
x the coming in more nearly from the north, rushing lon- 
e udinally along the mountain chain. The extreme violence 
"ith which the blocks would be occasionally hurled from the 
apex of the revolving column, against the ground and against 
= other, will sufficiently account for several of them being 
Split, with their fragments still contiguous to each other, as if 

force which impelled them was from above, and not that of 
Onward horizontal current. — 


Vou, belie ve that the vortices or gyratory currents 
V 
c 22 


330 Fishes of the Ohio 


here described, have been necessary and most potent agents 
in the dispersion of erratic blocks, particularly such as lie in 
long and narrow surface trains, we wish equally to advocate 
the efficiency of that other gigantic force of transport which 
water possesses when it moves in the manner of those enor- 
mous waves of translation, whose origin, functions and 
energy we have endeavored to exhibit to the reader. The 
boulders of New England give evidence of having been 
conveyed by both these agencies, the more angular and nar- 
row trains by the lifting power of vortices ; the more worn, im- 
bedded, and irregularly scattered blocks, by the propelling ac- 
tion of the general current and its mighty waves. 


Art. XXIV. — DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FISHES OF LAKE ERIE, THE 
OHIO RIVER, AND THEIR TRIBUTARIES. By Janep P. KIRTLAND, 
D 


(Concluded from page 276.) 
PrwELopvs. Cuv. 


P. catus. Lin. Bull-head. 


Cat- fish. | am rw ia vol. 
Silurus catus. Lin ak nal d 
EM Common Freshwater Cat-fish. Mitchill, Trans. Lit. an 
Phil. Soc. N. RE vol. i. 
P. die c à 
Pimelodus nebulosus. Lo Mémoires a 
Muséum ,vol. v. P- 149. 
T " H : Biens Refs p. l L 
Le Pimélode chat. Pimelodus catus. Cuv. et Val. xv. P- 12 
Le Pimélode nebuleux. Pimelodus nebulosus. TT E. s l. 
Pimelodus catus. Common Cat-fish. jns nep. p. 182, Pl 
XXXVII. fig. 119- 


Plate XXVL Fig. 1. 


Head flattened above and beneath, widest at its base, 


full 
the eyes. Jaws equal. Cirrhi eight, arranged, tw? 


and its Tributaries. 331 


on the upper jaw, four on the lower, and one at each angle 
of the mouth. These lateral cirrhi as long as the head. Eyes 
small. Iris dusky, with a narrow golden circle next the pupil. 

Body gibbous before the dorsal fin, rounded and fleshy on 
the back, somewhat compressed laterally, especially behind the 
ventral fin. Abdomen full, and pendulous behind the pecto- 
ral fins. Lateral line curves above the tip of the operculum. 

Dorsal fin commences behind the pectoral. 

Adipose fin approximate nearly to the tail. 

Caudal fin truncate. 

Anal fin attains to the base of the caudal, with its tip ex- 
tends beyond the adipose. 

Ventral fins ovate and horizontal, extending at their ex- 
tremities to the anal. 

Pectoral fins serrated on the posterior edge of the spinous 
ray, situated beneath the extremity of the operculum. 

olor. Head, back, and superior portions of the sides, 

fuliginous ; coppery beneath the throat ; whitish on the abdo- 
men. Fins livid, and cirrhi dusky at their tips. 

Length from six to twelve inches. ` 

abitat. Most of the ponds, lakes and still waters in the 

United States, 

D. 1—6; C. 19; A. 21; V. 8; P. 1— 7 rays. 

Observations. I am indebted to my brother, George Kirt- 
land, for the drawing of the species. It was taken from a 
specimen obtained in the Mahoning river. Griffith, the trans- 
lator of Cuvier’s Régne Animal, in speaking of fish, asserts 
that “the inhabitant of the waters knows no attachment, has 
re language, no affection ; feelings of conjugality and paternity 
~'e Dot acknowledged by him.” Had that author seen, as I have 
done, 9n several occasions, the old of this species of fish, lead- 
ng about her brood of dusky fry with the most maternal care, 
e defending them, with the greatest vigilance and activity, 
“gainst the approach of a frog, tortoise, or any voracious fish, 
he would have qualified his assertion. 

A person desirous of witnessing this fact may have repeated 


332 Fishes of the Ohio 


opportunities, by placing himself in a convenient position, 
along the “old river bed,” near Cleveland, in the month of 
June, when he may see the old of this species of fish, moving 
cautiously about with her brood, and watching them with as 
much care as a hen does her young flock in a farmer’s yard. 


P. cerulescens. Raf. Blue, Brown, or Silvery Catfish. 


Pimelodus cerulescens. Blue  Cat-fish. TA A Ichthyol. Ohiensis, p. 63. 
i «c « &« i ep. pp. 169, 19 


x: « dae Ohien. p. 62. (Young.) 

t IN pa í & « [ wo Bier d aged.) 

« « « « Kirtland's Rep. E. i» ug 

“ — angyrus. Silvery  “ Raf. Ichth. Ohien. p. . pede 
locality. 


Plate XXVII. Fig. 1. 
Plate XXIX. Fig. 1. (Young.) 


Head flattened above the eyes, convex and full beneath i 
throat, more than one fifth of the total length. Eyes = 
oval, with the iris of a golden yellow. The two lateral si 
bels extend beyond the pectoral fins, their extremities bla 
with the advancement of age they become relatively shorter ; : 
of the inferior barbels, the two external are the longest. € 
furnished with numerous clustered teeth. Operculum in 
tinct, margined with a membrane. 

Body oval, broad ; back slightly elevated, the dorsal fin on 
the summit ; abdomen full. 

Dorsal fin ovate, more elongated in the young. 

Adipose fin broad, oblong-oval. d 

Caudal fin merely lunate in the old specimens, deeply an 
acutely forked in the you 

Anal fin widé and zd in the old, acute posteriorly in 
the young. of 

Ventral fins sub-circular, attain with their tips to the base 

anal. 


and its Tributaries. 333 


Pectoral fins oval, the spinous ray is serrated on the posterior 
edge, the serratures sometimes are oblitergted by age. 

Color. Back, head, and sides of the body, dusky or lead- 
colored ; forehead dark brown ; sides of the head yellowish ; 
belly and throat white. ó 
. Length. The specimen from which I made the sketch was 
twenty-two inches long; the breadth, perhaps, was greater 
than usual for specimens of that size. It is frequently seen, in 
the Cincinnati market, four or five feet long, and weighing 
sixty to eighty pounds, and sometimes even one hundred and 
twenty pounds. 

Hab. Lake Erie and the Ohio River. 

D. 1—6; €. 90; A. 30; V. 8; P. 1—7 rays. 

Observations. This species is becoming popular as an 
article of food. It bites readily at a baited hook, and is often 
taken upon “ set lines," as well as in seines. 

_ The young specimen represented was five and a half inches 
in length, 

The young is, almost universally, considered as a distinct 
Species by the fishermen, and was described, as such, by Rafi- 
hesque, under the name of P. maculatus. In the Cincinnati 
market, at this age, it is known under the name of “ channel- 
cat.” The body is of a faint lead-color, and. beautifully 
maculated 


P. cupreus. Raf. Yellow Catfish. 
« US cupreus. Yellow Cat-fish.. Rafinesque, Ichth. Ohien. p. 65. 


3i Kirtland's Report, pp. 169, 194 ; catalogued, 
not descri ee 


s y « “  Dekay’s Report ; catalogued, not described. 


Plate XXIX. Fig. 2. " 


Head equal to one quarter of the total length, depressed 
and flattened above, gibbous behind the eyes, wider than the 


334 Fishes of the Ohio 


body. Mouth medium size; jaws furnished with numerous 
minute teeth; upp@yjaw projecting. Eyes circular, situated 
above and behind the angles of the mouth. 

Body smooth, compressed laterally behind the ventrals. 

Lateral line nearly straight. 

Dorsal fin short and little elevated. i 

Adipose fin small and narrow, and does not reach as far 
behind as the termination of the base of the anal fin. 

Caudal fin entire, truncate. 

Anal fin rounded on its anterior angle, acute at its posterior 
termination. 

Ventral fins sub-circular, short. : 

Pectoral fins short, serrated on the posterior and superior 
edge of the spinous ray, the serratures pointing obliquely up- 
wards, inwards and backwards. 

Length. 1 have seen them four feet long, weighing from 
seventy to eighty pounds; but they frequently grow much 
larger. Rafinesque says that they sometimes weigh two hun- 
dred pounds. 

Color. The upper surface of the head and back is oliva- 
ceous ; the sides and beneath, coppery-yellow ; and the fins 
often orange or reddish. 

Hab. Lake Erie, Ohio River, and their tributaries. 

D. 1—7; C. 945; V. 1—1; Pi 1—1; A Se 
Rafinesque says the anal fin has only 15 rays ; in my spec 
men, 24 can be distinctly seen. 

Observations. This is the handsomest and most gracefully 
formed of any of the western cat-fish. The yellow epp. 
color seems to be a permanent character, in all localities, and 
under all circumstances. "The general contour of the fish, as 
well as the color, will distinguish it from every other species. 
Its lateral barbs are usually short, and reach only half the 
length of the head. 

It readily bites at a hook, and is also taken in seines. The 
young are valued as an article of food. 


and its Tributaries. 335 


P. limosus. Raf. Mud-Cat. 


Pimelodus limosus. Mud Cat-fish. Rafinesque, Ichth. Ohien. p. 66. i 
" nebulosus. € te = “ “ p.64. (A variety 
-) 
s * » s Kirtland's Report, pp. 169, 194 ; catalogued, 
not described. 
» " " " Dekay's Report, p. 187 ; not described. 


Plate XXIX. Fig. 3. 


Head flat, compressed above and beneath, not as wide as 
the body, but exceeding its perpendicular diameter, one quarter 
of the total length. The extremity of the lateral barb attains 
to the pectoral fin ; the two middle of the four inferior barbs 
stand forward of the line of the two exterior; the two superior 
are anterior and superior to the eyes. Lower jaw the longer, 
Projecting, Eyes small, circular. 

ody declivous and depressed before the dorsal fin, com- 
Pressed laterally behind it; abdomen protuberant laterally, 
flattish beneath. 

Dorsal Jin equal to the pectoral, the spinous ray invested 
with a membrane. 

Caudal fin flat, truncate, entire. 

Anal fin rounded, its tip extends near to the commence- 
ment of the dorsal and beyond the adipose. 

Ventral fins situated in a sulcation formed by the sudden 
contraction of the abdomen. 

Pectoral fins falcated, the posterior edge of the spinous ray 
Serrated, 


Saler dusky, clouded with irregular muddy spots on the 
head and back, and lighter gray on the abdomen and throat. 

Length eighteen inches. 

Hab. Ohio River. 

D. 1—71; €. 90; A. 15; V. 9; P. 1—10 rays. 

Observations, "The muddy clouded color, and the flat- 
nir aud elongated form, distinguish it at once from every 


336 Fishes of the Ohio 


species, except one that is occasionally exposed for sale, in the 
Cincinnati market, under the name of “ mud-cat," and which 
Rafinesque has described as the P. nebulosus. I, however, 
consider it as merely the old of the present species. It is 
much larger, and proportionately shorter and broader, than the 
one figured. 1 have never seen the young, unless our present 
species be considered as such. 

The skins of both look as though they had recently recov- 
ered from some extensive eruptive disorder. They are not 
much esteemed for food ; but, I believe, it is owing solely to 
their forbidding complexion. 


Norvmus. Raf. 
N. flavus. Raf. Yellow Backtail. 


Noturus flavus. Yellow Backtail. Rafinesque, Ichthyologia Ohiensis, p. 68. 
“ e t « Kirtland, Rep. on Zool. of Ohio, pp. 169, 195. 
Pimelodus flavus. Young Cat.fish. Dekay’s Rep. p. 187. 


Plate XXVI. Fig. 2. 


Head much flattened above and below, wide behind the 
eyes, more than one fifth the total length of the fish. Eyes 
circular, small, prominent; pupil black ; iris yellow. Nose 
elongate, covering the tip of the lower jaw. Lateral à; 
two, not as long as the head; superior barbels on a line 
between the eyes and nostrils, nearer the latter, extending 
beyond the tip of the snout; inferior barbels four, the po 
exterior more remote from the lower lip than the two interior, 
and double their length. Teeth numerous in both jaws 
Body broad, and convex anterior to the ventral fins, back and 
belly flattened, compressed laterally from the ventrals to the 
base of the tail. Lateral line flexuous at its base. 

Anterior dorsal fin low, the soft rays more elevated than 
the spinous ray; posterior dorsal soft, commences over the 
anal-fin, and gradually expanding as it progresses backwards, 


and its Tributaries. 331 


is continuous with the caudal, which terminates a little behind 
the anal. The decurrent posterior dorsal involves in its course 
the rudiments of an immature adipose fin, which is not, how- 
ever, discoverable in every specimen. Tail truncate. 

Anal fin elongate and widened behind. 

Ventral fins ovate, small and horizontal. 

Pectoral fins short, rounded and horizontal. 

Color. Back and head yellowish olive ; sides yellow ; nose, 
throat and abdomen, white ; fins diaphanous, sligh tly dusky. 

Length from four to twelve inches. 

Hab. Mahoning River and Lake Erie. 

A.D. 1—7; A. 17; V. 8; P. 1—7 rays. 

Observations. The decurrent form of the adipose dorsal 
and caudal fins induced M. Rafinesque to separate it from the 
genus Pimelodus and constitute a new genus. The propriety 
of his course may, perhaps, be questioned, though I have fol- 
lowed it in preference to making a new synonyme. 

This species is occasionally taken, in seines and with hooks, 
near Cleveland, and, during low stages of water, I have fre- 
quently discovered it, beneath flat stones and logs, on the 
"pples in the Mahoning River, where it is called the young 
cat-fish by the fisherman. In that stream, it is, invariably, of a 
delicate bronzy-yellow, and of a less size than in Lake Erie. 
It might, perhaps, with propriety, be considered a distinct 
Species, 


Perca. Lin. 


P. flavescens. Mitchill. Yellow Perch. 


Bodianus flavescens. Yellow Perch. Mitchill, Trans, Lit. and Phil. Soc. 
P 2 NX» 421. i 
rca flavescens, Cuv. et Vab ii. p. 46 
& 


American Perch. Rich. Faun. Boreal. Amer. iii. p. 1. 
i pl. LXXIV 
se 
Bodia ; Common Perch of Ms. Storer’s Rep. p. 5. 
P, Jlavescens. Yellow Perch e Kirtland's Rep. pp. be ii 
"rea flavescens, Amer. Yellow Perch. Dekay’s Rep. p. 3, pl. I. fig. 1. 
" * “ M & Linsley's Cat. of Fishes of Conn, 


338 Fishes of the Ohio 


Plate XXVII. Fig. 2. 


Vide Storer's Report on the Fishes of Massachusetts, p. 5. 
Our specimen agrees, in every particular, with his description, 
except in the relative size of the two dorsal fins, which are 
correctly represented in the figure. The transverse bands 
were eight. 

It is common in the waters of Lake Erie and its tributaries, 
but did not originally inhabit those of the Ohio. Since the 
constructing of our public works, it has found its way into the 
tributaries of that river. 


Hyopon. . Lesueur. 


H. tergissus. Lesueur. Toothed Herring. 


Hyodon tergissus. Lesueur, Jour. Ac. Nat. Se. i. p. 366. 
« * — ANotched.fin Hyodon. “Rich. Faun. Boreal. Amer. 
: iii. p. 235. ; 
"i o Moon-eyed Herring. Kirtland’s Rep. p. 170. 
s - River Moon-eye. Dekay's Rep. p. 265, pl. XLI. fig. 130. 
Hyodon clodalus. "^ "Lesueur, Jour. Ac. Nat. Se. i. p. 367, 
| l. XIV. 
« « Larger Herring. Kirtland's Rep. pp. 170, 195. 
[7 T Lake Moon -eye. Dekay's Rep. p. 266, pl. LI. fig. 164. 


Plate XXVIII. Fig. 1, 9. - 


a. male, b. female. 


Head short, compressed laterally, one fifth of the tota! 
length. Nose short and rounded. Eyes large and c peri 
iris gilt. The jaws and palate furnished with numerous teeth; 
lower jaw shorter than the upper. 

Body flat; the back nearly straight before the dorsal fim 
from thence abruptly sloping to the base of the tail ; abdomen 
of the male, straight or slightly incurved, of the female, 
rounded and more convex. 


and its Tributaries. 339 


Dorsal fin quadrangular, elevated before, emarginate on 
its superior edge. 

Caudal fin acutely bilobed ; lobes equal. 

Anal fin of the male, rounded on the anterior angle, deeply 
emarginate in the middle; of the female, acute on the an- 
terior angle, with the edge falcated. 

Ventral fins with a squamous appendage above their bases. 

Pectoral fins arise beneath the operculum, falcate, and do 
. not reach to the ventrals. 

Color. The fins diaphanous and white; the body and 
back bluish, silvery and iridescent; head and operculum 
silvery and iridescent. i 

D. 14; C. 20; A. 31 or 32; V. T; P. 13 rays. 

Observations. This fish abounds both in Lake Erie and 
the Ohio River. Itis not very highly valued for eating. 

An inspection of the plate will convince any one that Le- 
Sueur made two species from a mere sexual variety. Fig. 1 
is his H. tergissus, and fig. 2, H. clodalus ; the former is the 
male, the latter the female ; but it is due to him to say that 
he suggested that such might be the fact. 

Rafinesque describes several other species, which I have not 
had an opportunity to obtain. 


Esox. Lesueur. 


E. estor. Lesueur. Muskallongé. 


Pus estor.. Pike, Pickerel, Maskallongé. Lesueur, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sc. i. p. 413. 
[11 
Griffith’ 390. " 
* ie Maskinongé. : Rich. Faun. Boreal. Amer. iii. p. iat. 
Fei o Muskallongé. Kirtland’s Report, pp. 169, 194. — 
y Muskellunge. Dekay's Report, p. 222. 


Plate XXVIII. Fig. 3. 
Head gradually sloping from the base to the tip of the 
upper jaw, longitudinally depressed between the eyes, and 
transversely before them. Nasal openings twain, anterior 


340 - Fishes of the Ohio 


oval and larger, posterior lunate, on a level with the upper 
edge of the pupil. 

Lower jaw longer than the upper; teeth, on the anterior 
margin, numerous, inflected, and smaller than those on the 
sides. 

Dorsal and anal fins sub-conical, former the larger. 

Caudal fin bilobed ; divisions acute. 

Pectoral and Ventral fins small, falcate. 

Color. Pupils black ; irides golden. Upper surface of the 
head and back, greenish-slate, with the centre of each scale of 
a little lighter hue, throwing off a beautiful green and golden 
iridescence ; sides of the head and gill covers, slate and 
silvery, blending. Sides of the body, with a golden and 
silvery groundwork, maculated with irregular, perpendicular 
rows of brownish oblong or round spots ; fins yellowish, macu- 
lated in a similar manner, only more faintly ; under surface of 
the body and head, white. 

P.16; V. 12; A. 20; D. 21; C. 20; B. 16. 

Hab. Lake Erie. 

Observations. Lesueur’s description is indefinite and er- - 
roneous, and we can form no other conclusion, after much 
investigation of the matter, than that he must have had before 
him a specimen of the E. reticulatus, instead of the E. estor, 
while he was engaged in writing it. The two species, at first 
view, resemble each other so much, that their specific distinc" 
tions might be easily overlooked by one not familiar with them. 
These distinctions are, however, so permanent and invariable, 
that they are recognized by every experienced fisherman, 35 
well as by men of science who have closely examined their 
characters, ; 

Sex has been supposed, by some persons, to give origin to 
these differences; but we have repeatedly found them to be 
equally evident in both sexes of the two species. 

The contour of the E. estor is more oval and graceful, that 
of E. reticulatus is more oblong. The lobes of the caudal 
fin are pointed and acute in the former, and rounded in 


and its Tributaries. 341 


latter. The dorsal and anal fins of the one are subconical and 
acutish, and rounded and more obtuse in the other. 

- The coloring of the two affords a very evident distinction. 
The ground color, on the sides of the present species, is al- 
ways light, a mixture of golden and silvery lustre, maculated 
with dark, oblong or roundish spots ; while, on the other, the 
ground coloring consists of dark reticulations, relieved with 
irregular yellowish spots, not placed in rows. Our fishermen 
say that “the muskallonge is spotted with black, and the pike 
with yellow.” 

A comparison of the figures of the two will fully illustrate 
these specific distinctions. Others can be discovered in the 
form and size of the teeth, and bones of the head, particularly 
the jaws. 

Lesueur’s remarks, in regard to the emarginate scales, 
Presenting the appearance of the letter V, are more applicable 
to the E. reticulatus than to this species. Is it not probable 
that he only knew the muskallonge by reputation, and that he 
made out his description from a pike, supposing it to be differ- 
ent from the species he had met with in the Atlantic States ? 

The muskallonge confines itself exclusively to the deep 
Waters of the. Lake, except for a few days in the spring, when 
it runs into the mouths of the rivers to spawn. The pike is 
Common, at all seasons, in deep and still waters of the rivers 

d Lake. 


Epicures consider it one of the best fishes of the west. 
Since the first settlements of the shores of Lake Erie, its 
numbers have very sensibly diminished, and it now is rather 
Scarcer at its proper season. We saw one, taken near the 
“leveland Harbor, in April last, that measured over five feet 
i length, and weighed more than sixty pounds. Specimens 
= occasionally affected with tenia, filiaria, and other parasitic 

orms. . : 


342 Fishes of the Ohio 


Corrus. Linn. 


C. gobio. Linn. River Bull-Head. 


Cottus gobio. Linnzi Syst. Nat. p. 452. 
* cognatus. Bear-lake Bull-head. Rich. Faun. Boreal. Amer. iii. p. 40. 
*  viscosus. Haldeman, Supplem. to an Account 
of a “ Monograph of the Limnia- 
dz,” &c. p. 3. 
Uranidea quiescens. Little Star-gazer. Dekay’s Report, p. 61, pl. V. fig. 14. 
Coltus cognatus ; 
Cottus viscosus ; : 
Uranide. q ; 
Cottus gtbio. Ayres, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. v. P. 


We have met with a few specimens of this species in the 
Mahoning, a tributary of the Ohio River, and have also re- 
ceived specimens, from the upper lakes, through the politeness 
of Elisha Staling, Jr., of Cleveland. As it is figured and de- 
scribed, by Mr. Ayres, in Vol. V. of this Journal, it is only 
necessary to allude to it as one of The Fishes of Lake Erie. 
and the Ohio River, and their Tributaries. 


The series of descriptions of the Fishes of the Ohio and 
its Tributaries being now brought to a close, the following 
synopsis of the families, genera and species is appended. 
Besides answering as a catalogue of these fishes, so far as at 
present known, it will serve as an index to the volume and 
page of the Journal, where the description of each may be 
found ; thus abridging the labors of the student who might 
otherwise be obliged to extend his search through eleven 
different numbers of the Journal. 


PERCIDE. 
Perca flavéscen 
Saeima dis. è 

maculàta. 
capròdes, . 
blennióides, 
ovem AERA $ 
loperca americana 
Centirchs hxschatns, 


Li 
e 


eus 
" asciatus, . 
pend Serene 
vulgaris, 
[1j 
TRIGLIDZ. 
Cottus góbio, 
Gasterósteus ineénstans, 
CIENIDJE. 
Corvína óscula, 


DÆ 

Fimeladus mY 

zi e A 

" limésus, . 
Notirus flavus, .. 

CYPRINIDS, 
Leuciscus Mosen 

ímilis, 

T Rere 

[1] cép halus 
erythrogáster, 
erysoléucas, 
indem 
la. 


Storeriànus, 
dors osea 
: diplémi 
Piméphales kine; 
Catistomus aur éolus 
comm 


8, 
t 


Scleognithus eyprin ey plied: 
Exogléssum b. eae : 


and its 


Diodak, 


Tributaries 
Vol TP 
i vV. 4 
HI. 274. 
* 976 
po M 
x « 348 
i 3A 
IV. 237 
ica. 480 
IV. 939 
QUAM c. 
Ill. 469 
“` A7 
" — 472. 
V. 342. 
III, .278. 
III. 350. 
V. 330 
" — 333 
« — 332 
w — 9335 
j «* 336 
. o XH. 999. 
: u fh 
[11 344 
" — 845. 
IV 2s 
n 305. 
«* 7306. 
2 v — 
W 
"8. 96, 
“ — 974. 
“ ^ 976. 
IH. 475 
III. 349. 
V. 265. 
“ — 966. 
[1 267* 
zs [1 268. 
OPTS die. 
; « 971. 
&« 273. 
IV. 275. 
mare Nr A. 
BE 277 


spa 


eer See uw 


ye rp 


344 Leidy's Anatomy of the Animal 


ESOCID.£, 
Esox reticulàtus, ` . CIV. sag x: 
"o Bier, . $899. XXYIHL 3 
SALMONIDZ, 
"-— am i j: ‘ c aie XIV. X 
goab,. 5. P 2 25. II. 2. 
Corégonus albus, £ F . arr > SVs. 
Artedi, . " . IV. queo OC 
CLUPEIDZ. 

! Pomólobus chrysochlóris, $ EFE o Ve oe 
Amia calva, s . s IH 478. X AIX. 1 
Chatàéssus ellipticus, . š C IV. 006. X. 1 
Hyodon tergíssus, . : V. 338. XXYVIIL 1,2. 

SAURIDJE, 
es apnea oxyürus, . cr EES o ee L 1. 
ferox, . . : - 18. 8 2. 
" platóstomus, s wc 20. " 3. 
GADIDA, 
Lota maeulósa, . : ^ IV. .. 94 III. L. 
ANGUILLIDÆ, 
ílla lütea, . 3 = = RT OGL XI. 2. 
PETROMYZONIDZ, € 
Petromyzon argénteus, . n III. . 349, IV. 3. 
Ammoceetes céncolo i e 473, XXVIL 1. 
STURIONID AE. 
Acipénser rsen : i IV," IV, FE 
" platorynchus, " OS (ECOL (b 
Polyodon fàlium, . : z Wo i. 1. 
Platiróstra edéntula, . x ae OV Ow 


. XXV.—ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE ANIMAL oF 
Ei ANGULIFERA, LAM. By Joszen Lemy, M.D. Comm 
nicated July 16, 1845. 
Arter removing the shell of the animal, two parts are ei 
servable: Plate XX. fig. 1, —one (1), corresponding to the $ 


I 
: In revising the descriptions of the western fishes for the pages of the — 


to follow Rafinesque's arrangement in my Synopsis. pat 


of Littorina Angulifera, 345 


by its turbinated form, composed of a mass of viscera contained 
in a sac and the branchial cavity ; the other (2), placed below 
the former, the foot, surmounted, in front, by the head. 

Upon examining the animal more closely, we find, protrud- 
ing from the head, two non-retractile tentacula (3), at the 
outer part of the base of each of which, placed upon a small 
prominence, is the eye (4). Between the tentacula, the head 
is elongated into a sort of rostrum (5), at the extremity of 
Which is the mouth. On the right side of the head, in the 
male, projects a body (6), terminated by a disk or sucker (7), 

probably useful in retaining a hold of the female during pro- 
creation ; from its posterior face protrudes the penis (8), which 
is capable of elongation. During repose, the penis is bent 
back against the side of the visceral sac, within the branchial 
cavity, 

The foot. itself (9) has the same general appearance and 
Composition as in all Gasteropoda. It is excavated, above, 
for the reception of several viscera; has a large retractor 
muscle (10), which originates from the columella of the shell, 
mserted into it; and has, placed upon its upper part behind, 
an operculum (11). 

Upon the lower whorl of the turbinated mass of the animal, 
on the outside. of the visceral mass, and extending as far back 
% the second whorl, is placed the branchial cavity. Its 
entrance, situated just above the head, is a large opening, ex- 
tending from side to side, and corresponds with the orifice of 
the shell of the animal, when the foot and head are extended. 

branchia (12) is stretched into a membranous expanse 
ming the outer wall of the cavity ; its anterior, thickened 
edge is the collar (13); and it is laterally attached to the 
Sutside of the junction formed by the visceral sac with the 
margin of the excavation of the foot. A distinct branchia 
does not Project from one side of the branchial chamber, as is 
ai in other pectinibranchiate gasteropods, but the outer 
Wall of the cavity has a branchial arrangement on its internal 


vi 
OL, v. 93 


346 Leidy's Anatomy of the Animal 


be intermediate to the lung of the pulmonated gasteropods 
and the distinct branchia of the order to which the animal 
under description properly belongs. From the branchia, on 
the left side, courses the branchial vein (14) to the heart, situ- 
ated at the posterior part of the cavity. "The heart (15) is 
systemic, composed of an auricle and ventricle, and is enclosed 
within a pericardium. From it pass off two aortic branches ; 
one of which (16) is seen, in the figure, in its course to the 
head; the other goes to the liver. 

On the right of the heart, and separated from the réspira- 
tory chamber by a membrane, is the renal organ (17) ; its duct 
passes along the outside of the rectum. 

The visceral sac (18) is musculo-membranous, and has its 
origin from the lateral edges of the retractor muscle of the foot 
and the margin of the excavation of the foot. It extends to 
the very point of the turbinated mass of the animal, and 
encloses the greater part of the digestive and generative appa- 
ratus. 

The mouth opens into the cavity of a muscular organ, the i 
buccal mass (19); this contains a cartilaginous body, consid- 
ered as the tongue, upon the surface of which is placed part - 
of a lamina having a very complex arrangement of hooklets 
 uponit. This lamina is about one and a half inches in length ; 
it protrudes from the buccal mass behind, and forms a coil (20), 
which is terminated by a small glandular body. A portion of 
this lamina, highly magnified, is represented in fig. 2. 

From the upper part of the buccal mass proceeds a short 
cesophagus to the stomach. The stomach (21) passes upwards, 
forms a duodenal pouch (22) for the reception of the hepatic 
duct from the liver, and terminates in the small intestine (23); 
which, after a turn in the liver, joins the rectum, upon 7 
right side of the animal. ‘The rectum (24) courses along the 
right side of the pulmonary cavity, and terminates by a com” 
tracted, unattached and projecting extremity (25), immediate? 
beneath the collar, on the right side of the animal. ee 

The salivary glands (26) are small, situated on each side 


of Littorina Angulifera. 341 


the cesophagus ; they empty, by two ducts, into the cavity of 
the buccal mass. 

The liver (27), conjoined with the testicle (28), in the male, 
or the ovary of the female, forms the superior portion of the 
turbinated mass of the animal. From the testicle, in the male, 
_ proceeds the vas deferens (29), on the outside of the rectum, 
to join the penis. In the female, from the ovary, proceeds the 
oviduct, having nearly the same appearance and the course of 
the vas deferens of the male ; it terminates by a projecting 
extremity, just on the outside of the projecting extremity of 
the rectum, The nervous centres consist of the supraceso- 
phageal ganglia (30), the stomatogastric ganglia, a small gang- 
lion on each side of the cesophagus, and the subcesophageal 
ganglia, all connected by the appropriate commissures, and 
giving off nerves. "To the subcesophageal mass, composed of 
‘Wo apparent ganglia, is attached the auditory apparatus, 
Which consists of two vesicles, each containing two large oto- 
conites. The otoconites are translucent, and composed of 
Concentric lamellae ; this is evident from their appearance 
under the microscope, after having been submitted to pressure, 
as represented in fig. 3. 


REFERENCE TO THE FIGURES. 


Il. The operculum ; 12. The branchia; 13. The collar; 14. Branchial 
Vas 15. Heart; 16. Aortie branch to the head ; 17. The renal organ ; 
= Its duct; 18. The visceral sac, laid open; 19. The buccal mass; 
93 $ coiled palatal lamina; 21. Stomach; 22. Duodenal pouch ; 
` Small intestine; 24. Rectum; 25. Extremity of the rectum; 26. 
def, glands ; 27, 28. The liver and testicle conjoined ; 29. The vas 
mil i 29*. Cut extremity of the vas irm (its co: ! ection to the 
estroyed) ; 30. Supracsophageal ganglia. i 
Fig. 9 "acie a eben of Fg uncinated palatal surface, highly 


Fig. 3 represents the organ of hearing, highly magnified. 


348 Gray's Notice of a New Genus of 


Arrt. XXVL —NOTICE OF A NEW GENUS OF PLANTS OF THE 
ORDER SANTALACEJE. By Asa Gray. Read before the Boston Society 
of Natural History, March 18, 1846. 


Tue incomplete characters of the plant which is the subject 
of the present communication are now published mainly in the 
hope, that by directing the attention of local botanists towards 
it, the information which is still needed may be the sooner 
obtained. 

My earliest knowledge of the plant in question was derived 
from some specimens in the herbarium of the late Zaccheus 
Collins, Esq., now belonging to that zealous botanist, Mr. Elias 
Durand. The specimens were ticketed ** Milledgeville, Geor- 
gia; from Dr. Boykin.” If they were communicated to Mr. 
Collins himself, as appears to have been the case, Dr. Boykin 
was, so far as I can learn, the discoverer of the plant; though, 
perhaps, not aware of its interest ; since it has not again 0c 
curred in the collections of the plants 6f Georgia, which he has 
so liberally distributed among northern botanists. It was m 
the spring of the year 1842 that these specimens fell under my 
observation, through the favor of Mr. Durand, who obliging 
furnished me with a portion of them. They are leafy branches 
of a shrub, with staminate flowers only. 

My next information was received from my friend and cor- 
respondent, the Rev. M. A. Curtis, of North Carolina, who, m 
the summer of 1839, near Lincolnton in that State, noticed a 
shrub quite new to him, but destitute of any vestiges either of 
flowers or fruit. Having seen a leafy specimen, I have no 
doubt of its identity with the plant above mentioned. Mr. 
Curtis revisited the locality last summer, for the special purpose 
of ascertaining what this unknown shrub could be. He was 
disappointed, however, being unable to find a single plant of 
the kind over the whole ground, where it was quite abundant 
six years ago. : 

It was with great pleasure that I met with a specimen of this 
plant, for the third time, in February last, in a small but in- 


Plants of the order Santalacee. 349 


teresting collection made around ‘Macon, Georgia, by Professor 
J. Darby, the author of a good elementary treatise on “ South- 
ern Botany,” and the former principal of a seminary of high 
character at that place, but who has recently accepted the 
mathematical chair in Williams College; Massachusetts. The 
unticketed specimen is finely in blossom, but, much to my 
disappointment, the flowers all proved to be staminate. Still 
the materials in my possession, imperfect as they are, suffice to 
show that the shrub in question belongs to the small and highly 
interesting order of Santalacea, and that it is nearly allied to 
the genus Comandra of Nuttall. With my present informa- 
tion, I know of no other genus with which it may be immedi- 
ately compared. 

In inflorescence it agrees with Comandra, except that the 
peduncles are axillary, and the short pedicels strictly umbellate. 
The calyx, disk, and stamens are quite similar, and, above all, 
the anthers are connected with the lobes of the perigonium by 
the same singular tufts of cobwebby hairs. The observed 
Points of difference are, first, that this new plant is apparently 
diecious. The staminate flowers do not exhibit the slightest 
trace of a gynzecium. The turbinate calyx-tube is accordingly 
hollow to the very base, and is lined with the thin disk through- 
out. In the second place, the present plant isa shrub, attain- 
ing the height of several feet, if I correctly remember Mr. Curtis’s 
Verbal account, and presenting somewhat the aspect of a Vi- 
burnum ; while the two species of Comandra are low herbs, 
With at most a suffratescent base. And thirdly, what is of 
More importance, the leaves, which are alternate in Comandra, 
ate uniformly opposite in our plant. They may perhaps be 
Compared with those of Nemopanthes, Raf. (Ilex Canadensis, 
Michz.), except that they are mostly acute at both ends. 

applying to Professor Darby for further information, I 
learn that this shrub has been to him an object of special in- 
terest for the last ten years, although he has never found it 
except upon one spot, only a few rods square, where it is 

| t forming bushy shrubs, two or three feet in height. 


350 Gray's Notice of a New Genus of 


The pistillate flowers appear to be very scarce. In August, 
1841, however, Mr. Darby obtained the unripe fruit, which, 
he remarks, is * baccate, one-celled, one-seeded, apparently 
inferior, but there is no cohesion of the ovary with the calyx ; 
style one.” Mr. Darby had regarded the plant as probably a 
new genus, but, on account of its free calyx (and having also 
apparently overlooked the tuft of hairs, &c. in the staminate 
flowers, which indicate its close relationship to Comandra) he 
had referred it to the wrong natural order. Indeed, if the 
calyx-tube does not cohere with the ovary, an unexpected 
anomaly in the character of the order Santalaces is here pre- 
sented. We are at present unable to verify this point; Mr. 
Darby's fruiting specimens having recently been lost by ship- 
wreck, along with many other invaluable specimens and notes, 
on their way from Georgia.' 

In directing the attention of the botanists of Upper Carolina 
and Georgia to this interesting shrub, I would specially request 
that the pistillate flowers and young fruits may be preserved 
in spirits, in order not only that the peculiarity already alluded 
to may be satisfactorily determined ; but more particularly, that 
the structure of the ovula and the fecundation, so peculiar in 
this natural family, may be duly studied. For the same reason; 
specimens of the pistillate flowers of Pyrularia, Michx. (the 
Hamiltonia of Muhlenberg,) and also of Buckleya of Torrey; 
preserved in spirits, are especially desired by the writer. 

As I have no doubt that this shrub adds another to our few 
genera of this interesting order, I am desirous that it should 
bear the name, and commemorate the botanical services and 
zeal, of Professor Darby, one of its discoverers, to whom a large 
part of our still incomplete knowledge of the plant is mainly 


1 In answer to a particular inquiry, Mr. Darby informs me, by letter, that his 
memory is not positive as to the want of cohesion between the calyx and the dd 
that some notes, made with the plant before him, were unfortunately lost w! 
the specimens. He remarks, also, that the mature fruit was not soft and pulpy: 
he supposed from the earlier stage that it would prove to be. It is, therefore, ri 
bably similar in texture to that of Pyrularia or Buckleya, or perhaps even dry, 


Plants of the order Santalacee. 351 


owing. I append, therefore, its technical characters, as at 
present known. 


DARBYA, gen. nov. ord. Santalacearum. 


Flores dioici. Masc. Perigonium simplex turbinatum, ad 
medium 4—5-dum; lobis ovatis patentibus. Discus crassius- 
culus, perigonii penitus tubo adnatus, margine 4 — 5-crenatus. 
Stamina 4—5, e sinubus disci, lobis perigonii opposita: fila- 
menta brevia, subulata : anthere biloculares ; loculis fasciculo 
filarum araneosarum ad basin lobi perigonii annexis. Fem. 
ignota. Fructus . . . ; stylo unico superatus, unilocu- 
laris, monospermus. Frutex in Georgia et Carolina superiori 
vigens, glaber, cortice griseo. Folia opposita, uncialia, mem- 

ranacea, ovalia, margine integerrima, subundulata, breviter 
petiolata, venosa, subtus pallidiorà. Pedunculi axillares, soli- 
tarii, folio breviores, ebracteolati, umbellam 3 — 8-floram geren- 
tes; floribus parvis virescentibus, intus flavidis. 


Darsya vwsrELLULATA.— Hab. near Milledgeville, Geor- 
gia, Dr. Boykin, and at Macon, Professor Darby : also at 
Lincolnton, North Carolina, Rev. M. A. Curtis. 


lintended here to record some observations made last season, 
Upon the ovula and fecundation of Comandra, which, although 
exhibiting the same general plan as in Thesium, according to 


the investigations of Decaisne, appear to differ considerably in 


“ome particulars, But as the season approaches when I may 
be able to repeat and extend my observations, these remarks 
are for the present deferred. —— 


359 Hentz's Descriptions of the 


Art. XXVII — DESCRIPTIONS AND FIGURES OF THE ARANEIDES 
OF THE UNITED STATES. By Nıcnoras MancELLvs Hentz, Tuscaloosa, 
Alabama. 


(Continued from vol. V. page 202.) 


8. ATTUS FALCARIUS. 
Plate XXI. Fig. 1. 


Description. Cephalothorax and abdomen covered with 
yellowish gray hairs, hairs longer in front of the abdomen; 
feet, 1. 4., very stout, 2. 3. 

bservations. Very distinct from any other by the form 
of its abdomen. : 


Habitat. Alabama. 


9. ATTUS BINUS. 
Plate XXI. Fig. 2. 
Description.  Blackish ; abdomen pale bluish gray ; yn 
two parallel, longitudinal, blackish lines above ; feet, 1. 4. 3 ?- 
Observations. I never found but one specimen of this 
very distinct species. Its abdomen was very much distended, 
and it moved very slowly. 
Habitat. Found on Sullivan’s Island, South Carolina. 


Tribe II. Lucrarorirm ; fourth pair of legs longest, the 
Jirst next and largest. 


10. ATTUS NUTTALLI. 
Plate XXI. Fig.3. 

Description. Piceous ; abdomen pale gray above, with e 
oblong scolloped, black, longitudinal band surrounding a smal 
white spot ; feet, 4. 1. 2. 3. 

Observations. This probably very rare species was found 
in the hot-house of the botanic garden. at Cambridge, in the 


Araneides of the United States. 353 
presence of the distinguished botanist and ornithologist Thomas 
Nuttall. 

Habitat. Massachusetts. 


11. ATTUS CASTANEUS. 
Plate XXI. Fig. 4. 


Description. Black or piceous, with some long black hairs, 
and short, thick, yellowish down, particularly distinct on the 
abdomen, which has a whitish line at base, continued on the 
Sides to near the middle ; sides of the abdomen, with oblique 
lines, whitish ; venter with four white lines, all the lines being 
formed by whitish hairs; dorsum with four or six obsolete 
dots ; feet rufous, with blackish rings, 4. 1. F. 3., the fourth long- 
est and slender, the first next, very stout. 

Observations. This spider is perfectly distinct from any 
other yet observed. It must be rare, having occurred only 
once, under a stone, in March. 

Habitat. North Carolina. 


12. ATTUS TJENIOLA. 
Plate XXI. Fig. 5. 

Description. Black ; cephalothorax with a white fillet on 
each side, continued to near the base ; abdomen with two 
longitudinal, narrow lines, composed of white dots or abbrevi- 
ated lines ; tarsi dark rufous or blackish. 4. 1. 2. 3. 

Observations. This is not a rare species, and shows only 
à moderate degree of activity. 

Habitat. North Carolina, Alabama. 


13. ATTUS ELEGANS. 


Plate XXI. Fig. 6. 


Description, Pale rufous ; cephalothorax with eyes nearer 
the apex than the base, second joint of palpi piceous ; abdomen 


354 Hentz's Descriptions of the 


metallic green with yellow and red reflections, a white band, 
widest in front and continued on the sides, but not reaching 
the eyes; feet, 4. 1. 3. 2, with a slender black edge externally, 
thighs of first pair black, knee pale. 

Observations. This graceful species is readily distinguished 
from any other, and is not very rare. 

Habitat. Southern States. 


Tribe HI. Instp1osm ; legs equal in thickness, the fourth 
longest, then the fifth. | 


` 14. ATTUS FAMILIARIS. 
: Plate XXI. Fig. 7. 
- Description. Pale gray, hairy ; abdomen blackish, with a 


grayish, angular band, edged with whitish ; feet, 4. 1. 2. 3. 

Observations. This very common spider, almost domes- . 
ticated in our houses, by its habits, deserves a longer notice 
than others. It dwells in cracks around sashes, doors, be- 
tween clapboards, &c., and may be seen on the sunny side 
of the house, and in the hottest places, wandering in search 
of prey. It moves with agility and ease, but usually with a 
certain leaping gait. -The moment, however, it has discovered 
a fly, all its motions are altered ; its cephalothorax, if the fly 
moves, turns to it, with the firm glance of an animal which 
' can turn its head; it follows all the motions of its prey with 
the watehfulness of the falcon, hurrying its steps or slackening 
its pace, as the case may require. Gradually, as it draws near 
to the unsuspecting victim, its motions become more com- 
posed, until, when very near, its movements are entirely 1m- 
perceptible to the closest observation, and, indeed, it woul 
appear perfectly motionless, were it not for the fact that it 
gradually draws nearer to the insect. When sufficiently near, 
it very suddenly takes a leap, very seldom missing its 8T 
I saw one, however, make a mistake, for the object which it 
watched was only a portion of the wing of an hemipterous 17 
sect entangled in a loose web. It took its leap and grasped 


Araneides of the United States. 355 


the wing, but relinquished it immediately, apparently very 
much ashamed of having made such a blunder. This- proves 
. that the sight of spiders, though acute, is not unerring: 
Before leaping, this Attus always fixes a thread on the point 
from which it departs ; by this it is suspended in the air, if it 
miss its aim, and it is secure against falling far from its hunt- 
ing grounds. 

These spiders, and probably all other species, a day or two 
before they change their skin, make a tube of white silk, open 
at both ends ; there they remain motionless till the moulting 
time arrives, and, even some days after, are seen there still, 
Probably remaining in a secure place, for the purpose of re- 
gaining strength and activity. 

Habitat. Throughout the United States. 


15. ATTUS TRIPUNCTATUS. 
Plate XXI. Fig. 8. : 


Description. Black ; abdomen, with metallic reflections 
and white and orange-colored hairs, with a central spot and 
two short bands white, which are surrounded with deep black ; 
cheliceres brassy green ; feet, 4. 1. 5. 2. 

Observations. This is perhaps the most common Attus in 
the United States. It is usually found on dead trees, under 
the bark of Which it takes refuge, and also hibernates there, in 
tubes of strong white silk. The spots are often of an orange 
Color, instead of being white. 

Habitat. The United States. 


16. 'ATTUS MYSTACEUS. 
Plate XXI. Fig. 9. ^ 
Description. Gray ; varied with whitish. spots; cephalo- 
thorax with four tufts of bristles in the region of the eyes; 
feet, 4. 1.2. 3, 


This large and very distinct species is not 


356 Hentz's Descriptions of the 


rare on the eastern side of the Alleghany mountains, as far 
north as the 35? of latitude ; but it has not been found by me 
in Alabama. 
Habitat. North Carolina. 


iz. ATTUS OTIOSUS. 
Plate XXI. Fig. 10. 


` Description. Blackish, mostly covered with white hairs; 
cephalothorax black at base and anteriorly, two tufts of hairs 
each side on the region of the eyes; abdomen with a band at 
base, and several angular spots, white, and with a longitudinal 
green band more or less covered with hairs and edged with a 
scolloped black line each side, beneath white with a black 
. band very wide at base and tapering towards the apex where 
it branches out ; feet varied with rufous and black, f. 4. 2. 3. 
the fourth slightly longest when separated from the body. A 
large species. 

Observations. This spider, related to A. mystaceus, was 
found in mid-winter, enclosed in silk tubes, under the bark of 
dead trees, where great numbers were hibernating. 

Habitat. North Alabama. ids 


18. ATTUS FASCIOLATUS. 
Plate XXI. Fig. it. 

Description. Black ; cephalothorax with three grayish 
spots ; abdomen with three small spots, two abbreviated lat- 
eral lines, and an anterior one white ; feet varied with rufous, 
4.152 8. 

Observations. This spider seems to be quite distinct from 
A. tri-punctatus, but may prove only a variety of that species: 

Habitat. South Carolina, Massachusetts. 


19. ATTUS RUFUS. 
Plate XXI. Fig. 12. 


- Description. Rufous; abdomen with a yellowish u 


Araneides of the United States. . 351 


band anteriorly which extends to the sides, on the disk four 

white dots, and four smaller grayish ones, the dots surrounded 
by black rings which usually unite in the form of a longi- ' 
tudinal band on each side, beneath pale, with three sub- 
"pa longitudinal lines; feet, T. T. 9/3. or 3.2, in the male 
i 4. 9, 3. 


Observations. This spider, which is not very common, is 
found on plants, and is not remarkably active. In the male, 
the abdomen is white around and between tlie bands. 

Habitat. United States. 


20. ATTUS PODAGROSUS. 
Plate XXI. Fig. 13. 


Description.  Cephalothorax piceous black ; abdomen pale 
brownish, white at base, with a scolloped dusky band; feet 
bright rufous, joints tipped with black, with.some hairs, 4. 1. 2. 3. 
À large species. 

Observations. This may be readily distinguished from A. 
Tupicola, to which it is closely related. 

Habitat. Alabama. N ovember. 


21. ATTUS RUPICOLA. 
Plate XXL Fig. 14. 


D escription. Rufous, very hairy ; abdomen. brownish, 
With a paler band and two blackish dots; feet varied with 
blackish, in the female 7. 1. 2. 3., in the male 1.72 3. A large 
Species, —: 


. Observations. ‘The male, which resembles the female, has 
variably its first pair of legs longest and stoutest. This 
"Pecies was repeatedly found in cavities of limestone rocks on 
* margin of a river, moving cautiously and slowly on the 
pry ep ethers omer eae 
| Pübitat, - Alabama. September. 


358 Hentz's Descriptions of the 


22. ATTUS NUBILUS. 
Plate XXI. Fig. 15. 


Description. Pale gray; cephalothorax with a tinge of 
rufous at base, and many obscure markings ; abdomen with 
obscure, waved bands ; feet with blackish rings, 4. 1.2. 3. A 
somewhat small species. 

Observations. This spider is common, usually found on 
the stems of plants. 

Habitat. Alabama. May —July. 


23. ATTUS HEBES. 
Plate XXI. Fig. 16. 


Description. Brownish ; abdomen white, with a greenish 
spot surrounded with four black dots, near the base, and a 
black fascia near the apex ; feet, 4. 1. 3. 2. 

Observations. This probably rare species was found on 
the ground, having fallen from a tree. 

Habitat. Massachusetts. 

24. ATTUS PARVUS. 
Plate XXI. Fig. 17. 

Description. Grayish ; abdomen with six or eight ab- 
breviated transverse lines, white ; feet varied with rufous and 
black, 4. 1. 9. 3. 

Observations. A somewhat obscure species, which I believe 
I have seen in the North. 

Habitat. North Carolina, Massachusetts? - 


25. ATTUS RARUS. 
Plate XXI. Fig. 18. 


Description. Blackish ; cephalothorax with green scales 
and some yellow ones anteriorly ; abdomen with green scales, 


Araneides of the United States. 359 


except on a black band which surrounds the disk, a yellow 
band at base, extending each side, but which does not reach 
the middle, one large yellow dot each side near the middle, 
two little dots on the disk, and four terminal abbreviated 
bands white ; beneath blackish, abdomen with some yellowish 
hair which form two or four sub-obsolete, abbreviated, longi- 
tudinal lines ; feet, T. 1. 2. 3. 

Observations. This very distinctly-marked species is 
probably very rare, as it occurred only once. 

Habitat. North Carolina. June. 


26. ATTUS NIGER. 
Plate XXI. Fig. 19. 
Description. Deep black ; legs pale testaceous, 4. 1. $3 
Observations, This small species is remarkable on account 
of its activity in running and leaping. 
Habitat. North Carolina. 


27. ATTUS? GRACILIS. 
` Plate XXI. Fig. 20. 


Description. Rufous; cephalothorax very prominent an- 
enoly ; Wider behind the middle ; abdomen narrower, slender, 
fusiform, nipples long ; feet long and slender, 4. 1. 3. 2. 

bservations. This cannot be Synemosyna scorpionia ; 
but may ultimately be referred to that division. 
abitat. Alabama. August. 


j Ue IV, Merron ; legs sub-equal in thickness, the 
ourth longest, then the third. — 
25. ATTUS LEOPARDUS. — 


Plate XXI. Fig. 21. 


Description, Cephalothorax black, rufous about the eyes, 


360 Hentz's Descriptions of the 


with a curved white line each side ; abdomen with two op- 
posed lenticular black bands surrounded with white, pale gray 
underneath, with two sub-obsolete longitudinal, whitish lines ; 
feet rufous with many black rings, 4. 3. 2. 1. 
Observations. This spider is common. The female is 
often found under stones with its cocoon, which is white. 
Habitat. Alabama. May. 


29. ATTUS PUERPERUS. 
Plate XXI. Fig. 22. 


Description. Testaceous or yellowish ; intermediate 
small eyes, and the two last, borne on elevations; abdomen 
with about twelve black dots, underneath with a black spot 
near the apex ; feet, 4. 3. or 5. 4. 1. 2. : 

Observations. Mr. Thomas R. Dutton, who brought this 
from Georgia, gave me another one, which was not, like this, 
replete with eggs. The abdomen not being distended, the 
dots appeared less regular and distinct. 

Habitat. Georgia. 


30. ATTUS VITTATUS. 
Plate XXL. Fig. 23. 


Description. Cephalothorax and trophi rufous varied with 
blackish ; abdomen gray, with reddish curved bands; feet 
pale rufous or yellowish, 4, 3. (uns in the male 4. 1. 2. 3. and 
speckled with black dots. 

Observations. With some hesitation, I refer to the same 
species the drawings of a male, and that of a female, which I 
had considered as distinct, on account of the difference in the 
respective length of the legs. In the genus Arrus that char- 
acter is sometimes a sexual distinction. : 


Habitat. North Carolina, Alabama. 


Zraneides of the United States. 361 


Tribe V. SALTATORI® ; third pair of legs longest, then 
commonly the fourth. 


31. ATTUS CORONATUS. 
Plate XXII. Fig. 1. 


Description. Pale dusky ; cephalothorax varied with black, 
a scarlet spot between the eyes and the cheliceres ; abdomen 
with two curved bands and about three spots, white ; pale 
beneath without distinct spots; legs, with first pair stoutest, 
black on the internal side, 3. 4. 1. 2. 

Observations. The bright scarlet, spot on its front gives 
to this spider a whimsical air of fierceness, which is heightened 
by its attitudes and singular motions. The lighter spots on 
the cephalothorax are produced by yellowish hairs. It is not 
very rare. It is probably quite distinct from A. cecatus. 

Habitat. Alabama.. May — July. 


32. ATTUS C(ECATUS. 
Plate XXII. Fig.2. 

Description. Brownish obscure ; cephalothorax with a red 

Spot under the eyes, and with a basal spot and large fascia 

* ; abdomen varied with black and brownish obscure, pale 

bronzed beneath ; feet, first pair stoutest, black with a line of 

yellowish ‘scales above, antepenult joint with two long, black 

scales or spatule, thighs with thick tufts of black hairs, the 

other legs varied with black and brownish, 3.4. 1. e. A small 
iiei; 


; Observations. This species, though very different in mark- 
ing, is very closely related to A. coronatus. 
Habitat. Alabama. September. 
33. ATTUS PULEX. 


Plate XXII. Fig. 3. 


VOL, v. 24 


362 Hentz's Descriptions of the 


with piceous, edged widely with blackish towards the base; 
abdomen nearly orbicular, piceous, varied with whitish spots, 
and a band at base; feet varied with piceous, 3. 4. 1. 3. 
small species. Male like the female. 

Observations. This little spider is common near the 
ground, where it may be seen moving with sudden, rapid 
motions, and jumping, like a flea, to great distances. It is a 
well-characterized species. 

abitat. Alabama. April— May. 


34. ATTUS ROSEUS. 
Plate XXII. Fig. 4. 
Description. Cephalothorax white, blackish at base; : ab- 
domen roseate, with a whitish base ; feet pale yellow, 3. 4. n 
ions. This small species is not unfrequently found 
on grass, in May and June. Habitat. Massachusetts. 


35. ATTUS VIRIDIPES. 
Plate XXII. Fig. 5. 
cription. . Cephalothorax rufous, with black bands and 
spots ; abdomen white, with two black angular bands ; an- 
terior feet greenish, the other feet varied with rufous, blackish 
and white, 3. 1. 4. 2. 

Observations. This small spider is usually found on the 
ground, on sand or on grass, in constant activity. When any 
object approaches it, it lifts itself on its posterior limbs to 
reconnoitre the enemy or the dns lt never was seen large- 

Habitat. South Carolina. | 


36. ATTUS AURATUS. 

Plate XXIL Fig. 6. 
Description. Black ; palpi, sides of the cephalothorax, and 
four spots above, sitidby white; abdomen with a un an 
circular band, golden. color ; feet varied with rufous, mA * 


Araneides of the United States. 363 


Observations. This beautiful species seems to fear the 
light; for 1 never found it except when inclosed in the old 
shells of the pupæ of some hymenopterous insect. It is rare. 

Habitat. South Carolina. 


37. ATTUS MULTIVAGUS. 
Plate XXII. Fig. 7. 

Description. Piceous ; palpi pale; abdomen gray, with 
curved bands, dots and a spot white, pale underneath with a 
longitudinal darkish line and a pale one each side, all sub- 
obsolete ; feet, 3. 4. 1. 9. A middle-size species. 

Observations. This species in markings resembles A. 
fasciolatus, but is quite distinct from it. 

Habitat. Alabama. April. 


38. ATTUS CRISTATUS. 
Plate XXII. Fig. 8. 

Description. Pale brownish ; cephalothorax with small 
dusky marks, palpi very small; abdomen with curved dusky 
lines, and a tuft of white hairs at base, pale underneath, with 
" sub-obsolete, approximate longitudinal paler lines; feet 
Nec. 

Observations. The tuft of white hairs on the base of the 
abdomen, and projecting over the cephalothorax, is not pecu- 

ar to this species alone, but by other characters it is suffi- 
“ently distinguished. 
itat. Alabama. July — August. 


Tribe VL Ampunatorre ; legs usually slender, vw 
Pur longest, the fourth next. | 


39. ATTUS MITRATUS. 
Plate XXII. Fig. 9. 
Description. Pale above and beneath ; cephalothorax with 


364 Hentz's Descriptions of the 


a broad pale brownish band ; abdomen with a pale brownish 
band, interrupted with yellowish in about three places ; feet, 
. 4. 9. 3. A small species. 
Observations. This is not a rare species. It is usually 
found on plants, moving slowly on the stems. 


Habitat. Alabama. April — May. 


40. ATTUS SYLVANUS, 
Plate XXII. Fig. 10. 


Description. Piceous; cephalothorax reddish anteriorly, 
` with a yellowish spot on the disk, and four oblique slender 
lines of the same color ; abdomen with two parallel longitudi- 
nal yellowish lines; thighs rufous at base, except the first 
pair ; feet, 1.3.2. 4. 

Observations. This graceful species is found commonly 
on the trunks of trees, moving rather slowly, and walking 
backwards when threatened by an enemy. It moves its an- 
terior feet like palpi, as if to feel its way in its progression. 


t 41. ATTUS SUPERCILIOSUS. 
Plate XXII. Fig. 11. 


Description. Cephalothorax black between the eyes, deep 
ferruginous at base, covered anteriorly with golden or greenish 
scales, a tuft of hairs between the eyes ; abdomen black, with 
the same kind of scales, the absence of which forms obsolete 
blackish lines on the disk, beneath with such scales also ; 
pectus and thighs glabrous, ferruginous ; feet with a bae 
fillet externally, antepenult joint of first „pair with a tuft o 
black hairs, 1. 4. 2. 3. : 

Observations. This singular species can be readily 
tinguished by the tuft of hairs placed above the lower ro 
eyes, and resembling eyebrows. It is probably rare. — 


dis- 
w of 


Araneides of the United States. 365 


42, ATTUS MORIGERUS. 
Plate XXII. Fig. 12. 

Description. Cephalothorax ferruginous, covered with 
silvery down, through which the color can be seen, par- 
ticularly about the eyes; abdomen above dark brown, covered 
with silvery down, four spots and a band glabrous; beneath 
pale ; feet pale yellowish, with some hairs, 1. 4. 2. 3. 

Observations. This little spider may be seen usually on 
leaves, where it frequently makes its tubes. It has been seen 
on the hickory and the mulberry trees. 

Habitat. North Carolina, Alabama. April, May. 


43. ATTUS CYANEUS. 
Plate XXII. Fig. 13. 
Description. Brassy green; body short; feet, 1.4.3. 4 
Small. 
Observations. This small but brilliant spider is found on 
plànts, during all the warm season. | 
Habitat. North Carolina, Alabama. 


44. ATTUS CANONICUS. 
Plate XXII. Fig. 14. 

Description. Rufous, or deep orange ; abdomen with a 
longitudinal row of black dots, seven or eight on each side 
above ; feet with black rings ; cephalothorax and anterior part 
9! the abdomen covered with dense yellowish rufous hair. 
Feet, 73.2.3. | 

Observations, Found in Cambridge, Massachusetts, ia 

Habitat. Massachusetts. erus 

45. ATTUS OCTAVUS. 


Plate XXII. Fig. 15- 
Description. Grayish brown ; abdomen above with eight 


366 Hentz's Descriptions of the 


large black dots, two green spots, and some white marks, gray 
beneath ; feet rufous, 1. 4. 2. 3. 

Observations. This is a common species in the south. 
A specimen was found with legs 4. 1. 3. 2., shorter, and with 
blackish rings. Is it a different species? It is not probable 
that this can be referred to A. hebes. 

Habitat. Alabama. July — August. 


Genus Eprsnemcom. Mihi. 


Characters. Cheliceres very long, slender, horizontal, in 
both sexes, fang nearly as long ; mazille parallel, wide al 
base, narrowed above the insertion of the palpi, cut obliquely 
on both sides towards the point ; lip conical; eyes eight, 
unequal, in three rows, the first composed of four, the two 
middle ones somewhat larger, the second composed of two 
very small ones placed nearer the third row, which is com- 
posed of two larger ones ; feet, first pair longest, then the 
fourth, the third or second shortest. 

Habits. Araneides wandering after prey, making no web, 
cocoon, 

Remarks. "The characters of this subgenus are quite suffi- 
cient to separate and distinguish the species composing it 
from Arrus. Even allowing that the character derived from 
. the extreme length of the cheliceres were limited to the males; 
the great number of species contained in Arros would author- 
ize naturalists to separate such as have that character under . 
separate denomination. But it seems that this peculiarity 
may be confined to the females in some species; as, & "^ 
of E, palmarum was found with short cheliceres; but these 
were nevertheless horizontal. 


1. EPIBLEMUM PALMARUM. 


Araneides of the United. States. 367 


abdomen with a whitish band on each side above ; feet whit- 
ish, except the first pair which are rufous, 1. 4. 2. 3: 

Observations. Cuvier, in his Regne Animal, IV. p. 264, 
says that some males of Arrus have elongated cheliceres. 
But this was a female ; and a male was found in North Caro- 
lina, corresponding to this in every particular, except that the 
cheliceres were not elongated, but they were horizontal. 
The subgenus Arrus is so large that some good subdivision is 
required. Like TETRAGNATHA, this spider extends its legs in 
one line along the twig or blade on which it rests. 

Habitat. South and North Carolina. 

A male was found in Alabama, corresponding with this in 
every respect. He was bold, and moved with a ludicrous 
motion of his first pair of legs, which he waved to and fro, 
advancing towards the body which was extended against 

im, 


2. EPIBLEMUM FAUSTUM. 
Plate XXII. Fig. 17. 


Description. Piceous ; cephalothorax with the margin and 
two spots white ; abdomen with the base and four short lines 
White; feet, 1. 4. 3. 9. 

Observations. This species was found common in Cam- 
bridge, Massachusetts, on walls, on the south side. 

Habitat. Massachusetts. 


Genus Synemosyna. Mihi. MMC ud 


Characters, Cheliceres short in the females; mazille 
slightly inclined toward the tip, truncated at tip ; lip short, 
rounded ; eyes eight, unequal, in three rows, the first com- 
Posed of four eyes, the two middle ones largest, the second 
composed of two small ones placed nearer the first than the 
third, which is composed of two larger eyes ; feet slender, 


368 Hentz's Descriptions of the 


the fourth pair longest, the other three variable ; body elon- 
gated, nodose, abdomen contracted near the middle. 
abits. Araneides wandering after prey, making no web, 
but silk tubes, for hibernation, ranning on plants like ants; 
which they resemble; cocoon. _ 
rks: This differs in many points from Myrecta, 
Latr., Ann. des Sc. Nat. IV. p. 261, and yet seems to be 
closely related to it. That subdivision is not known to me, 
though it is said in that work that some species are found in . 
Georgia. In Myrmecta the cheliceres are large, in this, they 
are small, at least in the females ; in that subgenus the maxil- 
lz are rounded and hairy, the abdomen is much shorter than 
the cephalothorax, and they have other characters which do 
not belong to this. HPV 
I have already pointed out the features, and proposed a 
name for this singular subdivision, in a paper published in 
Silliman’s Journal. I have, since writing that article, discov- 
ered one species, in addition to the three mentioned there. 
They are all anomalous, and differ from each other in many 
points; while they agree in the characters which I have a9 . 
signed. "They hibernate in silk tubes, under the bark of trees. 


1. SYNEMOSYNA FORMICA. 
Plate XXII.. Fig. 18. 


Description. Rufous; cephalothorax very long, contracted 
in the middle, tapering towards the base, and with two lateral 
yellowish spots ; abdomen contracted in the middle, also with 
two lateral yellow spots, each where the contraction appears ; 
feet slender, varied with yellowish and black, 4. 3, L 2., tibi® 
of the first pair and part of the tarsus black underneath. Male 
with. very large cheliceres; legs, 4.1.3.2. 

Observations. "This spider cannot be placed in the sub- 
genus. Myamecta, of. Latreille, as described in the fourth vol 
of. the An. des Sc. Nat., or in vol. IV. p. 261 of the Règne Ant 


Araneides of the United States. 369 


mal, for the following reasons: the eyes are very unequal in 
size, and not placed in the manner described ; the cheliceres 
are large only in the males ; and the length of the feet is not 
the same. It is possible, however, that the insects drawn by 
Abbot belong to this division; for, being very small, probably 
the situation of the eyes may not have been correctly observed. 
Be this as it may, the subgenus Myrmecia, or Myrmecium, is 
closely related to this. : 

I had seen individuals of this species running on the blades 
of grass and stems of weeds, long before I distinguished them 
from ants. "They move with agility and can leap, but their 
habitus is totally different from Arrus. They move by a 
regular progression or regular walk, very different from the 
- halting gait of that subgenus. 

Habitat. North Carolina, Alabama. 


2. SYNEMOSYNA SCORPIONIA. 
Plate XXII. Fig.19. ` 


Description. Piceous ; cephalothorax with two sub-obso- 
lete, pale spots; posterior eyes placed near the base, and re- 
mote from. the rest; abdomen slightly contracted near the 
middle, with a yellowish indented spot ; feet rufous, 4. 1. 2. 3., 

‘st pair very stout; sexes alike, the cheliceres not being en- 
larged in the male. : 

Observations. This small spider is somewhat rare, and 
Was found in the winter months. 

Habitat. North Carolina. 


3. SYNEMOSYNA EPHIPPIATA. 
Plate XXII. Fig. 20. 
Description, Rufous ; cephalothorax wide in the region 
of the eyes, tapering towards the base ; abdomen depressed 
fore the middle, widest beyond the middle, a transverse 
band near the middle, piceous towards the apex ; feet, 


310 J. E. Teschemacher on the 


with the interior edge, black, two last joints of second pair 
black, penult and antepenult joints of the leg of the fourth 
pair dusky, 4. 2. 3. 1. 

bservations. "This is a very distinct species, found hiber- 
nating in silk tubes under bark, making such tubes when con- 
fined. "The male, with cheliceres not enlarged, was found 
agreeing with the above description in the minutest particular. 
This shows beyond any doubt that the species is‘distinct from 
S. formica. 

Habitat. Alabama. December. 


4. SYNEMOSYNA PICATA. 
Plate XXII. Fig. 21. 


Description. Black; legs varied with rufous and black, si 
cond pair black beneath, fourth black except the knee which is 
pale beneath ; palpi pale, basal joint piceous ; feet, 4. 3. 2. 1. 

bservations. This is evidently distinct from the other 
species, particularly by its form. I once enclosed a male and 
a female of this species in a glass tube. They very soon 
formed separate habitations of silk ; but on the third or fourth 
day, the male was dead near the tent of the female, and she 
had made a lenticular white cocoon, containing four eggs 95 
large as those of large Araneides. That female had a white 
streak on each side of the abdomen. 

Habitat. North Carolina, Alabama. 


Arr. XXVIIL. —ON THE FOSSIL VEGETATION OF AMERICA. By 
J 


. E. TESCHEMACHER. 


From the labors recently bestowed on fossil vegetation, and 
the renewed attention it has attracted from men of science, 
it seems highly probable that this department is about to share 


Fossil Vegetation of America. 371 


largely in the general advance of natural history, and, in con- 
sequence, to shed light on many abstruse and doubtful points 
of geology. 

That the nutritious vegetation of the present day is chiefly 
a fuel which, by a process of combustion, builds up man and 
other animals, and that the portion of this vegetation not formed 
for nutrition is still but fuel to be burnt during its decay by 
the oxygen of the atmosphere, are well-founded doctrines 
lately promulgated by Liebig, by Dumas, and Boussingault. 
From the “ Balance of Organic Power,” of the two last authors, 
I make the following short extracts : ; 

- * Light arrives, and, with the concurrence of carbonic acid 
_ nd nitrate of ammonia, the vegetable world, the grand pro- 
ducer of organic matter, is developed. Plants further absorb . 
the chemical force, which reaches them from the sun, and 
enables them to decompose carbonic acid, water and ammo- 
nia; plants are embodiments of a reducing power of greater 
virtue than any other that is known, for no other will decom- 
pose carbonic acid in the cold." 

in. *In our eyes, therefore, the vegetable world con- 
stitutes an immense magazine of combustible matter, destined 
to be consumed by the animal world, and in which this last 
finds the source of the heat and locomotive power, which it 
turns to account," — — 

But as, with the exception of a few mollusks, which might 
have fed on fuci abundant in a fossil state, animals did not 
exist during the growth of the vegetation of which the coal is 
ormed, the mind is inevitably led to the following reflection. 
That the vegetables of this period, not being intended for 
conversion into the higher state of animal organization, would 
Probably consist of such as were least fitted for this purpose. 

dingly, we find them akin to our present families of 

Ycopodiaceæ, Equisetacez, none of which are nutritious, of 
Filices, the root of only one of which is edible (Pteris escu- 
lenta,) of Coniferæ, of which the kernels of the seed alone are 
"Sed. "The character of the so-called Gramineæ, of this 


319 J. E. Teschemacher on the 


period, is very doubtful; the recent fern Vittaria, and some 
others, when without fructification, being scarcely distinguish- 
able from them. The same may also be premised of what are 
called the Cycadeæ, or Cycadites, of the Coal formation. 
It would be strange, if animals existed in quantity (which 
they did, if at all) on the quiet estuaries where the coal vege- 
tation is supposed to have grown, and been entombed, that 
their remains should not be found in abundance, in deposits 
where the finest lineaments and texture of the vegetable forms 
have been so well preserved. Indeed, the very existence of 
the coal beds themselves seems to prove that the vegetation 
of that day was not consumed by air or animals. On the 
‘other hand, if the vegetation of the subsequent periods had 
not been consumed by the atmosphere or by animals, there 
seems no valid reason why they should not also have existed 
in the state of coal. 

_ It is quite probable that a vegetation with so little nutriment 
could never have supported the enormous animals which fill 
the earth immediately afterwards. I will here offer one more 

quotation from the same work as the previous one. 

*'Then come animals, consumers of matter and producers 
of heat and force — true instruments of combustion. Itis in 
them, unquestionably, that organized matter acquires what 
may be called its highest expression. In this new capacity; 
organized matter is burnt, and, in giving out the heat or elec- 
tricity which constitutes and is a measure of our force, 1t 8 
destroyed, and returned to the atmosphere from whence it 
had originally come. The atmosphere, therefore, is the my5- 
terious link that connects the animal with the vegetable, the 
vegetable with the animal kingdom.” 

But, as there were no animals, this link was not then re- 
quired, and the reflection hence arising is, that an atmosp^ 
more appropriate then prevailed. These recent developments 
of science render highly probable the philosophical theory of 
Brongniart, of the existence of an atmosphere, at er 
highly charged with carbonic acid gas. As this is a point © 


Fossil Vegetation of America. 873 


very great importance to the study of fossil vegetation, let us 
remark how it agrees with other phenomena observed. 

The copper ore recently brought from New Jersey, consists 
of the blue and green carbonates and the sulphuret. This 
latter forms a kind of nucleus imbedded in the carbonates. 
From every appearance, the whole was originally sulphuret, 
the exterior of which, to a considerable depth, has been de- 
composed, and converted into these carbonates. The most 
probable cause of this conversion is the contact of the sulphuret, 
after its ejection from below, with carbonic acid dissolved in 
liquid : precisely such a liquid as might be expected to be 

formed from a surface of water with a superincumbent atmos- 
phere of carbonic acid. According to all appearance, this 
decomposition, and conversion of sulphuret into carbonates, is 
not now proceeding ; the action was probably arrested when 
the nature of the atmosphere was changed. It is not uncom- 
Mon to find sulphuret of lead converted into carbonate, but I 
have never seen any instance so clear and striking as that of 

copper ore from New Jersey. 

Crystals of carbonate of lime are often found in a state of 

mposition, and-I have several specimens on which fresh 
crystals are deposited on the half-decomposed crystal. Chem- 
ists are well aware that, although carbonate of lime is in- 
soluble in water, it is soluble in water charged with carbonic 
acid; on the supposition of an atmosphere of carbonic acid 
. Sas with which the immense extent of surface water would be 
Inpreenated, these phenomena are easily explicable. 

Nor should it be forgotten that, the density of carbonic acid 
Sas being 1524, the present atmosphere 1000, the increased 
Pressure of the column would countervail a high temperature, 
and permit the water to retain a.considerable quantity of the 

gas in solution. bonsoir 
, ,, From these considerations arise others of much importance. 
Plants growing under conditions of heat, humidity and atmos- 
Phete specially appointed for them, without reference to any 
9ther elass of animate beings, although of an organization re- 


314 J. E. Teschemacher on the 


sembling that of the vegetables of the present day, may pos- 
sibly have varied considerably in the time and the manner of 
their growth ; and, although we have yet no data on which 
to found calculations, there is no reason why the growth and 
development of the vegetable might not have then been as 
extensive in one year as it is now in many. While several 
reflections on the little we know concerning the internal 
organization of fossil plants seem to favor the idea of a rapid 
growth, I am not aware of any which militate directly against 
it; but a lengthened discussion thereon, in the present state 
of our knowledge, would perhaps be premature ; I shall, there- 
fore, pass it over until a future opportunity. 

Professor Pictet, in his lately circulated discussion on the 
distribution of animal fossils, propounds several generalizations, 
or laws. The fourth of these is as follows: 

“ The species which have lived in ancient epochs have had 
a more extensive geographical distribution than those which 
exist in our days." 

The study and comparison of fossi] vegetables seems, even 
at this early stage, to point to an almost universal distribution 
of the same genera and species during the period of the coal 
formation ; and as the opinion seems generally to prevail that 
the plants of which the coal is composed grew where they are 
now deposited, the same conditions, climate and atmosphere, 
under which they vegetated, must have existed throughout 
the whole area, wherever coal-fields are found. 

If, by means of the study of fossil vegetation, we can arrive 
at conclusions favorable to the existence of an extensive unt 
formity of climate, and an atmosphere differing in density as 
well as in temperature from the present, points of much inter- 
est are gained in the important geological question of the 1n- 
tensities of action during the early epochs of the globe, —? 
question on the discussion of which probably hangs the fate 
of most of the theories of the day. 

In establishing a nearly universal (tropical) climate by the 
discovery, in large and distant areas, of the same genera and 


Fossil Vegetation of America. 315 


species of plants which formed the coal, coupled with the law 
of Professor Pictet, we also establish a gradual diminution of 
the extent of this climate at the more recent date of the pre- 
valence of animal life, this gradual diminution continuing, at 
still more recent periods, until the present epoch ; —a fact of 
great value in comparing the ancient and the present condi- 
tions of the crust of the globe. Some difficulty has been felt 
with regard to the idea of an extensive area of uniform climate, 
from the supposition that the short period of light of an arctic 
tegion would not be sufficient for the growth of plants of so 
much luxuriance as those of the Coal formation. But it ap- 
pears to me that this difficulty vanishes under the following 
considerations. 

Plants have their times of alternate growth and hybernation, 
or rest; the latter might take place during the period of dark- 
hess, and their growth during the period of light. This, in an 
atmosphere of carbonic acid, with great heat and humidity, 
might be very rapid. The time of hybernation might be 
thought long ; but be it remembered that a plant is but a 
modification of a seed, and the period of rest of a seed, until 
I$ vegetation is called forth by favorable circumstances, is by 
. To means definite. Fern seeds have been known to vegetate 
after having been for many years at rest in the herbarium ; 
and although there are no experiments on record contrasting 
the length of the vitality of seeds with the length of rest which 
“€ same plant will endure, yet enough is known to prevent 
this length of hybernation from being an insuperable objection. 
l have a bulb, Stenomesson, which was two years in the 
Pocket of one of the officers of the Exploring Expedition ; it 
Stew and has flowered several times. To this may be added 
that the darkness near the poles is never very intense; and 
this might not have been without influence on the vegetation, 
Particularly of the lycopodiaceous and fern tribes, many of 
which naturally flourish best, now, when constantly in the 
densest shade, 


~ Hence, the importance of working up carefully the details 


316 J. E. Teschemacher on the 


of this branch of geological knowledge becomes manifest. “It 
is, therefore, with the greatest satisfaction I observe that 
Messrs. Brongniart, Góppert, Unger, and others, whose talents 
and industry have already conferred such invaluable benefit 
on this study, appear resolved to renew and extend their labors. 

have examined the few specimens which chance has 
thrown in my way, and these are chiefly fossil Filices ; but, 
even in this already well-labored field, there is considerable 
that is new, still to be gleaned, particularly as regards the ex- 
tensive coal-fields of the American continent. The only diffi- 
culty that exists is in obtaining specimens to study. 

The comparison and identity; then, of the fossil flora of this 
continent with that of the European and the Asiatic conti- 
nents, and more particularly of the flora which prevailed during 
the formation of the coal, may be assumed to be points of 
much interest. 

I will take this opportunity to observe that, I feel certain, 
future developments will show highly resinous plants to have 
largely participated in the formation of coal, (these plants 
being also the least nutritious for animals and best adapted 
to the formation of coal,) and also to express my doubt of the 
usually received doctrine that anthracite is a bituminous coal 
altered by heat, notwithstanding the instances adduced. The 
experiments and observations of Prof. Bailey, of West Point, 
are calculated to throw light on this subject ; it is on similar 
observations, made during the last three or four years, that this 
doubt is partially founded. 4 

The number of fossil ferns described by Brongniart, in his 
Histoire des Vegetaux Fossiles, is about two hundred. f 
these, only twelve are from localities in America, and of these 
twelve, three have not yet been described as found in Europe. 
Nor has Unger, in his Synopsis published 1845, increased the 
number. Mr. Lyell, in his Travels in North America, has 
made several additions, and Dr. C. T. Jackson, in his Report 
on the Geology of Rhode Island, has figured several from the 
black shale above the coal at Portsmouth, in that State ; but 


Fossil. Vegetation of America. ~ 377 


itis evident much remains to be done, both in. the discovery 
of new species and in deciding on synonyms. : 

The late acute and very philosophical investigations by 
Presl, and by J. Smith, of Kew Garden, of the ferns of the 
present day, and the consequent arrangement of them by 
these gentlemen into divisions, dependent on the combination 
and position of the veins, as well as on the mode of fructifica- 
tion, will render great assistance to the student of this portion 
of the fossil flora ; for, as yet, the venation must hold tlie first 
Place in deciding on its arrangement. The outlines of these 
characters have been beautifully developed by Brongniart: in 
his above work, and although Géppert has delineated many 
instances of fossil fructifications, and, with Unger, introduced 
several judicious modifications of Brongniart’s views, the vena- 
tion must still retain its weight. Sternberg’s great work on this 
subject I have not seen. The fern recently brought by Mr. 
Cuming from the Island of Luzon, Dryostachyum (J. Smith,) 
resembles, in the venation of its sterile frond, the fossil genus 

hropteris of Brongniart, while its fertile frond may almost 
be identified, in outline, with the fossil PAlebopteris propin- 
4, of the same author ; rendering nearly certain the proba- 
bility, which he suggested, that these two fossils are the sterile 
and fertile fronds of one species.  Clathropteris, also, resem- 
bles, in venation, the sterile frond of Aglaomorpha (Psygmi- 
Nn Presl,) a recent fern ; but the fertile frond differs some- - 
What from the form of Phlebopteris. — 

The figure of Woodwardia floridana (Schk.) given by 
Goppert, Syst., tab. XXI., does not contain the venation now 
considered characteristic of this fern; his division Woodward- 
Hes, among fossils, will therefore probably not stand. His 
figures of these latter, also, exhibit the same deficiency. m 

The venation and position of the sori in Hemitelites, Góp- 
Pert, does not agree with Hemitelia, as now restricted by Pres! 
to H. capensis. The group of recent Cyatheacec, when 
Moperly arranged, so as to exhibit the full value of its vena- 

?; Compared with the fluctuating character of its indusium, 

VOL. v. : 95 


378 J. E. 'Teschemacher on the 


will no doubt admit, as strong resemblances, many of the fos- 
sil Pecopteridez of Brongniart. This is very striking in his 
P. punctulata, which Géppert calls Hemitelites giganteus 
var. punctulatus. It now nearly resembles the Cnemidaria 
of Presl; and Góppert's H. Brownii (Phlebopteris contigua, 
Lind. & Hutt., vol. II. tab. CXLIV.) is, in venation, more like 
the sterile frond of Woodwardia, tab. XX XVIII, than any of 
the Cyatheacez. Nearly the same observation will apply to 
. H. polypodioides, Phlebopteris polypodioides, Brongn. ; but 
here the appearances of the fructification in the fossil differ 
from those of the recent fern. ' 

These remarks might be extended if necessary, and they 
are of interest, as the venation is the chief character of the 
fossil fern. But my object, at present, is more to collate the 
fossil vegetables among themselves, than to institute a com- 
parison between them and our present vegetation ; this will 
be better pursued as a distinct branch of inquiry. lt is, how- 
ever, surprising that so much has already been effected in the 
arrangement of materials, the connecting links of which are 
in such a defective state. 3 

There seems to be some confusion among the divisions into 
which fossil ferns have been arranged by authors. 

Neuropteris, Odontopteris, Otopteris and Cyclopteris, which, 
with a few others, constitute Unger’s order Neuropterides, 
exhibit several instances of this. 

Neuropteris Dufresnoyi, of Brongn., tab. LXXIV., if the 
figure be correct, is certainly an Odontopteris, although still 
retained as Neuropteris by Unger. 

Odontopteris crenulata, of Brongn., tab. LXXVII bis, fig. 
2, is the Neuropteris serrata of Sternberg: it has clearly * 
medial vein, although attached by its base to the rachis. 

Several other instances might also be adduced ; and eve? 
Sphenopteris appears to share in the confusion. For— 

Sphenopteris palmetta, of Brongn., (Asplenites palmelta, of 
Géppert,) is clearly a Neuropteris, and is classed with this 
division by Schimper and Mougeot, and by Unger. 2 


Fossil Vegetation of America. 379 


Sphenopteris dilatata, crassa and obovata, of Lindley and 
Hutton, are, I think, properly classed by Unger with Cyclopte- 
ris; and it is probable that several other Sphenopterides must 
share this fate. : 

Cyclopteris digitata, Brongn., tab. LXI bis, and tab. LXIV. 
of Lindley and Hutton, is certainly, as Brongniart well 
imagines, the leaf of a Conifer resembling Salisburia. The 
curving in of the margin of the petiole, previous to its expan- 
sion into the leaf, is a character which, in my mind, sets the ' 
question at rest. And, if so, other Cyclopterides may be the 
same, some even of the Odontopterides are liable to the like 
suspicions, and Brongniart has lately expressed an opinion that 

oeggerathia is also a Conifer. 

Beinertia, of Góppert, Gatt. Foss. Pfl., tab. XVI. fig. 5, 
of which many of the veins originate in the rachis, is, I think, 
wrongly placed by Unger among the Pecopterides. I have 

- Sven a figure (d, plate XXXV.) of a fragment from Mansfield, 
Mass., which resembles Góppert's figure of this fossil in every- 
thing but the divisions of the pinnules, these being deeper in 
my specimen than in Gópperts. I think this belongs to 

Neuropterides, | 
The numerous family of Pecopteris, of Brongniart, depend- 

ant almost on a single character, is evidently susceptible of 

à much more lucid arrangement ; and, although this has been 

effected to a considerable extent by Unger, in his Synopsis, it 

5 yet capable of amelioration. Pecopteris, of Brongniart, is 

the most difficult division to identify: to do it successfully, 

"equires numerous specimens, with much patience and labori- 

ous study, 


"3T or Fossi, VEGETATION FROM American LOCALITIES. 


«  CALAMARIÆ. Unger, Syn. Pl. Foss. 


= the orders Caramrres and Equisetites I have several 
‘Pecimens from Nova Scotia and from Mansfield ; they are, 


ever, so small that I prefer to pass them over at present. 


380 J. E. Teschemacher on the 


Of Asreroruyuurres | have, 


A. comosa, Lindley & Hutton, from Nova Scotia, and 
A. equisetiformis, Brongn., from Mansfield. 


Of Hippurrres, Lindley & Hutton, 
H. longifolia, from Nova Scotia. 


FILICES. Unger, Syn. Plant. Foss. 
Pecopteripes, Id. 


Beinertia, ? Gópp. Syst., (plate XXXV. fig. d.) Although 
possessing but a few fragments, they so closely resemble Góp- 
pert’s fig. 5, tab. XVL, that I have ventured to place it here, 
believing however, as I have before stated, that it should be 
classed with Neüropterides. From the anthracite coal 
at Mansfield, Massachusetts. 

Diplazites longifolius, Gópp. 

Pecorrenris longifolia, Brongn. 
te XXXVI. fig. c. From the shale overlying the coal, 
Portsmouth, Rhode Island. 

Alethopteris lonchitides, Sternb. 

P. lonchitica, Brongn. 

From Pictou, Nova Scotia. 

A, Serlii, Gópp. 

P. Serlii, Brongn. 

Plate XXXV. a, a. From Mansfield. From what I have 
seen, the two varieties of Brongniart, Europea and Americana, 
I think, are not distinct enough for a division. 


A, muricata, Gópp.?. From Mansfield. 

P. muricata, Brongn. ? : 

It is with much doubt that I place this fragment with A. 
muricata. The impression on the stone is beautifully clear, 
and, if the leaves did not lap over, I should be rather inclined 
to refer it to A, Ottonis, Gépp., tab. XXXVII, fig. 3» 4 


Fossil Vegetation of America. 381 


found in large-grained sandstone of the coal formation ^ 
Wielun, Poland; perhaps in specimens laid down in fíatüre's 
steat and earliest herbarium, the distance between the leaves 
is not of specific importance. 

4. Cistii, Gópp. 

P. Cistii, Brongn. 

From Mansfield. This is also found at Wilkesbarre, Penn- 
sylvania. ; 


P. Loschii, Gópp. and Brongn. E 

Plate XXXV. fig. f. Of this I have only the bilobed leaf ; 
but the resemblance of the specimen to Brongniart's figure 
(Hist. Veg. Foss., tab. XCVI. fig. 64) is so striking, that there 
is little doubt of its identity. 


P. borealis, Gópp. and Brongn. um 
This has hitherto only been found in the aluminous schist 
in Greenland. My specimens, which very closely resemble 
those in Brongn., Hist. Veg. Foss., tab. CXIX. fig. 1 and 2, are 

from Mansfield. ] do not question the identity. 


P. abbreviata, Gópp. and Brongn. Sydney coal mines. 
P.? Mansfield. 


Hemitelites Trevirani, Gópp. 
- Siganteus, id. 
P. gigantea, Brongn. 
From Mansfield and from Nova Scotia. Although doubt- 
fal respecti i the tracing of the veins seems 
ng these specimens, g lees 
à as Góppert's fig. 4, tab. XXXVIII., and tbe —_ 
quite resembles his fig. 3. 
Cyatheites Schlotheimii, Gópp. 
: Cyathea, Brongn. i 
Plate XXXVI. dm c. From the black slate voti es 
Coal, p ortsmouth, Rhode Island. On plate qo mu. s 
* Portion of a stem from the anthracite region, Mans ^ la pa 
“achusetts, which evidently belongs to this group. 1t ıs more 
than appears on the plate. 


382 J. E. Teschemacher on the 


Connected also with Cyatheites is the fig. a, on plate XXXVI. 
This has the foliage usually attributed to C. arborescens (the 
Pecorreris arborescens of Brongniart, tab. CIII. fig. 2 and 
3) ; but it will be seen that the stem resembles that of a Lepi- 
dodendron. The figure is very correct. The only observation 
I shall venture at present is, that it appears to me rather to 
belong to Conifere than to Filices. This is from Pictou, 
Nova Scotia. 


NzvnorrEnipEs, Unger, Syn. Plant. Foss. 


N. flexuosa, cordata, and angustifolia. 

They are plentiful both in the anthracite region at Mans- 
. field, Massachusetts, and in Nova Scotia ; but from the former 
locality I have several perfectly orbicular, detached leaves, which 
probably belong to N. heterophylla. Brongniart’s idea of the 
fossil fructification of this fern is now known to be erroneous. 
On almost every specimen, from both the above localities, 
fine lines may be discovered, crossing the veins at an obtuse 
angle, and almost parallel with the midrib; they are very cleat 
under the microscope. Although these lines crossing the 
veins may hardly be supposed to be fructification ; yet, as they 
occur on no other fossil leaves, they are worthy of attention 
and consideration. 


Odontopteris Brardii, Unger, Syn. Pl. Foss. 
$ s Brongn. Hist. Veg. Foss. 

Plate XXXIII. From the black schist, Portsmouth, Rhode 
Island. This singular and beautiful fossil, hitherto only found 
in the coal mines of Lardin, near Terrasson, in France, cannot 
fail to be immediately identified. "The figure here given !5 
diminished about one-third. I have already stated my doubts 
as to many of the Neuropterides, and particularly of Cyclopte- 
ris, belonging to the Filices, suspecting them rather to be 
Conifers. "The knots, or joints, on the stem, are so strongly 
marked in Brongniart’s figure, as well as in the specimens 


in 


Fossil Vegetation of America. 383 


from Rhode Island, that it is surprising he should have passed 
this circumstance over entirely without observation. Géppert 
does not mention this fossil ; he, probably, had never seen it. 
He has described and figured two fossils, Asplenites nodosus 
and Aspidites nodosus ; but in neither are the joints distinet 
enough to leave no doubt of their being such. There are but 
few recent ferns possessing joints. "These I have not seen, 
and am therefore unable to compare them ; but it is a char- 
acter which adds to the probability of Odontopteris Brardii 
not belonging to the ferns. 

On comparing the specimen from Rhode Island, it will be 
seen that the form of the termination of the pinne differs 
much from that given in Brongniart, tab. LXXV. The lower 
pinnule differs, also, in form, from the others ; but I have seen 
none so regularly irregular as those in his tab. LXXVI. 

There is a great peculiarity in this as well as in most of the 
other specimens from Portsmouth ; the pinnules are of quite a 
different form on each side of the stem. The same will be ob- 
served in Cyatheites Schlotheimii, plate XXXVI., and it occurs 
alo on other specimens. I think it can only be attributed to | 
Some variation in the pressure when entombed, but cannot 
make up my mind as to the mode. "There is the same ap- 
Pearance in Brongniart's figure of Neuropteris Villiersii, tab. 
LXIV. fig. 1. 


Neuropteris and Odontopteris. 

Plate XXXIV. Of these I find no resemblance in the works 
to which I have access. I would observe that the petioles are 
net quite so distinct in the specimen as in the figure ; still 
they doubtless exist. Were it not for this circumstance, one 
5 more like N. Villiersii, Brongn., the other like Cyclopteris 

i us of the same author. I do not offer to name them 
for fear of adding to those pests of natural history — synonyms ; 
ut will rather wait until the group of NEUROPTERIDES shall 
undergo thorough revision. I would here state that the fossil 
figured (plate XXXV. d) as Beinertia, is probably the same as 


884 J. E. Teschemacher on Fossil Vegetation. 


Brongniart’s N. Dufresnoyii, which is certainly an Odon- 
topteris. 

NzvnoPrEnis gigantea, Sternb., Brongn. 

From Pictou, Nova Scotia. If the distance between the 
pinnules is a sufficient distinction, this specimen is clearly 
N. gigantea, and not N. flexuosa. The pinnules in this are 
i to $ inch long; in Brongniart, and Lindley and Hutton, 
vol. I. tab. LII., they are from į to 1 inch long. 


SPHENOPTERIDES, Unger, Syn. Plant. Foss. 


My fragments of this group, all from Mansfield, Massa- 
sities are so small that I scarcely dare venture on descrip- 
tion; yet the very existence of these fragments proves the 
existence of the species. With great doubt, therefore, I refer, 
fig. b, plate XXXV., to 


S. Dubuissonis, Unger and Brongn. 

Cheilanthites, Gópp. 
- Nor do I see any better appropriation of fig. e, on the same 

; although the dots on the specimen bear the regularity 

of loactifieation: Both are from Mansfield. . 

Fig. g, on the same plate, also from Mansfield, I refer, 
doubtingly, to 

S. Gravenhorstii, Brongn. tab. LV. fig. 3. 

Cheilanthites, Gópp. 


HYDROPTERIDES. Unger, Syn. Pl. Foss. 


MARSILEACEX, Id. | 
Sphenophyllum emarginatum, Brong. Prod., from Mansfield. 
^ truncatum, — * A ff 


: dentatum, sie is aes Tov n 
Nova Scotia- 
and ^ 


* erosum, c «c x: 


Castoroides Ohioensis. 385 

"There are several specimens, on the nature of which I feel 
much indecision ; they are chiefly from Mansfield. "These I 
shall reserve for the present for more light. 

Most of the vegetable impressions from Mansfield, when 
taken from the roof of the mine, were covered with a hard 
substance of a fresh olive-green color, which gave them the 
appearance of being yet alive. The color is now paler. This 
substance varies in thickness from 3, to à of an inch, is chiefly 
silex, and generally only covers the extent of the vegetable 
impression. It is thickest on the stem of Calamitee and 
Equisetaceæ. I have not yet subjected it to rigid analysis. 

The new and extensive field, opened by the working of the 
vast coal formations of the American continent, and the gen- 
eral progress of science, will undoubtedly engage many in the 
interesting pursuits of the chemical, microscopical and botani- 
cal examination of vegetable fossils; from the knowledge ac- 
quired in these, added to renewed labors in the field, we may 
reasonably hope for developments of the greatest interest to 
geology. 


Those who have studiedéthe subject must have perceived 
that, although plates give an idea of the outline of form and 
Venation of fossi] plants, yet, unless the artist himself is well 

in their distinctive characters, the specimens themselves 
are indispensable to, form correct opinions : by careful inspec- 
on of these, distinctions are much more readily apparent. 


ART. XXIX.— NOTICE OF THE GEOLOGICAL POSITION OF THE 
CRANIUM OF THE CASTOROIDES OHIOENSIS. . By James Hatt, Esq., 
One of the New York State Geologists, Also, ‘ 

AN ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE SAME. By serm «in 
MAN, M. D., Prof. Anat. and Phys. in Med. Dep. of Hampden and Sidney 
lege. With three Plates. 


I. GEOLOGICAL POSITION. 
, Tue cranium was received from Rev. Benjamin Hall, D. D., 
President of Geneva College, and was discovered in a swamp 


386 Hall and Wyman on 


on the farm of Gen. W. H. Adams, of Clyde. The situation 
in which it was found is an elevated plateau or level tract 
of land, a portion only of which would be denominated a 
swamp, though the whole surface is covered with a peaty soil 
which supports a heavy growth of elm, hemlock and ash, with 
some maple and beech. This elevated ground is the summit 
level, from which the waters flow in opposite directions, into 
ake Ontario on the north, and into the Clyde river, and 
thence into the Cayuga and Seneca lake outlets on the south. 
The precise locality of the fossil was near the termination of 
a shallow ravine, or the bed of a small stream, which flows 
into Lake Ontario, in a northeasterly direction. 

The extent of this level tract is about five or six miles, 
while its width, in most parts, is much less. Along nearly its 
entire length a canal of eight or ten feet deep has been exca- 
vated, and in this excavation, about eight feet below the sint 
face, the skull was found, the lower jaw separated some little 
distance from the cranium. 

À section at this place, and at numerous others near the 
same spot, presents the following &haracters : 

1. Muck, or vegetable soil, supporting a heavy growth of 
timber, two feet or more insthickness. 

2. Fine sand, with occasional thin bands of clay, often con- 
sisting of alternating layers of sand, twigs, leaves and other 
fragments of vegetable matter, and much blackened thereby ; 
two to three feet thick. 

3. Muck or peaty soil, composed of decayed fragments of 
wood, bark, leaves, &c., enclosing trunks of trees of large size; 
about four feet thick. 

SKULL or Casrororpes OnI0ENSIS.’ | 

4. Fine sand, with shells of Planorbis, Valvata, Cyclas, &c» 
one to two or three feet thick. f 

5. Ancient drift, with northern bowlders and fragments ° 


the teeth of the 


1 Among the fossil wood above mentioned, were plain marks of be one of that 


beaver, and but for the size of this skull I should have supposed it to 
race. 


Castoroides Ohioensis. 387 


the sandstones and limestones, which occur in place a few 
miles farther north — depth unknown. 

The thickness of 2, 3, and 4, is variable, though the bottom 
of No. 3 usually varies little from the depth of eight feet from 
the surface. A glance at the section reveals the true period 
of the deposit, showing conclusively that the whole is a lacus- 
trine formation, made subsequent to the deposition of the an- 
cient drift, (No. 5,) which is characterized by its foreign 
materials, while in the later deposit not a pebble of the size 
of a pea can be found. ; 

The section of the bank of the Sodus canal presents the char- 
acter here given, for the space of a quarter of a mile or more, in a 
north and south direction. To the southward the stratum No. 3, 
With trunks of trees, &c., gradually disappears, and the two 
layers of fine sand are united in one, which is still surmounted 
by the vegetable soil above, and rests upon the drift below. 
This sand is regularly stratified, the lines of division being al- 
Most perfectly horizontal, and very regular. "Towards the 
north the sand generally gives place to clay, with the disap- 
pearance of the fossil woody &c. 

The direction of the fallen trees in No. 3 of the section, as 
Well as of the branches and twigs in No. 2, indicaté that dur- 
ing the deposition of these materials, the direction of the cur- 
Tent was towards the north or north-east; and this is corrobo- 
tated by the fact that the southern part of the deposit is 
Wholly composed of sand, while the clay increases towards the 
north. From what I can learn of its elevation, it corresponds 
very nearly with the “ridge road” bordering Lake Ontario, 
Which I have fully described in my Report on the Geology of 
New York. The portion of country now under consideration 
doubtless formed at that period an estuary through which a 
Considerable body of water flowed into Lake Ontario, and 
"Pon the bed of which has been deposited the sand, fallen 
trees, &c., of this formation. Indeed it appears quite proba- 

that this was a part of a great estuary, through which the 
Vaters of the Cayuga and Seneca lakes flowed into Lake On- 


388 Hall and Wyman on 


tario; the existence of which I have shown to be probable at 
pe time when the latter lake ‘stood at the elevation of the 
‘ridge road." . This view has received additional proof from 
the excavation along the Sodus canal, which passes through the 
locality under consideration. From this excavation we can 
demonstrate that for five or six miles north of Clyde there is 
no barrier of solid rock rising to a height sufficient to prevent 
the ‘water flowing from the outlet of Canandaigua lake, at 
Clyde, into Lake Ontario. Indeed the excavation already 
made to the surface of the drift, does actually drain the water 
from this outlet at Clyde, during high water in the streams, 
and were this channel excavated a few feet’ deeper, it could 
be made the outlet not only of the waters of Canandaigua 
lake, but also of the waters of Cayuga and Seneca lakes, which 
now pass into Lake Ontario by the Oswego river.’ 

I am informed by General Adams, that he has caused the 
whole distance along this line to Lake Ontario, to be probed, 
and there is no rock within twenty or thirty feet of the surface, 
proving the entire practicability of draining these marshes In 
that direction ; — a project worthy of consideration. 

The condition 6f the surface, at the time of the existence 
of this animal, is a matter 6f much interest ; and admitting to 
be true what we consider as having been pretty well demon- 
strated, namely, that Lake Ontario was at an elevation of one 
hundred and fifty or two hundred feet above its present one, 
and having a direct communication with the smaller lakes on 
the south, we are able to show that extensive tracts wou 
have been marshes and estuaries, with the more elevated 


! To those unacquainted with the physical features of this part of the country, s 
may be necessary to state that the outlet of Canandaigua lake and the waters ® 
Mud creek, a stream which drains the deep valley west of Canandaigua lake; qr 
the Clyde river, which unites with the outlets of Cayuga and Seneca lakos, jd t 
Cayuga marshes. The descent of this river from Clyde eastward is so little, that 2 
strong south wind, pressing the water northward in these two lakes, elevates féet 
water in the river at Clyde, from which place, as we have seen, a cutting of Lem ent 
be. "ees an outlet into Lake Ontario, or into the channels of streams flowing " 


Castoroides Ohioensis. 389 


ridges of drift only raised above the level of the waters, giving 
a vastly greater proportion of this kind of surface than at pre- 
sent. Thus far the bones of the mastodon and elephant hav® 
all been found at a higher elevation than the relic under con- 
sideration, and this is precisely what we should expect, with 
the condition of surface we have described. The animal in 
question doubtless found the extensive marshes, with wooded 
margins and intervening higher grounds, well adapted to its 
wants and mode of life. That its remains have been so rarely 
met with, may be explained from the fact, that very few ex- 
tensive excavations have been made in situations likely to 
contain them ; while the smaller and more elevated marshes, 
where the bones of the mastodon have been found, are more 
accessible and oftener excavated. Therefore, from all we know 
at present, this animal may have abounded on the marshy 
borders of the former Lake Ontario, when the now fertile re- 
gions of Oswego, Wayne, Monroe, Orleans and Niagara coun- 
ties, as well as the corresponding parts of Canada were mostly 
covered by water and marshes. 

So far as the general features are concerned, and the rela- 
tive age of the deposition, there cannot remain a doubt ; and 
although as yet no other bones have been found with this cra- 
nium, we feel justified in referring its period to that of the 
Sreat mastodon and other animals of our country, whose re- 
Mains have been found in similar situations. The relative 
level of the surface of the country, at this place, varies very 
ittle from that of Rochester, where. the bones of a mastodon 
Vere found some years since.' The bones found at Genesee, 
Many years since, were proved to have occurred in the marl 
of a Swamp, over which was deposited a layer of peaty mat- 
_ r^ All the other situations, where similar bones have been 
; correspond to this one in general characters, with per- 
the partial exception of the tooth of a mastodon found 


: "€ Geological Report of the Fourth District, N. Y., 1843, p. 363. L yell. 
See as above. iut 


390 Hall and Wyman on 


at Niagara, in a modern alluvial, in which, however, were 
found fluviatile shells of existing species. 

© From all the facts adduced, it will not be questioned that 
the remains of the mastodon do occur in situations proving 
their existence upon the surface subsequent to the period 
when it has undergone any great change. Or, in other words, 
the surface of our globe had arrived at its present condition, 
essentially, at the period of the existence of the mastodon and 
other animals whose remains are associated with it. Now 
although the specimen in question was not found associated 
with remains of this kind, yet the deposit in which it occurs 
is of the same age, and the shells are of existing species. We 
might be willing to admit its existence without this attempt at 
proof, but it is still desirable to establish, beyond doubt, the fact. 
The only fossil bones of a similar animal before known, are 
the lower jaw, together with the upper incisor and the radius. 
These bones were found with those of the mastodon, in the 
bottom of a peat swamp in Ohio, at the depth of fourteen feet 
from the surface, resting on a bed of pebbles and gravel, a 
they are represented as considerably worn by attrition before 
their deposition. Their position being upon the surface of these 
drifted matters, even were that deposit the older drift, would 
not prove them coéval, since they are preserved in the “ care 
bonaceous mud," which was evidently a quiet deposition 1n 
the shallow basin, made long after the coarser materials at the 
bottom had been deposited. At the same locality, (two miles 
north of Nashport, between the Muskingum and Licking val- 
leys, on Wakitomika creek,) were found also the bones of @ 
ruminant animal, at the depth of eight feet from the surface. 
This was in all probability coéxistent with the animal in ques- 
tion and the mastodon. 

The discovery of this relic has added a very interesting 
species to the ancient Fauna of the state of New York, of 
which we before possessed only the remains of the mastodon, 
the elephant, and possibly a deer, a jawbone and teeth of 
last animal having been found in a swamp, with the bones of 
the mastodon, in Greenville, Greene county, New York. 


Castoroides Ohioensis. 391 


Although attaching little importance to the discovery of 
Wood gnawed by beavers in these swamps, I may notice, in 
connection with the present example by General Adams, 
following : 

“Mr. Williams, one of the assistant engineers, has informed 
me, that at the summit level of the Genesee Valley Canal, at 
New Hudson, four miles from Cuba, several deers’ horns and 
the horn of an elk, [ Elaphus canadensis,] were found twelve 
feet below the surface, in a muck deposit. In the same situ- 
ation, a piece of wood gnawed by beavers was also found. 
These are all the remains of existing animals, but their posi- 
tion is the same as that in — the remains of the mastodon 
are found." : 

From the few facts which have come to our notice, we are 
induced to believe that the geographical distribution of this 
animal must have been very extended ; for its remains have 
been discovered in New York, in Ohio, and, as we have been 
recently informed, in the neighborhood of Natchez. 


H. ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE CRANIUM. 

Among the fossil remains of extinct Mammalia heretofore 
discovered, those of Rodents do not appear to have been 

'undant, nor remarkable for their size. In no instance, ex- 
cepting that of the Castoroides, have they excelled or even 
equalled the bones of the existing Capybaras of South Amer- 
ica, which are by far the most gigantic Rodents belonging to 
the actual condition of the globe. The largest fossil species 
referable to the order above mentioned, belong to the ses 
Castor * ( C. Europ«eus, ) and Trogontherium,’ (T. Cuvieri, 


2 Geolotieal Re k, p. 367, note. 

port, Fourth District, New York, p. 

e en British Fossil Mam anh Birds, p.190; C. iced 

Umen Wer t L p.55; C. fossilis, Goldfuss 

ihe T. Xt. Ld Trogonth. Werneri, Fisch., Mem. de la Soc. des 

c en onth. Cuvieri,, carts Mem. de Iw des. Nat. de Moscow, T. II. p. 250; 
tragonth. Cuv., Oss. Foss. T. V. Pt. L p. 59; T. Cuvieri, Owen, British 

Foss, Mam. and Birds, p. 184. 


392 Hall and Wyman on 


the first identical with the existing European species, and the 

second about one fifth larger. 
® Remains of the Castoroides Ohioensis, consisting of an 
imperfect half of a lower jaw, an incisor tooth of the upper, 
and a radius, were first brought to the notice of the scientific 
world by Mr. J. W. Foster, one of the assistants in the geo- 
logical survey of. the State of Ohio; they were exhumed: in 
company. with a. cranium belonging to the genus Ovis, molar 
teeth and bones of Mastodons, elephants and other animals.’ 

The generic characters deduced from these remains, by: 
Mr. Foster, are as follows: “'Teeth — incisors, } 1, destitute of 
canines; molars, * 4; total, 20; incisors of the lower jaw, con- 
vex in front, and longitudinally striated ; posterior surface: 
angular, smooth, and slightly concave. The grinders are 
obliquely traversed by six ridges or folds of enamel.” ‘The 

oroides was an animal closely allied. to the beaver, but 
far surpassing it in magnitude ; its life was probably aquatic; 
and its food consisted of vegetable substances, which it 
gnawed off with its powerful incisors.” ? 

An accurate cast of the lower jaw above described,’ was 
made, and now exists in many museums in the United States. 
On comparing this cast with the lower jaw of the cranium 
now under consideration, no question can exist as to their 
belonging to one and the same species ; but on reviewing the 
generic characters given by Mr. Foster, as will be seen here- 
after, they will be found insufficient to characterize the genus; 
and as regards the molar teeth, his description is not in aC 
cordance with the anatomical peculiarities of those organs. 


1 Second Report on the Geological Survey of the State of Ohio, p. 81, et seq. ; 
Am. Journ. Science, Vol. XXXI. p. 80. 

? From a notice of th ins in the American J Lof Science, Vol. XXXL 
p.80, it would appear that the radius was ten inches in length, two inches across 


ur "X ^ 
extremities, however, were mutilated. The lower incisor was mu less cur 
than the upper, and has a length. of nine inches: the lower jaw itself measwe 
eight i - : 


Castoroides Ohioensis. 393 


Until the present. time no description of an entire cranium 
has been published, and as far as can be learned, the present 
is the first instance of the discovery of one in a perfect con- 
dition. It is that of an adult, measures 10.5 inches in length, 
and 7.2 inches across the broadest part of the zygomatic 
arches; the transverse diameter of the occiput is 5.5 inches, 
and that of the narrowest part of the cranium, between the 
orbits, is 1.9 inch. In its general outline it resembles that 
of the Castors ; but in its dentition it more closely resembles 
the Capybaras than any other Rodents, and among the Pachy- 
dermata, it presents close analogies to the elephants. To the 
Structure of the pterygoid fosse, analogies are found in the 
ndatras. 
. On comparing the cerebral portion of the skull with that 
Which lodges the nasal cavities, the former is relatively much 
smaller than in the Castors, Ondatras, and Capybaras. In 
Castoroides the longitudinal diameter of the cerebral cavity is 
less than two-fifths of the entire length of the skull; in the 

astor the same cavity is one-half, and in the Ondatra more 
than half the length of the skull. 

The upper surface of the cranium is much more flattened 
than in the Castors, and the interparietal crest extends the 
Whole length of the sagittal suture — posteriorly this crest has 
an elevation of nearly half an inch, where it is crossed by an- 
other, which separates the occipital from the coronal region ; 
anteriorly it terminates in two diverging ridges, which are lost 
on the upper edges of the orbits. A triquetrous bone rela- 
tively much smaller than in the Castor, exists at the union of 
the sagittal and lambdoidal sutures. 

The Occiput resembles that of the Castors but is more de- 
Pressed, having a transverse diameter of 5.5 inches, and a ver- 
tical one of 2.6 inches; its plane inclines forwards so as to 

an angle of about 80° with the base of the skull. The 

ramen magnum is very regularly oval, like that of Arctomy 5, 

!5 transverse diameter measuring 1.2 inches, and the vertical 
VOL. y, 26 


394 Hall and Wyman on 


0.6 inch — unlike the Castors, Ondatras, and Capybaras, it is 
destitute of an emargination on its upper border. The occi- 
pital condyles are semi-terminal, forming a gynglimoid articula- 
tion with the atlas, which allows a free vertical motion on the 
vertebral column, but precludes the possibility of any buta 
very slight one in a lateral direction. The basilar portion of 
the occiput has a slight ridge on the median line, and at its 
union with the sphenoid bone there exist two conical projec- 
tions, united by a transverse ridge, and are codssified with the 
inner pterygoid processes, thus forming a part of one of the 
entrances to the posterior nares. ; 

The tympanic portions of the temporal bones present very 
nearly the same conformation as in the Capybaras; at the 
inner extremity, however, there exists a broad plate or pro 
cess having a concavity forwards, which enters into the forma- 
tion of the posterior limit of the pterygoid fossa. The 
external auditory meatus, like that of the Castors, consists 
of a long tubular process, about an inch in length, and ex- 
tending upwards and forwards in a curved direction; the 
external orifice of which scarcely exceeds that of the common 

aver. 

In the development and conformation of the pterygoid ps 
cesses, the Castoroides differs from all the existing Rodentia. 
Both processes articulate with the tympanic bone, but the de- 
velopment of the external plate is by far the greatest ; the 
internal, however, has the remarkable peculiarity of being 
curved inwards towards the median line, so that the most 
prominent part of its convex surface is brought in contact 
with that of the corresponding process of the opposite side. In 
consequence of this, the entrance to the posterior nares, or e 
meso-pterygoid fossa, is completely obstructed in its mid : 
portion, and instead of one large quadrangular orifice, as 12 
other Rodentia, we have two distinct orifices ; one of the 2x 
superior, of a pyriform shape, the circumference of which 15 
ormed in part by the posterior extremities of the pterys°” 
processes, and in part by the anterior or basilar portion of the 


Castoroides Ohioensis. 395 


occipital bone ; the second, inferior, is formed by the origins 
of the same processes and the posterior edges of the ossa 
palati. 

The pterygoid fossa has a depth of about two inches, which, 
added to the great breadth of the outer process and the curva- 
ture of the inner, gives an extraordinary surface for the origin 
of the internal pterygoid muscle. The fossa serving for the 
origin of the external pterygoid muscle, involves the whole of 
the greater wing of the os sphenoides, and is more remarkably 
developed than in any of the allied genera. 

The triangular-shaped palatine space comprised between 
the two ranges of molars has a length of two inches; posteri- 
orly it is 1.8 inch in breadth, but anteriorly is so much con- 
tracted as to leave a space of 0.3 inch only between the first 
molars, The posterior palatine foramina are elongated ellipti- 
cal openings, having a longitudinal diameter of 0.5 inch, and 
directed obliquely outwards. 

he ossa palati terminate anteriorly, opposite the space be- 
tween the first and second molars, at which point commences 
à ridge, at first not well defined, but afterwards becoming well 
Marked, and extending as far forwards as the foramen incisi- 
vum ; commencing in front of the first molar, on each side, is 
‘nother ridge, less distinct, and terminating on the side of 
1e same foramen. In the Castors the central ridge extends 
backwards quite to the posterior edge of the palatine bones. 

The incisive foramen, which in the Castors, Ondatras, Mar- 
mots, Agoutis, & c. acquires so great a size, is in the Casto- 
Toides Proportionally remarkably small, scarcely allowing the 

of an ordinary probe. : 

The anterior edge of the first molar is situated just in the 
middle of the base of the skull, but in the other genera above 
"eerred to, it is always in advance of the same point. The 
alveolar portion of the intermaxillary, situated just below the 
rasal orifice, presents a deeply indented and roughened sur- 
face, Serving for the attachment of the upper lip, doubtless 
"nüsua]ly developed in order to conceal the large incisor 


396 Hall and Wyman on 


teeth. "The nasal orifice is more quadrangular, but otherwise 
resembles that of the Castors. 

The zygomatic arches project farther from the side of the 
cranium, but are much more slender than in the Castors, es- 
pecially behind the post-orbitar process of the malar bone; 
the orbitar process of the frontal bone is small. The zygomatic 
process of the temporal is also more slender, and the groove 
or channel serving for the lodgment of the condyle of the 
lower jaw is destitute of the ridge on its outer border, which 
is so well marked in the Castors, Ondatras, and Capybaras. 
The infra-orbitar foramen presents nearly the same conforma- 
tion as in the Castors, but is provided externally with only a 
very slight projection of bone. 


The right inferior maxilla alone exists, and is in a perfect 
condition, excepting only the incisor tooth. Its length from the 
angle to the edge of the incisive alveolus is 7 inches, and its 
breadth from the top of the coronoid process vertically down- 
wards, 33 inches; all the processes are remarkably developed, 
and indicate the existence of powerful masticatory muscles ; 
inferiorly it is remarkably broad and almost flat, from 1.5 to 1.8 
inch in breadth, and terminating posteriorly in a triangular sur- 
face, the apex of which is turned inwards ; in these peculiar- 
ities it contrasts with the jaws of all existing Rodents. The 
condyloid and the coronoid processes are more nearly on the 
same level than in the Castors, the neck of the former being 
proportionally longer, and the plane of the whole of the ascend- 
ing portion of the jaw forming an angle of about 45° with the 
shaft of the bone, the condyle being turned inwards. Imme- 
diately beneath the triangular notch, which separates the con- 
dyloid from the eoronoid process, on the outer surface, there 
exists a deep fossa, which is limited inferiorly by the projec- 
tion formed by the walls of the cavity lodging the base of the 
incisor teeth. The insertion of the masseter muscle is plainly 
indicated by a very deep triangular impression, the apex ? 
which is directed forwards. 


Castoroides Ohioensis. 397 


On the inner face of the bone, the fossa, serving for the inser- 
tion of the inner pterygoid muscle, occupies the whole of the 
angle of the jaw, the surface of which is much increased by the 
development, on its edge, of the thin plate of bone which ex- 
ists in the Castors, but is very slight. A well-marked fossa is 
also noticeable at the base of the coronoid process, and a well- 
defined oval impression 2 inches long, and 1 inch broad, situ- 
ated just below the molares, indicates the existence of a pow- 
erful mylo-hyoid muscle. The muscular depression at the 
symphysis indicates a corresponding power in the digastricus 
and genio-hyoideus. 


From the above descriptions it will be seen that in its oste- 
ology the Castoroides has greater analogies to the Castors than 
to any other genus of Rodents, but differs materially from 
it, however, in the forms of those parts which serve as origins 
to the muscles of mastication. It now remains to examine 
the structure of the teeth, and to institute comparisons between 
them and those of the allied genera. 

The incisors have been already described by Mr. Foster, in 
his notice of the lower jaw ; they have a triangular form, one 
of the faces presenting forwards, and one of the angles back- 
wards. The enamel on the two lateral or posterior faces is 
smooth and thin, while that on the anterior is much thicker, 
and deeply grooved or fluted, the grooves corresponding with 
Others less distinctly marked on the surface of the dentine. 
The alveolus lodging the incisor of the lower jaw extends as 
far back as the angle, and the whole tooth has a length of be- 
tween 10 and 11 inches. The superior incisors have curves 

lesser radii, and are much shorter, but are similarly grooved 
on the anterior face, and are exposed for the distance of about 
three inches. In none of the existing genera are the grooves 

the enamel so distinctly marked. : 
. The molares form a continuous grinding surface in both 
Jaws, that of the upper slightly convex, 2.5 inches in length, 
tof the lower concave having a length of 2; inches, and 


398 Hall and Wyman on 


elevated anteriorly so as to form an angle of nearly 45? with the 
body of the bone. The molars of both jaws diminish in size 
from before backwards, in which respect they differ from those 
of the Capybara. In the lower jaw the first molar has two deep 
grooves on the inner and one on the outer lateral surface ; 
the other three have a single groove on each side, so that the 
grinding surface of each tooth has something like an hour- 
glass contraction in the middle. In the upper jaw the reverse 
state of things exists, the last molar having the same peculiar- 
ities as the first in the lower. 

In their structure the molar teeth do not resemble those of 
the Castors, to which they have been compared. They are 
all compound, consisting, like those of the Capybara, among 
Rodents, and those of the Elephant among Pachyderms, of a 
series of laminze of dentine, invested with enamel, and united to- 
gether by means of an interposed ceementum or crusta petrosa. 
In the first molar of the upper and the last of the lower jaw, 
four such laminz exist, while in each of the others there are 
but three. The worn grinding surface presents a series of 
sections of these laminze, which are more or less contorted on 
the inner and outer border of the tooth, giving the appearance 
in some parts of the union of two adjoining laminse, but which 
does not actually take place in any instance. 

Thus we have teeth constructed. upon an entirely different 
plan from that of the castors, in which they are simple, the 
ridges on the grinding surfaces being formed. merely by invo- 
lutions of enamel, and not unlike that of the posterior molares 
of the Capybara, which consist of a series of laming, united by 
means of crusta petrosa. In the last-named animal, however, 
the number of laminz is thirteen, and the interspaces are 1M- 
perfectly filled with coementum, so that the edges of the teeth 

are more or less serrated ; but in the Castoroides the number 

of laminz does not exceed. four, and the crusta petrosa fills 
the whole of the interspaces. In the anterior teeth of the 
Capybara, there is an involution of the enamel at the edge 
which does not exist in the Castoroides; | 


Castoroides Ohioensis. 399 


On reviewing the description of this cranium we find that 
it presents analogies to the genera Castor, Fiber and Hy- 
drocherus. Osteologically considered, the cranium bears a 
stronger resemblance in its shape to that of the Castors, than 
to either of the other genera; but in its dentition the type is 
wholly different, as is also the conformation of the pterygoid 
processes and fossx. 

Compared with the Castors, the relative capacity of the 
cranium is much smaller, and the occiput more depressed ; 
the occipital condyles admit of a free and extensive motion 
vertically, but only a very limited one in a lateral direction ; 
the foramen magnum has a depressed oval form, and is des- 
titute of an emargination on its upper edge. It differs from 
all other Rodents in the size and conformation of the ptery- 
goid processes and fosse ; especially in the incurvation of the 
internal processes and the consequent subdivision of the en- 
trance to the posterior nares. It differs entirely from the 
Castors in the compound nature of the molar teeth, and in 
the flutings of the incisors ; in the diminutive size of the inci- 
sive foramina, and in the conformation of the lower jaw with 
reference to the insertion of the muscles of mastication. 

In the Hydrocherus the principal analogies are found in 
the Compound nature of the molar teeth, from which those of 
the Castoroides, however, are readily distinguished by the 
Posterior molars of the former having an increased number of 
hamine ; by the complication of the anterior molars in conse- 
quence of the involution of the enamel on the inside of the 
teeth"of the upper, and the outside of those of the lower jaw, 
and by the serrated edges caused by the existence of a small 
quantity only of crusta petrosa between the la is * 

In the Fibers the pterygoid fosse are largely developed, à 
the entrance to the posterior nares has the same conformation 
as in other Rodents. Sy $ 

. All the fossæ and processes which serve as origins or inser- 
S to the muscles, (and consequently the muscles — 
selves.) of the lower jaw, are much more remarkably devel- 


400 Hall and Wyman on 


oped in this animal, than in the members of any of the allied 
genera of Rodents: they are indices of the great force with 
which their powerful incisors may be used. 

The well-marked depressions which indicate the insertions 
of the mylo-hyoid, digastric and genio-hyoid muscles are also 
interesting. The functions of these muscles are twofold ; first, 
to elevate or bring forwards the os hyoides, as in the act of deglu- 
tition, the lower jaw being a fixed body ; this, however, requiring 
but a very moderate amount of muscular force: second, to de- 
press the lower jaw, which they can do only when the os hyoides 
is rendered immovable by the action of the sterno-hyoid and 
sterno-thyroid muscles. It is with reference to this last func- 
tion, the depression of the jaw, that the muscles in question 
are so remarkably developed, and thus supply a powerful an- 
tagonistic force to that which moves the jaw in the opposite 
direction. This force would frequently be brought into play 
in disengaging the teeth, when firmly imbedded, as must 
sometimes happen, in the woody substances which they were 
ghawing or cutting. 

The great length of the portion of the incisor teeth im- 
bedded in the alveoli, is scarcely less remarkable than the 
other peculiarities of this skull. The final cause of the great 
length and the curved form of the incisive teeth of the Cas- 
toroides as well as of the Rodents, in general, would seem to 
be twofold ; first, to increase the surface of the attachment of 
the tooth, and thus afford more points of resistance to the 
pressure applied to its free extremity during the ordinary Use; 
secondly, the curved form serving to transmit that pressure to 
the convex surface, instead of the base of the tooth; this 
last being always in a growing condition, is from necessity 
pulpy as well as highly vascular, and, therefore, incapable of 
sustaining any great degree of pressure. 

Though a matter of great interest, it is hardly possibly to 
form a very correct estimate of the size of the Castoroides, 
almost the only data offered to us being those given by the 
cranium. The length of the skull of this animal is 10.5 


Castoroides Ohioensis. 401 


inches, and its greatest breadth 7.9 inches. According to 
Professor Emmons, the skull of an old female beaver, meas- 
ured, from the tip of the nose to the crucial ridge, 4.9 inches, 
and its greatest width 3.9 inches ;' an adult skull in my own 
cabinet gives precisely the same measurements. The skull of 
the Castoroides is therefore a little more than double the size 
of that of the common beaver, (Castor fiber.) According to 
Dr. Richardson, the largest. beavers which he had an oppor- 
tunity of measuring, had a length of 2 feet, 6 inches; Dr. 
Godman estimates the average length at about 2 feet; assum- 
ing the proportions of the Castors and Castoroides to be the 
same, we should have the entire length of the latter amount- 
ing to about 5 feet. 


The generic characters of the Castoroides which have been 
deduced from the cranium just described, and which, on com- 
Parison, will be found to differ materially from those given by 

r. Foster, are as follows.? 

Teeru. Incisors, 1 1; Canines, ??; Molars, 2 1; total, 20. 
Molars consist of thin lamine of dentine, surrounded by 
enamel, and united by crusta petrosa. The first in the up- 
Per and the last in the lower jaw, have four such laminz, 
and the remaining teeth have only three each ; the grinding 
surface is slightly concave in the lower jaw, and slightly con- 
vex in the upper, the enamel forming only a very small pro- 
lection above the dentine and crusta petrosa. The internal 
pterygoid fossze are largely developed, and the internal ptery- 
goid processes are so far deflected inwards as to touch on the 
median line, and divide the entrance to the posterior nares - 
transversely, thus forming a superior and an inferior orifice. 


, Report on the Quadrupeds of Massachusetts, p. 51. 
: * Common usage scii iois would justify us in substituting a new — 
oF that of Castoroides, especially since the generic characters have been very differ- 
ently defined from what they were in the orìginal description. The name Castor- 
ides, however, having gone into general use, it would therefore seem desirable that 
?! should be retained, i 


402 Bacon on Polythalamia 


ART. XXX.—POLYTHALAMIA IN SAND FROM THE SAHARA 
DESERT. By Joun Bacon, Jr., M. D 


Tunere is in the Cabinet of our Society a specimen of Sand 
from; the Desert of Sahara, which I find to be partly com- 
posed'of microscopic Polythalamian shells. I am unable to 
state from what part of this widely extended desert it was ob- 
tained. The society having committed this specimen to Dr. 
Charles T. Jackson for chemical analysis, a portion was kindly 
placed by him in my hands for microscopic examination. 

Under the microscope, the sand is seen to consist mainly 
of irregular quartzose grains, of a reddish-yellow color, and a 
pretty uniform size, ranging between $ and jj of an inch. 
Wefcanfreadily understand the facility with which the wind 
raises in clouds and conveys to great distances sand so fine as 
this. These grains are more or less rounded on the angles 
and edges. A few minute quartz crystals are also met with, 
presenting the usual six-sided prism with pyramidal termina- 
tions, and rounded in the same manner. 

Among the translucent. particles of quartz, a considerable 
number of rounded opake grains, of a white color, may 5e 
perceived by the unassisted eye. Some of these were sub- 
mitted, under the microscope, to chemical tests, and proved 
to be calcareous. In order to examine them microscopically, 
the sand was put up in Canada balsam, on slips of glass, and 
covered by thin mica or glass. Being now viewed by trans- 
mitted light, with a moderate power, the white grains (to 
which the balsam communicated a degree of transparency) 

were at once seen to be Polythalamian shells; generally muc 
_ broken, and presenting a worn and rounded exterior ; 8° that 
nothing satisfactory could be made out when they were exam- 
ined by reflected light. 

Between one and two hundred specimens were 
from a considerable portion of the sand, but only six o 
species could be made out. In the figures accompanying 

x 


obtained 
or seven 
this 


in Sand from Sahara Desert. ` 403 


paper, all the forms are represented which appeared specifi- 
cally distinct. It is, however, very possible, especially as my 
acquaintance with the genera and species of the polythalamia 
is but slight, that other species may have escaped notice 
among the large number of worn and broken specimens. 

The figures given were sketched by means of a camera 
lucida eye-piece attached to one of Chevalier's Horizonto- 
vertical microscopes. They are all drawn to one scale, indi- 
cated by fig. 10, (Pl. XX.) which represents 3% of a millimetre, 
magnified equally with the sketches. By means of this scale, 
the dimensions of the specimens figured can be readily ascer- 
tained, 

I have determined two only among the species figured. 
The one represented in figs. 1 and 2 is the Textilaria globu- 
losa: fig. 9 is the Rotalia globulosa. Figs. 3 and 4 I have 
no doubt belong to the genus Textilaria ; probably fig. 4 is 
the T. aciculata. "The cells of these polythalamia are often 
partially or entirely filled with opake calcareous matter. More 
generally, the cells are empty ; or only dark spots, such as are 
represented in figs. 2, 7, and 9, are seen in them. The aver- 
age size of the shells is about the same as that of the quartz 
grains. But there are many fragments present which must 
have belonged to larger individuals than any that were found 
entire. No siliceous infusoria were met with. The imper- 
fect state of the specimens prevented my giving outlines of 
them in other positions than those in which they are figured. 
For the same reason, it was not practicable to estimate accu- 
tately the proportion of individuals belonging to the several 
Species represented, but the Textilaria globulosa and the form 
"Presented in figs. 6 and 7, are the predominant species. 
Only a few specimens of Rotalia globulosa were found. 

I am unable to draw any conclusion with regard to the 
Beologica] age of the Desert Sand from the presence of these 
Poly thalamia, The species Textilaria globulosa, and T. acicu- 

fa; and Rotalia globulosa are among the most prevalent forms 
9f the chalk formation ; occurring in the cretaceous strata of 


404 Bacon on Polythalamia, &c. 


all parts of the globe, and often making up a large part of the 
rock. But they occur also in the tertiary strata, though there 
accompanied by various larger forms belonging to genera 
peculiar to that period. Whether the fragments mentioned 
as present in the sand are such as would allow us to refer it 
to any of the divisions of the tertiary, my slight acquaintance 
with the subject does not enable me to decide. The poly- 
thalamia of the chalk are not extinct species, having been 
found living in our present seas. It has occurred to me that 
these in the sand might possibly be recent; but the circum- 
stance that many of them have their cells completely filled 
with calcareous matter renders it very unlikely. The major- 
ity, however, are empty ; but such is also the case with those 
which I have examined from both the secondary and tertiary 
strata. From Mr. Weaver's Abstract of Ehrenberg’s Memoir 
on the Microscopical Structure of Chalk, &c., published in 
the Annals of Natural History, for 1841, I find that Ehren- 
berg is aware ‘of the existence of polythalamia in the sand of 
the Libyan Desert, but no mention is made of any of the 
species present. 

Through the kindness of President Hitchcock, of Amherst 
College, I have been favored with a portion of the specimen 
of Sand from the Desert of Arabia, described by him in an 
article on the Geology of Western Asia, contained in the 
Transactions of the American Geological Association, pa? 
352. Its general appearance is similar to that of the spect 
men from the Sahara Desert, except that the eye can detect 
no caleareous particles in it. The quartz grains are, however; 
larger, (averaging 4, of an inch,) and appear more transparent 
and of a somewhat deeper color. 'This specimen proved e 
be entirely free from polythalamia, consisting merely of red- 
dish-yellow quartz grains. 


C. T. Jackson on Crystals of Galena. 405 


ART. XXXI— CHEMICAL AND MINERALOGICAL FRAGMENTS. 
By C. T. Jacksos, M. D. 


Remarks on the Formation of Crystals of Argentiferous 
Galena, by Sublimation. 


Ar the meetings of the American Association of Geologists 
and Naturalists in Boston, New Haven and New York, I pro- 
posed to account for the origin of several metalliferous veins, 
by sublimation of their ores or constituents. In favor of this 
theory, I mentioned that a considerable loss was sustained in 
smelting lead ores, owing to the evaporation of the sulpburet 
of lead at the temperature required for its reduction ; and 
called the attention of geologists to the quantities of sulphuret 
of lead which rise in the chimneys of smelting works, and to 
the particles of sulphuret of lead which fall on the roofs of 
the buildings, and on the surrounding soil. 

It was ascertained by Berthier, that when galena is kept 
fused in a crucible, lined with charcoal, in which the reduction 
of the lead could not take place, a considerable portion of the 
galena was actually lost by sublimation. It is also known, 
that although silver is regarded as fixed in the fire, and does 
hot volatilize when exposed for weeks to the heat of a porce- 
hin furnace, it is partially sublimed with the vapor of lead in 
the Process of cupellation ; and that the last portions of litharge 

lown Over, contain a notable proportion of silver. 

: lt appears probable, that argentiferous galena is also vola- 
tile under certain circumstances ; and from some phenomena 
Which I observed at the Shelburne mines, and in the crystals 
af lead ore which I have examined, it would seem that the 
origin of those veins and crystals can be demonstrated to have 
risen from vapor of the ore. 

A cavern was struck by the miners, at the depth of about 
twenty feet, and the walls of this crevice were found to be 
Covered with crystals of argentiferous galena, associated with 


406 C. T. Jackson on Crystals 


brown spar and quartz. "The crystals of argentiferous galena 
are in the forms of octahedra, having their solid angles re- 
placed by single planes, and rhombic dodecahedra with their 
surfaces rounded and dimmed by decrystallization, or by ir- 
regular deposits of minute particles of the ore. There are 
also some cubic crystals which have their surfaces much al- 
tered, and their angles effaced or blunted, and which present 
depressions in the planes of the cube, as if the ore had sunk, 
in a semi-fluid state, into a cavity. 

Some of the crystals exhibit the most decisive proof of their 
igneous origin, and have undergone a sort of eliquation, the in- 
terior of its mass having flowed out, and left the exterior crust 
in the form which the crystal originally assumed on cooling of 
its surface. Some of these crystals are somewhat larger than 
a hen's egg, and form very beautiful specimens to illustrate 
the origin of the ore, and would ornament the cabinet of a 
mineralogist. 

We may suppose that the cavern in which these crystals 
occur, was originally filled with molten galena, and that the 
ore ran out from it into other crevices, and left the cooled and 
crystallized ore on the walls; or that an open crevice allowed 
the vapor of lead ore to sublime into the chamber, and that the 
crystals were deposited on its surface by their cooling action. 

The appearance of the walls seem to indicate the latter 
theory as the most reasonable; for the crystals of lead de 
were deposited upon the quartz and brown spar crystals; which 
do not appear to have been bathed in the molten ore. I 
should assign“the same origin to the resplendent octahedral 
crystals of black cupriferous blende, which are sprinkled over 
the surface of this cavern, and to the crystals of copper PY rites 
which are associated with the lead ore. 


Assay of a Specimen of the Crystallized Argentiferous 
Galena from the Cavern in Shelburne Mine. ~ 
Two hundred grains of the ore, reduced with carbonate of 
soda and the iron of an iron crucible, yielded 147 grains 
metallic lead, or 73.5 per cent. 


of Argentiferous Galena. 407 


One hundred grains of the lead cupelled for silver, yielded 
0.27 gr., or 54, lbs. per ton. 

In this assay there was a loss of sulphuret of lead by subli- 
mation ; for, according to its atomic formula, we should have 
obtained, if all the lead was saved, 86 per cent. "This exam- 
ple is sufficient to show how much galena is generally lost in 
the process of reduction. It is rarely the case that we obtain 
more than from 79 to 82 per cent. of lead by reduction, when 
the ore contains 86 per cent. of that metal; but the tempera- 
ture in this operation is so moderate that none of the sulphuret 
of silver volatilizes. 

There is reason to believe that some of the metalliferous ores 
that are fixed in fire have been raised in vapor in combination 
with other materials. Thus, tin may have been raised in 
combination with fluorine, and by decomposition of the fluor- 
ide by water, the oxide of.tin would be deposited, as has been 
suggested by M. Daubrée. 

In other cases, we may suppose one of the elements of a 
Combination to have existed in the rocks, and the other ele- 
ment may have been sublimed, and entered into combination 
With it, as may have been the case in the formation of iron 
Pyrites. Specular iron ore, although oxide of iron alone is 
fixed, owes its origin to the decomposition of the chloride of 
ion; and the oxide rises in vapor and crystallizes on the 
walls of a crevice in the rocks. 


Composition of the bones, tusks and teeth of the Mastodon. 


Although it has long been known that a small proportion 
of animal matter is found in some fossil bones, it has 
until now to demonstrate that the bones, tusks and teeth of 
the American mastodons contain nearly if not all of their car- 
p aginous matter, and that they differ but little from recent 
nes, 


There seems to be some confusion as to the term fossil ; 
“othe supposing that a fossil must necessarily be petrified, or 


408 C. T. Jackson's Analysis 


have its animal matter replaced by mineral elements. This is 
not necessary to constitute a fossil ; for, under favorable cir- 
cumstances, animal matter in bones may be preserved for an 
indefinite length of time. 

When an animal is buried in sandy soil, through which rain 
water freely percolates, the animal matters are quickly decom- 
posed, removed by solution, and by a slow combustion or ox- 
idation, effected through the agency of the oxygen gas of the 
air, dissolved in the water, there being about twenty per cent. 
in bulk of oxygen gas dissolved in rain water. If, on the 
other hand, an animal is buried in clay or marl, but little wa- 
ter can flow through it, and air does not gain free admission ; 
hence the animal matters remain in the bones, and even the de- 
composed flesh remains in the form of a black mould around 
the bones, and the clay has a strong odor of animal matter. 
In the tertiary clay marls of. Westbrook, Gardiner, Augusta; 
Bangor, Lubec, South Berwick, and Kittery, in Maine, the 
membranous matter forming the epidermis of extinct species 
of shells, remains undecomposed, and the clay has a strong 
smell of sulphureted hydrogen gas, like that of ordinary dock 
mud. [n some cases, the animal matter of the epidermis of 
the shells has proved more permanent than the carbonate of 
lime of the shells, which is not unfrequently removed by the 
acids in the clay, leaving the form of the shell perfectly repre- 
sented by its membrane and mould in the clay. 

When the skeleton of the seal was dug up in the clay marl 
of South Berwick, from a depth of thirty feet, the workmen 
noticed a black mould surrounding the bones, and a strong 
smell of animal matter was perceptible in the clay. 

If animal matters are so well preserved in the tertiary de- 
posits, it will not appear strange that the bones of animals n 
the more recent deposits should have preserved their animal 
tissues. : 

The bones which I have analyzed are those of the American 
mastodon. A quantity of the chips of bone cut from near the 
second molar tooth of the jaw of a young mastodon, belonging 


of Mastodon Bones. 409 


to the collection in Harvard University, was given me by Dr. 
John B. S. Jackson. This bone had a dark brown color, was 
tough and firm, and had evidently undergone no decomposi- 
tion, though it had become penetrated somewhat with oxide 
of iron. 

On immersing portions of the bone in water acidulated with 
chlorohydric acid, the mineral matters and bone salts were 
removed, and the cartilage remaining was found to be much 
larger than the original bone, from its absorbing water after 
the removal of the phosphate of lime, &c. 

This cartilage, on being washed free from acid and boiled 
in Water, was converted into gelatine, which formed a good 
glue. On burning off the animal matter from a portion of the 
bone, there remained 57.4 per cent. of bone salts, and the 
animal matter was 42.6 per cent. The bone earth had a 
light brown color, owing to the presence of peroxide of iron. 


Analysis of the bones of the great Mastodon, belonging to 
Dr. John C. Warren. 


A portion of one of the vertebral spines was sent me for 
analysis, which gave the following results. One hundred 
grains on being pulverized and dried at a temperature a little 
above 919? F, lost 6 per cent. of water. On burning off the 
animal matter, 64 per cent. of bone salts remained, and 30 
Per cent. of animal matter was burnt out. The bone salts 
had a strong blue color, which was deeper than that of the 
artificial ultramarine formed by burning ordinary bones, and 
"as probably due to the presence of sub-phosphate of iron. 

Another portion of the bone, dried at 300° and then burnt, 
eft 72.97 per cent. of bone salts, and the animal matter 
Would amount to 27.73 per cent. There was some decom- 
Position of the cartilage in this case, so that the amount of 
animal matter is stated too low, the previous analysis being 
more exact, By immersing portions of this bone in diluted 
acid, the whole form of the bone was represented in carti- 

Us matter, and glue was made by boiling it in water. 
VOL. y, 97 


410 Jackson's Analysis of 


Analysis of the tusk of a Mastodon from Benton County, 
Missouri. Specimens furnished by Dr. J. C. Warren. 


On examination of this tusk it was found to have under- 
gone partial decomposition ; the interior had become white 
and earthy, while most of the exterior plate of ivory had un- 
dergone but little change. 

The white, earthy-looking matter in the middle of the tusk, 
on analysis, yielded 4.60 per cent. of water, 6.20 per cent. of 
animal matter, and 89.20 per cent. of bone salts. 

The exterior plate analyzed, yielded 


Water, : ‘ : 4.6 
Animal Matter, : i ; -— M. 
Bone Salts, . > s ý i 69.2 

100.0 


The hard ivory of the tusk yielded 
Water, . ; : : i 4.600 
Cartilage, conis iss i ; . 30.800 
Phosphoric acid, : ; ; 27.424 
Lime, . : i ` : . 36.024 
900 


Magnesia, ` : . : 
Fluorine, Carbonic acid, &c., by loss, — -252 
100.000 


I etched a piece of glass with the fluohydric acid obtained 
from the bone salts of this ivory. : 
A portion of the ivory digested in water acidulated with 
chlorohydric acid, gave a tough and elastic piece of cartilage 
of the size and shape of the piece of tusk subjected to s 
action. 


Analysis of Mastodon teeth from Benton County, Missouri. 
Specimens from my collection. 
A portion of the ivory of the root of one of these teeth was 


Mastodon Teeth and Tusks. 411 


immersed in dilute muriatic acid, which left a mass of very 
elastic cartilage, larger than the piece of ivory subjected to its 
action. The cartilage was of a yellowish-white color, and 
presented delicate filaments of membrane hanging to its sur- 
face. The appearance of the cartilage was like that obtained 
from the ivory of the tusks, but was more firm. 

The following analyses were made in my laboratory by Mr. 
Joseph Peabody. 


Analysis of the sound Ivory of Mastodon tooth. 
Water, .. : ; . f 8.64 


Animal Matter, — . i i 9 23.28 
Phosphate of Lime, . . j 56.198 
Carbonate of Lime, —. , . 9.844 
Magnesia, . i ` ; i 0.99. 
Soda and Fluorine, by loss,  . . 0.588 
100.000 
Analisis of the internal portion of same tooth, the decom- 
posed Ivory. 
Water, . í ; š . 4.84 
Animal Matter, . ‘ ; : 6.84 
Phosphate of Lime, i i 73.476 
Carbonate of Lime, . . . . 9.604 — 
Magnesia, i : i i 0.96 
Soda and Fluorine, by loss, . i. 4289 
100.000 


From the above researches, it is evident that the term ivory, 
9f the teeth, is appropriate, not only on account of its physical 
resemblance to the ivory of the tusks, but also from its simi- 
arity in chemical composition to true ivory. The mastodon 

th has no cement like that of the teeth of elephants. We 
have yet to analyze the enamel of the mastodon tooth, and 
shall communicate the results of our researches hereafter. 


412 Forsyth on the Habits 


Analysis of the Ear-bone of a Fish. 


We are not aware that the ear-bone of the fish has hitherto 
been subjected to a chemical analysis, but it presents a strange 
anomaly in comparison with ordinary osseous matter. Atten- 
tion was called to it from the fact, that it is used by the natives 
of some countries, as a remedial agent; and though, at first 
sight, this might be deemed fanciful, yet on examination we 
find an unusual quantity of carbonate of lime to be present, 
which may act as an antacid. The carbonic acid was first esti- 
mated by calcining the bone, and restoring, with carbonate of 
ammonia, the carbonic acid driven off; and secondly, by 
treating the powdered bone directly with hydro-chloric acid, 
in an apparatus nicely counterpoised with chloride of calcium 
tube attached, the acid contained in a tube within being 
weighed with it, so that when the acid was brought in con- 
tact with the powder, and again weighed, the only loss was 
the carbonic acid, which escaped with effervescence during the 
digestion ; this served as a check on the previous trial, and 
exactly confirmed it. 

Water, * E ; é : 0.92 
Animal Matter, . . : : . 92.44 
Carbonate of Lime, . i : 10.08 


Phosphate of Lime, ; : . 16.16 
Phosphate of Magnesia, i 1 0.40 
fens ts T 

100.00 


This ear-bone presents a marked exception to the quantity 
of cartilage contained in the other bones of fish, which usually 
exceeds that of higher orders of the vertebrata. 


ART. XXXIL— ON THE HABITS OF SALMO FONTINALIS. From ® 
Letter addressed to Dr. Sronzm, by J. B. ForsyT#, M. D- 

Tur few observations I have to communicate vae 

habits and peculiarities of the salmon trout, were made €U 


of Salmo fontinalis. . 413 


ing a residence of ten years in Sandwich, Cape Cod, where 
the facilities for that purpose are very abundant. 

It may be well to premise, that the distance, at this point 
of the cape, from one bay to the other, varies from five to ten 
miles, and the land is gradually elevated from each shore till 
it reaches the centre, and consequently the streams, for the 
most part arising from springs, are short, terminating in creeks 
upon the marshes. Many of these are of sufficient magnitude 
for mill sites, and are therefore crossed by permanent obstruc- 
tions; and hence it frequently happens, in the short space of 
a quarter of a mile, you find specimens of both, as they are 
familiarly called, the fresh and salt water trout. 

The following varieties in color and appearance have been 
observed. 1st. Those having the upper part and sides of a 
pale brown, gradually becoming less so, till it terminates in 
White on the under part, having a silvery appearance when first 
taken from the water, and covered with small, distinct scales ; 
the circular yellow and red spots very indistinct ; generally 
found in the marshy creeks, or in open streams, where the 
Sun has free access, They are well fed upon minnows and 
shrimps, have a plump appearance, and are the variety mostly 
Sought after by those who desire the trout, in its highest per- 
fection, for the table. They are taken, mostly, between the 
months of January and July. They vary in size from one 
fourth of a pound to four pounds ; but I have never seen one 
to exceed two and a half. 

2d. "Those having the upper part and sides of a dark 
brown, having a dark green appearance, terminating in white 
9r orange underneath, and covered more or less with round, 
Yellow spots, with a bright red centre, color varying according 
to the location ; and generally not so plump and well fed as 
those above mentioned. ^ 

3d. Those having the upper part and sides of either a light 
° dark brown, with spots more distinctly marked on the dark 
than the light ; underneath, the color uniformly ferruginous or 
orange, 


414 Forsyth on the Habits 


Each of these varieties is found both in the streams com- 
municating with the salt marshes, and in those which are en- 
tirely cut off from them, by permanent obstructions. The 
first named variety, however, is nowhere found in so great 
perfection as in close approximation to the salt creeks. The 
difference between the salt and fresh water trout, in this vi- 
cinity, seems to be only in name, so far as I have been able 
to determine, with ample opportunities in taking them, and 
with specimens before me. The peculiarity of these varieties 
seems to depend entirely upon the location, and the nature of 
the soil at the bottom of the stream they inhabit. The first 
variety is found in clear water, with light gravelly bottom, and 
where the banks are not shaded by shrubbery, but where they 
are almost constantly exposed to the rays of the sun. The 
second variety inhabits streams which are for the most part 
shaded by trees, or which take their rise in, or pass through, 
peat bogs. Thus, in one stream, the trout caught at the head 
of it were always of a very dark brown, almost black, highly 
marked with yellow and red spots, while those taken near the - 
mouth of the stream were of a light color. One of these 
streams arises from a deep basin of dark water, thirty feet in 
diameter, and ten feet deep, surrounded by a peat bog, where 
the fish taken, so far as I know, have been uniformly of a dark 
brown. In other streams, having a bottom of iron ore, they 
are uniformly marked with orange underneath, the color of 
the upper part and sides appearing to depend upon gd 
amount of exposure to the sun's rays. These observations 
are made independent of any of the changes of color or mark- 
ings which take place during the spawning season. i 

About the first of January these fish are found congrega! 
together at high water mark, and seem to have come down 
the stream for the purpose of locating themselves 10 the 
marshes, where they can obtain food. So uniform are - 
in this, that for a number of years, it was my custom to - 
one particular stream, during this month, and I wu - 
sure to find them assembled in waiting for me, witbin 4 


of Salmo fontinalis. 415 


rods of the same spot, in number I cannot say how many, but 
I would take of them, varying from sixty to seventy-five. 

During the months of February, March and April, they be- 
come separated, and are distributed the whole length of the 
creeks, and about the first of May, begin again, in small num- 
bers, to ascend the stream. ‘This they continue to do as the 
season advances, and their means of sustenance increases, 
(which is principally insects and flies,) till about the middle 
of October, when they are found in great numbers, as near up 
as they can conveniently get to the origin of the stream. This 
is their spawning season, and having deposited their spawn, 
they begin to wend their way down the stream, for the most 
part in a body, till they reach again the marshes. 

These fish were formerly taken in considerable numbers, 
With a kind of net used in the herring fishery ; but this me- 
thod of taking them is, I believe, prohibited by legislauon. 
They are now taken, for the most part, with line and hook, 
bated with minnow, shrimp or earth-worm ; or, at some sea- 
sons of the year, with the artificial fly, more especially in the 
fresh ponds. Two other methods of taking them have been 
Tesorted to in the small streams, both of which deserve a pass- 
mg notice; the first is by titillation, so called, and the second,. 
hooking them up by the caudal extremity, decidedly the mean- _ 
est way of taking them. 

The method of taking them by titillation is this: about the 
*Pawning season, they are found, for the most part, in the 
small and narrow head streams, and seem more sluggish than 
at any other season of the year, and less inclined to take the 
bait, Having arrived at the edge of the stream, the hand is 
carefully and gently passed along under the banks, till it 
comes in contact with the fish, generally near the tail. The 
Utillation then commences, and the hand is made to approach 
towards the head, till sufficiently forward to prevent slipping 
through the fingers, when by a sudden grasp it is landed upon 

shore, the fish remaining perfectly quiet during the pro- 


416 Cabot’s Description of Pyranga Roseo-gularis. 


cess. This mode of taking. them I have practised in one 
stream three years in succession, and taken many fine trout. 

The unscientific mode-of hooking them up by the caudal 
extremity, is also practised at the spawning season, when they 
are averse to taking the bait, and where the stream is deeper 
and wider. The manner is as follows. A large sized hook, 
made very sharp, is fastened to the end of a long straight stick, 
or piece of whalebone, ‘The fish is then sought and generally 
found beneath the root of an old tree, or under the shadow of 
a log, with the head and part of the body out of sight; the 
hook is then carefully introduced near the extremity of the 
fish, and by a sudden jerk, is inserted so as effectually to se- 
cure him. 


ART. XXXII. — DESCRIPTION OF PYRANGA ROSEO-GULARIS, 
(ROSE-THROATED TANAGER.) By Saxvzr Caso, Jr., M. B 


Mare. Top of head, outer edge of primaries, and seconda- 
ries, and surface, of greater and lesser wing coverts, the tail 
and its upper coverts, bright brownish red. Under side of 
tail and its under coverts, throat, and flexures of wings; bright 
rose color. Back and posterior part of cheeks, dark brownish 
ash color. Anterior part of cheeks, breast and belly, light ash- 
colored. ‘Twelve tail feathers. Bill strongly toothed, horn- 
color on top, lighter beneath. Legs and feet, horn-colored. 
Total length, 6; inches. Length of bill, » of an inch along the 
ridge, and $ along gape, 5 of an inch across at base, 7 through 
from above down. Tooth situated at 3 of an inch from point 
of the bill. Tarsus rather more than $ of an inch in length. 
Tail, 26 inches long. Wing from flexure, 3} inches. 

I only saw one pair of these birds while I was in Yucatan, 
of which I only procured the male, from which the above de- 
scription is taken. He was shot on the road from Chemax to 
Yalahao, on the 5th of April, 1842. 


SSMUS 


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Anatomy of Littorina angulifera., 
Tolythalamia from Sand of Sahara. 


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BOSTON 
JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. 


VOLUME V.— No. IV. 


DECEMBER, 1847. 


RT. XXX —NOTICE OF THE EXTERNAL CHARACTERS AND 
e ariin OF TROGLODYTES GORILLA, A NEW SPECIES OF ORANG 
ROM THE GABOON RIVER, By Tuomas S. Savacz, M. D., Corresp. 
"eie Boston Soc. Nat. ; OSTEOLOGY OF THE SAME, By JEFFRIES 
Wyman M. D. Hersey Prof. Aust. in Harvard University. Read Aug. uc 1847. 


Four species of anthr T id Simi; commonly ES as 
Orangs,* have been described by naturalists; of these, three 
are found in the eastern pali either on the continent of 
Asia, or the islands of Borneo, Sumatra and Java, and a fourth 
on the western coast of Africa. In the East there exists - 


4 Simia n Lin. -Fithesus vite ge S. ae 


Cone. Mets Art. Simie, Vol. XE een 
_ The term tm Orang, more am, incorrectly written Ourang, is strictly ap- 
war to the Eastern species only. p is a Malay word, which means a rea- 

being, and is also given to man and the elephant, Outan means wild or of 
woods ; Orang-outan wild man, Cambang outan, wild hic Outang, the word 
| used as the adjective, signifies a robber. ee imei 
igne ox. Vol. L, p. 87, note, Doa 


* 


418 Savage and Wyman, External Characters, 


is the species most frequently exhibited in an imma- 
ture condition, in America and Europe, and is ob- 
tained in Cochin China, Malabar, and Borneo.’ 

I. S. Wurmbii, Fisch. Pongo Wurmbii, Kuhl. Grand 
Ourang-outang, Geoff. Dusky orang ; from Borneo. 

HI. S. Morio, Owen. Of this species the cranium has been 
described by Prof. Owen,’ but its external characters 

- are not yet well known to naturalists. 
In Africa is found 

IV. Troglodytes niger, Geoff. Chimpanzée, Black Orang, 
Engé-eco, Jocko. This doubtless is the Barris of 
Praid de Laval, the Smitten of Bosman, Quimpésé 
of De la Brosse, and the Quojas moras of Tulpius. 


The existence of a second species in Africa, does not appear 
to have been recognized by naturalists, nor in fact has there 
been hitherto adduced any evidence on which its exist- 
ence might be predicated, except the vague statements of the 
different voyagers and travellers. But these, resting princi 
dly on information derived from the natives, and not on te 
l observation of the narrator, are in general so n in 
with absurd and marvellous accounts, that they have been de- 
servedly regarded as unworthy of credence. i 

In two of the published narratives, however, the e existence A 
of a second species has been distinetly referred to. Andrew 
Battell, an English sailor, while a prisoner of the Portug ^ - nd 

in Angola, speaks of the “two monsters,” the “- É 
Engeco."* This last, or as it is called by the natives o 


1 Cuvier, cit. Vol. L, p. 5 
Pu Zoolog. Soc. Lond: vd. IL p. 168. 1841. 
sr of these two monsters is called Pongo, in 


gs, fi zh D dens o goeth ms 
s clasped a ier ot his necke, when he goeth 
puo build shelter for the raine. They ! 


Habits, and Osteology of a New Orang. 419 


Gaboon, the Enché-eco, is the common name for the Chimpan- 
zée, and it is highly probable, though Battell has given no 
dhihücters by which it might be recognized, that the Pongo 
was the animal which forms the subject of our communication. 

The “Ingena,” referred to by Bowdich, in his mission to 
Ashantee, is probably the Engé-ena of the natives of the Ga- 
boon, though his statement, that the animal was “ five feet high 
and four across the shoulders," detracts from the credibility of 
his narrative. Whatever doubt may have heretofore existed, 
the following notices of the habits, and external characters, 
and descriptions of the crania and some of the bones, will 
serve most satisfactorily to confirm the statements of Battell 
and Bowdich, with regard to the existence of a second Afri- 
can Orang, and to demonstrate that it is as specifically distinct 
from the Troglodytes niger, as from the Orangs of Borneo and 
um. The specific name, gorilla, has been adopted, a 


g isa in the woods, and upon dte for they eate no kind of flesh. They cannot 
> ag ia have no understanding, more than a beast. The people of the countrie, 

‘Mey travaile in the e mke fires where they piepe in the night ; dubii 
g when they are 


Upon his moth When they die among themselves, they cover the dead 
m  heapes of boughs and wood, which is Md mene} in the forrests. 
je em of Andrew Battell. Purehas, n 


ie. [ede and mant extraordinary subject of ae on Natural 
a erii compared with i ding 


490 Savage and Wyman, External Characters, 


term used by Hanno, in describing the “wild men” found 
on the coast of Africa, probably one of the species of the 
Orang. 


1. NOTICE OF THE EXTERNAL CHARACTERS AND HABITS OF 
THE ENGE-ENA. 

While on the voyage home from Cape Palmas, I was unex- 
pectedly detained in the Gaboon river, latitude 15/ N., and 
the month of April (1847) was spent at the house of the Rev. 
J. L. Wilson, Senior Missionary of the American Board of 
Commissioners for Foreign Missions to West Africa. Soon 
after my arrival Mr. Wilson showed me a skull, represented 
by the natives to be that of a monkey-like animal, remarkable 
for its size, ferocity and habits. From the contour of the 
skull, and the information derived from several intelligent 
natives, I was induced to believe that it belonged toa new 
species of Orang. I expressed this opinion to Mr. Wilson, 
e a desire for further investigation, and if possible, to de- 
by the inspection of a specimen alive or r dead. 
Se with interest into the matter, and promise his 
i hearty coöperation. Having been a resident at that vom for 
several years, well acquainted with the chiefs and ple, pos- 
sessing in an eminent degree their regard, and speaking fedy 
their bango he was enabled to secure. to me advant ges ;4 
signal importance to my investigations. - ‘T did not suc 
however, i in obtaining the animal, but several crania of the 
two sexes, and of different : ages, v other import B m x y 
the skeleton were received. These p z 


! We arrived at a bay called ded Southern. Fom; at the amet yhic J 
island like the former, having a lake, and in. this lake another. ear filo s savage 


Habits and Osteology of a New Orang. 421 


examination, and I now proceed to give the results of my 
investigations on its External Characters and Habits. 

It should be borne in mind that my account is based upon 
the statements of the aborigines of that region. In this con- 
nection it may be proper for me also to remark, that having 
been a missionary, resident for several years, studying from 
habitual intercourse, the African mind and character, I felt 
myself prepared to discriminate and decide upon the proba- 
bility-of their statements. Besides, being familiar with the 
history and habits of its interesting congener, (Troglodytes 
niger, Geoff.) 1 was able to separate their accounts of the two 
animals, which, having the same locality and a similarity of 
habit are confounded in the minds of the mass, especially as 
but few, such as traders to the interior and huntsmen, have 
ever seen the animal in question. In this last fact stated we 
find an explanation of the confusion, inaccuracy and exagger- 
ation which characterize the occasional references that have 
been made in books to both animals, the sources of such in- 
formation being transient visitors and voyagers. If it be ad- 
missible to base and sustain a proposition on human testimony, 
then to my mind the existence of this new species of orang, 
aside from the evidence of its skeleton, is established, and the 
account that I now submit of its habits, authentic. It is on 
Such grounds, and with such convictions I venture to place my 
. Sütements on record, leaving them to the future for confirma- 
tion or correction. 

_ The tribe from which our knowledge of the animal is de- 
: "Wed and whose territory forms its habitat, is the Mpongwe, 
. "feüpying both banks of the river Gaboon from its mouth to 
_ “ome fifty or sixty miles upwatd. The face of the country as 
; You proceed inward is undulating and hilly, well watered with 

‘Steams and rivers, and abounding with indigenous fruits. 

The river is visited for purposes of trade in ivory, ebony and 
.  **"WOOds by vessels from different parts of America and Eu- 
en Te. In view of this fact it may seem surprising that the ani- 

jm ld be unknown to science, and without its proper 


492 Savage and Wyman, External Characters, 


place in systems of Zoology. But this is accounted for by the 
fact that its immediate habitat is back some distance from the 
coast, and its habits and ferocity such that it is not often en- 
countered. "The natives stand greatly in fear of it, and never 
attempt its capture except in self-defence. 

If the word * Pongo' be of African origin it is probably a 
corruption of Mpongwe, the name of the tribe on the banks 
of the Gaboon, and hence, applied to tbe region they inhabit. 
Their local name for the Chimpanzée is Enché-eko, as near as it 
can be anglicised, from which the common term “ Jocko" 
probably comes. The Mpongwe appellation for its new con- 
gener is Engé-ena, prolonging the sound of the first vowel and 
slightly sounding the second. 

The habitat of the Engé-ena is the interior of Lower Guinea, 
while that of the Enché-eko or Chimpanzée is nearer the sea- 
board. 

Its height is above five feet, it is disproportionally broad 
across the shoulders, thickly covered with coarse black hair, 
which is said to be similar in its arrangement to that of the 
Enché-eko. With age it becomes gray, which fact has give? 
rise to the report that both animals are seen of different colors. 

Head. The prominent features of the head are, the great 
width and elongation of the face, the depth of the 
region, the branches of the lower jaw being very deep and 
extending far backward, and the comparative smallness of the 
cranial portion ; the eyes are very large, and said to be ces 
of the Enché-eko, a bright hazel ; nose broad and flat, sligh T 
elevated towards the root; the muzzle broad and prominent, 
lips and chin with scattered gray hairs, the under lip highly 
mobile, and capable of great elongation when the animal i5 
enraged, then hanging over tlie chin; skin of the face 
ears naked, and of a dark brown approaching black. 

The most remarkable feature of the head is a high ridge pA 
crest of hair in the course of the sagittal suture, which mee 
posteriorly with a transverse ridge of the same, but kn es 
inent; running tound from the back of one ear to the 


Habits and Osteology of a New Orang. 493 


The animal has the power of moving the scalp freely forward 
and back, and when enraged, is said to contract it strongly 
over the brow, thus bringing down the hairy ridge, and point- 
ingthe hair forward so as to present an indescribably ferocious 
aspect. 

Neck short, thick and hairy; chest and shoulders very 
broad, said to be fully double the size of the Enché-eko's; arms 
very long, reaching some way below the knee, the forearm 
much the shortest; hands very large, the thumbs much larger 
than the fingers. 

Abdomen very broad and prominent, the hair thinner than 
on the back, legs bowed like the Chimpanzée’s, but the muscles 
larger or better developed. 

No tail nor callosities ; a small tuft of hair at the extremity 
of the os coccygis ; the genitalia similar in both sexes to the 
c parts in the Chimpanzée except their larger size in the 


Their gait is shuffling, the motion of the body, which is 
never upright as in man, but bent forward, is somewhat rolling, 
or from side to side. The arms being longer than those of 
the Chimpanzée it does not stoop as much in walking; like 
that animal it makes progression by thrusting its arms forward, 
testing the hands on the ground and then giving the body a 

jumping, half swinging motion between them. In this 
"wit is said not to flex the fingers as does the Chimpanzée, 
‘esting on the knuckles, but to extend them, thus making a 
fulerum of the hand. When it assumes the walking posture 
to Which itis said to be much inclined, it balances its huge 

Xy by flexing the arms upward. They live in bands, but 
are not so numerous as the Chimpanzée’s ; the females generally 
exceed the other sex in number. My informants all agree in 
assertion that but one adult male is seen in a band ; that 

the young males grow up, a contest takes place for mas- 
tery, and the strongest, by killing and driving out the others, 
establishes himself as the head of the community. The silly 
Stories about their carrying off women from the native towns, 


w 


434 Savage and Wyman, External Characters, 


and vanquishing the elephants, related by voyagers and widely 
copied into books, are unhesitatingly denied. They have been 
averred of the Chimpanzée, but this is still more preposterous. 
They probably had their origin in the marvellous accounts 
given by the natives, of the Engé-ena, to credulous traders. 

Their dwellings, if they may be so called, are similar to 
those of the Chimpanzée, consisting simply of a few sticks and 
leafy branches supported by the crotches and limbs of trees ; 
they afford no shelter, and are occupied only at night.' 

They are exceedingly ferocious, and always offensive in their 
habits, never running from man as does the Chimpanzée. They 
are objects of terror to the natives, and are never encountered 
by them except on the defensive. The few that have been 
captured were killed by elephant hunters and native traders as 
they came suddenly upon them while passing through the 
forests. : 

It is said that when the male is first seen he gives a terrific 
yell that resounds far and wide through the forest, something 
like kh—ah! kh—ah! prolonged and shrill. His enormous 
jaws are widely opened at each expiration, his under lip hangs 
over the chin, and the hairy ridge and scalp is contracted upon 
the brow, presenting an aspect of indescribable ferocity- The 
females and young at the first ery quickly disappear ; he å 
approaches the enemy in great fury, pouring out his horrid 
cries in quick succession. 'The hunter awaits his approach 
with his gun extended; if his aim is not sure he permits 
animal to grasp the barrel, and as he carries it to his mouth 
(which is his habit) he fires ; should the gun fail to go off, the 
barrel (that of an ordinary musket, which. is thin) is | 
between his teeth, and the encounter soon proves fatal to the 

unter. 

1 The natives ridicule this habit of the Engé-ena. "They call him 2 fool, to m 
house without a roof, in a country where they have so much rain. They " roof, 
not so much sense as a certain bird, which makes a large nest with a tight round 
then it daubs the inside with mud, and unfolding its wings vun a house. M: 
Nace are all E and the inside smoothly Baie SE fts habit 


Ly 


Habits and Osteology of a New Orang. 495 


The killing of an Engé-ena is considered an act of great skill 
and courage, and brings to the victor signal honor. A slave 
toan Mpongwe man, from an interior tribe, killed the male and 
female whose bones are the origin of this article. On one 
occasion he had succeeded in killing an elephant, and return- 
ing home met a male Engé-ena, and being a good marksman he 
soon brought him to the ground. He had not proceeded far 
before the female was observed, which he also killed. This 
act, unheard of before, was considered almost superhuman. 
the man’s freedom was immediately granted to him, and his 
hame proclaimed abroad as the prince of hunters, 

It is said that this animal exhibits a degree of intelligence 
inferior to that of the Chimpanzée ; this might be expected 
from its wider departure from the organization of the human 
subject. I could not ascertain that more than one or two at 
most of the young had ever been captured. One was taken 
and kept for a year by a native, and then sold toa Frenchman, 
but it died on the passage home. Whether the skeleton was 
preserved is not known. No information respecting its 
habits in a state of domestication could be had upon which 
reliance might be placed. 

In the wild state their habits are in general like those of the 
Troglodytes niger, building their nests loosely in trees, living 
9n similar fruits, and changing their places of resort from the 
force of circumstances. 

The Amomums, which constitute in every locality of the 
Orangs a prominent article of food, I found to be of entirely 

“tent species from those at Cape Palmas. At the latter 
Point but one species and a small variety, with acid pulp is 
known, but at the Gaboon at least three. ‘They eat only those 
Species which have an acid pulp or arillus: Fruits distin- 
Suished by the opposite qualities of acidity and sweetness are 
"ien with equal zest. The stem of the Saccharum officina- 
rum, the fruit of the Elais Guineénsis or oil palm, Carica 
Papaya, Musa sapientium, and several others unknown to 
Botany are prominent on the list.. Here, as at all other points 


496 Savage and Wyman, External Characters, 


on the coast, the orangs are believed by the natives to be 
human beings, members of their own race, degenerated. 
Some few, who have put on a degree of civilization above the 
mass, will not acknowledge their belief in this affinity ; such 
profess to view them as embodied spirits, the belief in trans- 
migration of souls being prevalent. They say that the 
Enché-eko or Chimpanzée has the spirit of a Coastman, being 
less fierce and more intelligent, and the Engé-ena that of a 
Bushman. The majority however, fully believe them to be 
men, and seem to be unaffected by our arguments in proof of 
the contrary. This is especially true of the tribes in the im- 
mediate vicinity of the locality. They believe them to be 
literally ** wild men of the woods." 

They are generally eaten, and their flesh, with that of the 
Chimpanzée, and monkeys at large, occupies a prominent place 
in their “ bill of fare.” 


I. DESCRIPTION OF THE CRANIA AND SOME OF THE BONES OF 
; THE ENGÉ-ENA. 

The collection of crania and bones brought from Africa by 
Dr. Savage, and which served as the basis of the following 
descriptions, consists of four skulls, two males and two females, 
one of each in a perfect condition, and all of them adult ; 
a male and female pelvis, the long bones of the upper an 
lower extremities, and a few vertebrae and ribs. 

The crania of the males are much larger than those of the 
females, and exceed in their longest diameter the skull Ji 
well characterized Negro by two and a quarter inches; e y 
nearly one inch the diameter across the zygomatic arches. 

The sutures were entirely obliterated in one, anc 
in the other, a condition similar to that of the crant i 
adult Simia satyrus; and of the older crania of the Troglodyt 
niger, in both of which all sutures sooner or later disap = 

When viewed laterally, the- incisive alveoli in both 
See Table of Admeasurements, - 
'* See Boston Journal of Nat. Hist. Vol. IV. p. 370. 


Habits and Osteology of a New Orang. 427 


Orang and Chimpanzée form a strong projection below the 
nasal orifice, but are most conspicuous in the former, giving the 
lower part of the face that remarkable degree of prominence 
which is socharacteristic. In the Engé-ena the outline of the 
face is straight from below the superciliary ridges (Pl. I. and IT.) 
to the edge of the incisive alveoli, and when the head is so 
placed that the edge of the lower jaw is horizontal, the facial 
line makes with it an angle of about 45°. The facial angle 
according to the usual method of measuring it (the supercil- 
lary ridges excluded) is about 30". According to Mr. Owen 
that of S. satyrus is 30^, and that of Troglodytes niger 35°.’ 
The most remarkable peculiarity, one which strikes the ob- 
Server at sight, is the great development of the interparietal 
and occipital crests, as well as of the superciliary ridges, 
(PI. I.) all of which give the head great angularity of outline, 
causing it somewhat to resemble that of S. satyrus, and to con- 
trast with that of T. niger, on which there are no crests, and 
the superciliary ridges of which, though well developed, are 
much more curvilinear and smooth. Both crests are quite 
thin on the free edges, and are elevated about 1j inches above 
the skull; the occipital extending across from one mastoid 
Process to the other, and the interparietal extending forward at 
Night angles to it terminates near the centre of the coronal 
Fegion in two strong diverging ridges, which are directed to 
the outer angles of the orbits, including between them a 
*eply concave triangular space. The superciliary ridges are 
much more prominent than in the Chimpanzée, especially at 
their union over the nose, and the apertures of the orbits are 
more nearly square. A single large supra-orbitar and a small 
Ifra-orbitar foramen exists on each side. The two fol- 
ng peculiarities, pointed out by Prof. Agassiz, exist in all 
“© crania, and are specific characters ; one of them is drawn 
m the structure of the infra-orbitar canal, which in the 
panzée forms a deep groove terminating in the spheno- 


! Trans. Zoolog. Soc. London, T. p. 372. 


498 Savage and Wyman, External Characters, 


maxillary fissure, its depth remaining uniform to its termination ; 
but in the Engé-ena this canal becomes gradually less deep from 
before backwards, and at the fissure is scarcely obvious.’ 
The second character is derived from the internal walls of the 
orbits, which recede from each other in descending towards the 
floor, thus leaving a large pyramidal space for the lodgment of 
the os ethmoides, and serving to increase the capacity of the 
maxillary sinuses. 

The foramen lacerum of the orbit, which serves to trans- 
mit the IIT, IV, part of the V, and the VI nerves, and which 
in the human cranium has an elongated form, is in the Engé-ena 
very nearly round, having a diameter of only two or three 
lines. The spheno-maxillary fissure is much more narrow and 
contracted, forming only a linear opening between the orbit 
and the zygomatic fossa. á 

The ossa nasi are firmly co-ossified with each other and with 
the surrounding bones, but their outline is sufficiently distinct. 
They have a more triangular form than in the Chimpanzee, 
the apex being much more acute, and on the median line pre 
sentsa ptominent ridge. In four skulls of Chimpanzées the 
nasal orifice is of a triangular form, the angles more oF less 
rounded, and the apex directed upwards; in three of the 
skulls of the Engé-enait is nearly square, and in the fourth ap- 
proaches the triangular form, but the apex is directed down- 
wards. The form of the posterior nares also in the two spe 
cies is materially different; in the Chimpanzée the transverse 
diameter of the orifice exceeds that of the vertical, but n the 
Engé-ena the vertical is twice that of the transverse, a condition 
which results from the elongation downwards of the superior 
maxillary bones; the posterior edge of the palatine bones in 
the new species is emarginated on the median line 9$ e 
S. satyrus, while in the Chimpanzée it is either destitute ' 
an emargination or extended into a spine ; the lower edge of the 


ae = 


^ 
* In an adult cranium of the Chimpanzée belonging to Dr. J. C. Warren, this 
canal posteriorly is completely closed over, as in t 


Habits and Osieology of a New Orang. 429 


vomer in the Engé-ena is thin and delicate, and articulates 
imperfectly with the palatine bones, the reverse condition exist- 
ing in the second. 

If the length of the bony roof of the mouth compared with 
its breadth is an index of inferiority, the Engé-ena certainly 
occupies a lower position in the animal Fits than the Chim- 
panzée ; in the latter the breadth is to the length as 1.5 inches 
to 2.8 inches, and in the former as 1.5 inches to 3.9 inches. 
The incisive canals, which in the Chimpanzée open into the 
mouth by two distinct orifices, in the Engé-ena are but imper- 
fectly separated from each other at their termination ; a single 
oramen on each side exists midway between the incisive fora- 
men and the edges of the alveoli laterally, which is represent- 
ed in the Chimpanzée by two or more smaller foramina on 
each side. 

After the cranial crests and ridges there is no one character 
by which the head of the new. species may be more easily dis- 
tinguished from that of the Chimpanzée than by the zygomatic 
arches. In the latter they are thin and slender, especially at 
their posterior part, and the superior edge is very nearly hori- 
zontal. In the new species the arches are much broader, more 
Massive, at their posterior third suddenly arched upwa, e 
the Zygomatic fossæ much deeper ; a well marked E 
indicates the attachment of the strong masseter mu | 
= Tespects they resemble. the emitting varii of the 

satyrus.’ 


pr of the. male € crania only was in a condition to permit. 
an examination of its cavi Supe 


bees galli existed, e =e plates of the 


= g ove the plane of the cribriform. 
plate $ the os eim enclosed t Between: gem a de de- 


430 Savage and Wyman, External Characters, 


pression. The mastoid cells of the temporal bone were largely 
developed, and were continuous with other cells of similar size 
situated in front of the auditory meatus; large cells also ex- 
isted at the inner extremity of the petrous bone. 

As in S. satyrus, the foramen magnum of the base of the 
skull is elongated, and has an emargination on its posterior 
edge, and the anterior condyloid foramen is double in one ot 
the males, though in the other crania the second or venous 
canal is very minute compared with that which transmits the 
hypoglossal nerve. (XIth pair.) A well developed ridge on 
the temporal bone, (corresponding with the “ vaginal process” 
of the human anatomist) extends from the carotid foramen to 
the auditory meatus, but there is no obvious surface for the 
attachment of a styloid process. A stout cylindrical process a 
obliquely terminated, the extremity somewhat roughened as if 
for a muscular attachment, is situated just behind and beneath 
(the head being in its natural position) the orifice of the 
Eustachian tube. 

x "The lower, jet presens a degree of massiveness and strength 
ination of the great surface for the attachment of the tem- 
poral muscles, and the great size of the zygomatic arches. 
In its general conformation it resembles that of the Simia 
satyrus, but surpasses it in size, although the projection of the 
face in the last is the greatest. Its ascending portion is nearly ver- 
tical, and contrary to that of the Chimpanzée and Oring; 
the coronoid process is more elevated than the condy: loid.” - 

The dental formula, as in the Orangs and the Caten 
osi. 7 is Bene the same as that of. man,’ m 
incisors 7 E = canines + i; premolars 2-2 2 , molars i; rur = diese 
"The middle i incisors had been lost, i 
of the Females, i in which his were much worn, ermina 


e o by Prof. a Op Gs Fal dl 
Mc this is not the ¢ s belong 


Habits and Osteology of a New Orang. 431 


a broad straight edge, while the lateral incisors were pointed, 
very closely resembling a human canine. The interval be- 
tween the lateral incisors and the canines in both sexes was 
proportionally less than in the Chimpanzée, though there could 
not be said to exist any great regularity in this respect in the 
different crania. The canines of the males were much larger 
than those of the females, but the points were too much 
abraded to render it practicable to determine exactly their 
original length. ‘The canine of the male, worn as it is, meas- 
ures 2.2 inches, and projects about an inch below the edge of 
the alveolus ; that of the female, which was not worn, pro- 
jected only 0.7 inch below the edge of the alveolus. In both 
Sexes these teeth were laterally compressed with a slightly 
trenchant edge behind, and on the inner face impressed with 
two distinct grooves. The premolars are equal in size, the 

_ external cusps longer and more pointed than the internal ; the 

. molars have each four cusps the two external the longest, the 
_ own having a more rhomboidal form than in the Chimpanzée ; 
| the third molar is the smallest of the three, and in all, the 
Anterior cusp on the inside is united by an oblique ridge to the 

. Posterior cusp on the outside. 

. Tn the lower jaw the lateral incisors are much longer than. 

E the middle, and. are separated by a small space from the ca- | 
. Pines. "The first premolars have blunt stout conical crowns, 
_ With the rudiment of a second cusp on the posterior and inner 
E edge 5 the second premolar is the smallest, has two cusps on 
E Ats anterior ge, with a third much smaller on the posterior 
. Mher angle, a rudiment of a fourth cusp is seen on the outer 
. "mgl. Of the molars, the third is the largest, and the first 
EOS oet of the series ; all have three cusps on | 


two on the inside, in which respect they resemble those of 
Chimpanzée, and differ from the Orangs. “In the true 
. '9n*eys (Cercopitheci) the Gibbons and the Orangs, the last 
„oar of the lower jaw has a square quadri-tuberculate crown, 
Ke that above." 1 i EE : 


1 Owen, Op. Cit. Vol, I., p. 442. 


432 Savage and Wyman, External Characters, 


The heads of the two females, as will be seen by reference 
to the table of measurements, were both smaller than those of 
the males. A small occipital crest exists in both, but the in- 
ter-parietal is entirely wanting in one, and is represented by a 
very slight ridge in the other, though both, as is shown by the 
teeth being all protruded and more or less worn, have reached 
the adult period.. The crania are much more smooth, the out- 
lines less angular, and the general expression of the face far 
less savage and brutal than in the males. In the younger of 
the females the dentes sapientie were perfectly protruded, 
and some of their points slightly worn; in this head, as well 
as the others, the cranial sutures had become obliterated, but 
some of those of the face were still obvious, viz. the zygo- 
matic, the malar, and a portion of that between the maxillary 
and intermaxillary bones, and between the ossa palati. The 
inferior maxillary bone is smaller, and its ramus much more 
narrow than in the male, a condition corresponding with the 
less perfect development of the canine teeth. Two infra-or- 


* 


com amina existed in one of the females, but only one m 


“Trunk. Of the vertebral column only a few bones € 
served ; two adjoining cervical vertebre probably the fifth un 
sixth, were remarkable for the great length of the spinous pro 
cesses, the longest of which, measured from the inside of ~ 
spinal canal (posterior face) had a length of 2.4 inches, the 
ongest process in the neck of the Chimpanzée was 9? 
Elundées — e are quema 

The last dorsal, and the first two lumbar vertebree iue. : 


Habits and Osteology of a New Orang. 433 


dering it almost impracticable to balance the trunk on the base 
of the sacrum, or to maintain with ease an erect attitude un- 
aided by the arms. 

All the long bones of the upper extremity are remarkable 
for their great size and strength. By reference to the table 
of admeasurements it will be seen that the scapula is two 
inches longer, and nearly two inches broader than that of an or- 
dinary man. Instead of having the narrow and elongated form 
of the Chimpanzée, the bone is more nearly equilateral, and 
recedes farther from the human type in having the fossæ above 
and below the spine more nearly equal ; the spine itself is not 
so well developed, and after passing the middle of the bone is 
Tepresented only by a slightly prominent ridge, which termi- 
nates but a few lines above the middle of the posterior edge 
of the dorsum. The supra-spinous portion is more nearly in 

. the same plane with the inferior part than in either man or 

the T. niger; the acromion process is broad and flat as in 

. an, but is more straight, its curves are larger, and it is destitute 

E of the prolongation inwards which characterizes the same part 

E mman. The glenoid cavity prešents the form of that of the 

¥ human Scapula, except that its superior extremity is deflected 

_ towards the base of the acromion instead of the coracoid pro- 

3 cess. A subscapular fossa exists, which is subdivided into 

a three smaller fossze, and the coracoid process is much stouter 

in man, its terminal portion forming a right angle with 

bone. 

... The humerus, seventeen inches in length, exceeds that of 
the adult S. satyrus by 2.6 inches, has its bicipital groove as 
tabe Chimpanzée, more on the anterior face than in man ; its 

1 of 


Tosities are largely developed, indicating the great strength 
the rotator muscles; and the impressions formed by the at- 
nent of the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi are very 

sly marked on each side of the bicipital groove, having 
“A a length of about three inches, indicating the great 


i Of the Upper extremity, the clavicles and bones of the wrist and hand were 


434 Savage and Wyman, External Characters, 


strength of these suspensory muscles of the body, and which 
are so essential to an arboreal life. The humerus is slightly 
twisted, though less so than in man, but there is not the prom- 
inence of bone corresponding with the insertion of the deltoides, 
its anterior face being uniformly concave, and the posterior 
convex, as in the Chimpanzée. The smaller head is less 
spherical, the trochlear portion less deeply emarginated, and the 
internal edge of the trochlea less prominent than in the 
T. niger, but as in the latter, the humerus has a perforation 
of its inferior extremity. 

In the proportions between the length of the humerus and 
ulna, the Engé-ena recedes less from the human type than 
the Orang or the Chimpanzée. In S. satyrus the ulna 1s 
nearly an inch longer than the humerus, in T. niger the two 
bones are (as in Mr. Owen's specimen’ ) nearly equal ; in the 
Engé-ena the ulna is to the humerus as 1 to 1.2, and in man 
as 1 to 1.5 very nearly. (See table.) "The radius more stout 
and massive than in the Chimpanzée, has the same curved 

. form necessary for that constantly pronated condition of the 
hand essential to their climbing habits. 

The sacrum was broken through the body of the fifth ver- 
tebra; the canal was complete as far as the broken edge; and 
the intervertebral spaces, except the first, had become oblitera- 
ted. As in the Chimpanzée compared with that of man; the 
sacrum was long and narrow, and its anterior face more nearly 
straight than in either. The articulating surface {facet 
articulaire) extends down on each side as far asa point m th 
way between the third and fourth sacral foramina, its breadt 
as in the Chimpanzée, being proportionally much less than in 
man ; the broadest part is at the lowest extremity, om 
very narrow above; in man the surface is much broader, LI 
the breadth more nearly uniform throughout. Here agam; ia 4 
have a mark of the inferiority of the higher Quadruman?; > "He 


3 Op. Cit. p. 375. In a skeleton presented to the Boston Society of Nal : 
. History by Dr. Savage, the ulna is 0.8 inch shorter than the humerus. 


Habits and Osteology of a New Orang. 435 


want of strength in the pelvis, resulting from diminished articu- 
lating surface, and consequently a want of adaptation to sustain 
the erect position. 

*In the Chimpanzée the iliac bones are long, straight and 
expanded outwardly above, but narrow in proportion to their 
length ; the posterior face is concave for the lodgment of the 
glutei muscles, the anterior surface nearly flat, and stretching 
outwards almost parallel with the plane of the sacrum."' “In 
the Orang, the ilia are rather more expanded than in the Chim- 
panzée."* "The ilia of the Engé-ena make a much nearer ap- 
proach to the human type than either of the animals above- 
mentioned ; the space between the anterior spinous processes 
is proportionally larger, the wings are much broader, the ante- 
rior face has a deep concavity, the dorsum has a correspond- 
ing convexity, but is destitute of the semicircular lines indica- 
ting the origins of the glutæi muscles, and the superior spinous 
processes are farther in advance of the plane of the sacrum. 
The crest of the ilium is destitute of the curve like an F 
which is characteristic of the human pelvis. 

If, in the upper extremity, the Engé-ena approaches nearer 

. io man than his congeners in the relative lengths of the ulna 
and humerus, he recedes much farther in those of the humerus 
and femur. In the Chimpanzée the humerus and femur are 

almost exactly of the same length, but in the Engé-ena the 
 ^umerus exceeds the femur by three inches, a disproportion 

. “ery nearly the same as that which exists in the correspond- 

ing parts of the S. satyrus. As in the Chimpanzée, the h 

of the femur has an impression corresponding with the at- 

tachment of the round ligament, but the greater trochanter is 

Proportionally stouter, the shaft of the bone is more curved, 

od the inner condyle much longer, so that when the two 
condyles rest in a horizontal surface, the shaft of the bone has 

“inclination outwards as in man, instead of a direction nearly 

Vertical as in the Chimpanzée. 


Owen, 

.- WEB, Trans. Zool p. 5 
Ks og. Soc. Lond. vol. i. p. 351. 
Owen, Op. cit. p. 363. 


436 Savage and Wyman, External Character, 


The two articulating surfaces on the upper extremity of the 
tibia are situated on different planes, the internal, the lowest 
is concave, and the external convex. The depressed concave 
surface corresponds with the longer condyle of the femur, so 
that the one compensates for the other, and when the bones 
are in place their axes are very nearly in the same line, The 
tibia is more cylindrical than in man, and is destitute of the 
ridge separating the internal and posterior faces. 


HI. GENERAL REMARKS. 


From the preceding descriptions there can be no reason 
to doubt that the Engé-ena is specifically distinct from the 
Enché-eco or Chimpanzée, the only member of the sub-genus 
Troglodytes hitherto recognized by naturalists. From the 
Enché-eco it is readily — 

1. By its greater size ; 

. 9. By the size and forth of the superciliary ridges ; 

* 3 M the existence of the large occipital and interparietal 
| crests e males, and by rudiments of the same in the 


4 By the great strength and arched form of the zygomatic 
arches ; 
5. By the form of the anterior and posterior nasal orifices ; 
6. By the structure of the infra-orbitar canal ; : 
7. By the existence of an emargination on the posterior 
edge of the hard palate ; x 
8. 'The incisive alveoli do not project beyond the line of 
the rest of the face as in the Chimpanzée and Orang; e 
9. The distance between the nasal orifice and the edge - P. 
the incisive alveoli is less than in the Chimpanzée ; 


» Dr. 
1 Prof. Owen estimates the height of the Chimpanzée at “ about y four cag de feet — 
m Savage gives as the result of the measurement of four adults, that two were 366.) i 
En ies , and two “five feet nearly.” (See Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist «Vien compared s 


ments of the Engé-ena given in the subjoined table, ' be for 
ahi riri ones ot the Enché-eco, will j justify the assertion that 4. 
must Ed TAM. 


Habits and Osteology of a New Orang. 437 


10. The ossa nasi are more narrow and compressed su- 
periorly ; 

11. The scapula is more nearly equilateral ; 

12. The ulna is shorter in proportion to the humerus; 

13. The ossa ilia are much broader, more concave on the 
anterior face, and the anterior spines project farther forward. 


The Engé-ena in the strength of the zygomatic arches, in 
the existence of the occipital and interparietal crests, and in 
the strength and size of the lower jaw, approximates the 
Orangs, but is readily distinguished from all those yet de- 
scribed, 

1. By its large superciliary ridges ; 

2. By the straight outline of the face ; 

3. By the existence of a fifth tubercle on the last molar of 
the lower jaw ; 

4. By the existence of a round ligament in the hip joint; 

9. By the more anthropoid conformation of the pelvis; 
at In having the cerebral cavity more depressed behind the 

ce; 

T. In having the ulna shorter than the humerus. 
It should be borne in mind that the above distinctions are 
Rot based upon observations made upon a single specimen, 
but upon the examination of four adult crania of the Engé-ena, 
. two males and two females, and upon six adult crania of the 
E é-eco. In no one of these last has there béen found 
any approach to an interparietal crest, nor have they in any 
instance deviated materially in their dimensions from those 
given i in the table. The temporal ridges are generally separa- 
ted from each other by a space varying from half an inch to 


* Of the adult ura of the himpanzée, t there are two in the Cabinet of the Bos- 
a Society of N: tual History, one in that of Dr. J. C. Warren, two in that of the 
rademy of Natural tural Sciences in Philadelphia, and one in my own collection, 


438 Savage and Wyman, External Character, 


one or two inches, according to age, but in none of them isto 
be seen even a rudiment of the interparietal ridge. 

The skull of the Engé-ena recedes much farther from the 
human type than that of the Enché-eco, in its greater devel- 
opment of the cranial crests and ridges, in the greater elonga- 
tion of the upper jaw downwards and forwards, in the length 
of the bony palate, no less than in the much more brutal and 
ferocious expression of the face; in this last respect it even 
surpasses the Orangs of Borneo and Sumatra. 

In the conformation of the pelvis, as indicated by the broad 
and concave iliac bones, the projection forwards of the ante- 
rior spines, it is, on the other hand, the most anthropoid of all 
the Simiade. The central portion of the ilia acquires a cer- 
tain degree of transparency in both sexes, and the same has 
been noticed, though to a less extent, in the pelvis of the En- 
ché-eco. This observation is interesting in connection with 
the results obtained by Vrolick with reference to the marks of 
degradation in the Negro, an index of which he finds in the ab- 
. sence of this character. Certainly, a much more satisfactory 
. index of degradation is to be derived from the general shape of 
the bones, and their approximation in form to those of the semi- 
erect animals with which they have been compared ; and the 
exact measure would be the amount of deviation from the 
Caucasian type. 


1 “The pelvis of the male Negro, in the strength and density of its substance, and 
t bones wr hinh HON 


of the p resembles the pelvis of the wild beast, while we 
contrary, the,pelvis of the female of the same race combines lightness of sub h of 


bone are so closely united. This transparency was found only in one er udi 


in which, however, the part in question when held up to the light, yet ap! how- 
f diplóe int i en the bony plates." ^ Delicate À 


itis difficult to separate fro jue 


aller breadth of the sacrum, the smaller extent of the haunches, &c^ Pr 
wehes into the Phys. Hist. of Mankind, 4th edit. vol. i. p. 324- ; 


mitthe — 


Habits and Osteology of a New Orang. 439 


l'rom an examination of the narratives of travellers, and the 
works of some naturalists, it will be found that no one pecu- 
liarity is more strongly insisted upon than the ability and dis- 
position of the Orangs to assume and maintain the erect atti- 
tude. An attentive examination however, of their organization, 
as compared with that of man, gives the most conclusive evi- 
dence on the other hand, that they are not constituted like him 
for the erect position, a conclusion abundantly supported by 
the observation of living specimens exhibited from time to time 
in America and Europe. Evidence is yet to be adduced that 
any Quadrumanous animal whatever, assumes or maintains the 
erect attitude in its ordinary and natural movements. The 
gait of an Orang walking on its legs alone, is one of great in- 
stability, the animal showing by its bent position like that of 
an infirm old man, by the attitude of the arms, the constant 
effort to balance itself, and its disposition to get assistance from 
surrounding objects, that such a mode of progression is one of 
extreme difficulty. 

The conditions for walking erect, as manifested in the human 
skeleton, are as follows: 

l. The head must be balanced, or very nearly so, on the 
atlas ; 

2. The curves, and the general direction of the vertebral - 
Column must be such that the centre of gravity of the trunk 
‘Shall be over the plane of the pelvis, passing through the heads 
9f the thigh bones ; : 
! 3. The lower extremities on which the pelvis rests should 
5 the axes of the thigh and leg in one and the same vertical 

Sblane : 


H A 
4. The feet should be directed at right angles to the axes of 
; the sole resting on the ground. 
Ue These conditions are found to co-exist in man, and in man 
p alone ; they are not found in any of the anthropoid animals 
hitherto described, nor is there any nearer approximation to 
hem in the species now under consideration, unless it be the 


existence of a pelvis a little more perfect in its conformation — 


440 Savage and Wyman, External Characters, 


than in the congeners. The natural attitude of the Orangs on 
the ground is semi-erect, aided and supported by one or both 
of their long arms ; the Chimpanzées and Orangs resting on 
their callous knuckles, and the Engé-enas on the palms of tbeir 
hands. If they at any time support themselves on their legs 
alone, their heads droop, the trunk is bent forwards, the 
thighs are flexed, and their feet inverted, all which necessarily 
results from the mechanical arrangements of their skel- 
eton. The foramen magnum and (consequently the occipital 
condyles), instead of being situated in the middle of the base 
of the skull as in man, is situated in the middle of the pos- 
terior third, from which results the greater preponderance of 
the head forwards.’ 

The vertebral column is concave throughout nearly the 
whole of its anterior face, and in the lumbar region especially, 
deviates from the form of that of the human body, in which 
it is strongly convex. ‘This results from the anterior portions 
of the bodies of the lumbar vertebra in the Orangs having 
. the vertical diameter of the anterior face shorter than that of 
the posterior, so that when they are piled one above another, 
the superior ones incline forwards, and will necessarily cause 
the whole superimposed trunk to preponderate in that direc- 
tion, consequently throwing the centre of gravity forward in à 
proportional degree. 

The bent position of the body necessarily involves a greater 
or less flexion of the legs, in order that a portion of its lower 
part should be thrown behind the centre of gravity, to compen- 
sate ina measure forthe upper portion including the head, 
which is thrown in front of it. 


jdence 
1 The position of this foramen in the Orangs is correctly regarded as an e cunis 
of degradati ion. Semmering has imagined that an approach to it existed in 


ween an) 
rm 


X. aue ap inthe 3 
vx Urat that of the Caucasians ; so that the difference between the Nese 


* 


Habits and Osteology of a New Orang. 441 


Lastly, the feet are always inverted, in consequence of the 
mode of their articulation with the leg. Living habitually in 
trees, and the natural locomotion being that of climbing or 
swinging from limb to limb by the aid of long and powerful arms, 
their feet are so constructed as to enable them to apply the 
soles against the sides of the trunks and branches, consequent- 
ly requiring them to be in planes, either really in, or approx- 
imating to a vertical direction. When on the ground, there- 
fore, they are from necessity obliged to walk on the outer edge 
of the foot, and this with the other peculiarities of their 
Organization, gives them an unstable gait, contrasting with 
that of man, who, habitually walking erect on a horizontal sur- 
face, has the soles of the feet necessarily in a horizontal plane. 

The organization of the anthropoid Quadrumana justifies 
the naturalist in placing them at the head of the brute creation, 
and placing them in a position in which they, of all the animal 
Series, shall be nearest to man. Any anatomist, however, 
who will take the trouble to compare the skeletons of 
the Negro and Orang, cannot fail to be struck at sight with 
the wide gap which separates them. The difference between 
the cranium, the pelvis, and the conformation of the upper ex- 
tremities in the Negro and Caucasian, sinks into comparative 
insignificance when compared with the vast difference which 
exists between the conformation of the same parts in the Ne- 
Sro and the Orang. Yet it cannot be denied, however wide 
the separation, that the Negro and Orang do afford the points 
Where man and the brute, when the totality of their organ- 
zation is considered, most nearly approach each other - 


(442) 


TABLE OF COMPARATIVE MEASUREMENTS 
OF THE CRANIA AND BONES OF SIMIA SATYRUS, TROGLODYTES NIGER, TROGLO- 
YTES GORILLA, AND MAN 


Simia | Trog. | Trog. Gorilla, à 
| Somat niger. | maie. |female. wes 
From the posterior jiire of the wo to margin of 

incisors 6 | 7.3 |12.0 | 9.10} 9.6 
xreatest lateral diameter of cranium at post auditory 
s 5.4 | 4.6 | 6.1 | 52 | 5-4 
Smallest lateral diameter of cranium behind orbits 2.6 | 2.8 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 3-4 
- Diameter of face across zygomata 6.0 | 4.8 | 6.5| 5.5 | 5-7 
[Diameter of face outside of orbits 4.2 | 40 | 4.9 | 43 | 49 
|From posterior plane of occiput to fronto- nasal suture 4.7 | 6.3 | 7.3 | 6.5 - 
x |From fronto-nasal suture to marg x inc 44 |4,4 | 4.81 4.519 
‘Breadth of zygomatic fossa 1.1$|-1.7 | 1-4] -a 
Inter orbitar s ; Dose oe one. 5-L DIDA DAE 1 
Lateral diameter of orbit . `. VS LITICE Der 
Vertical | “ fa aaa ui oo oi ac aided NE 
Length of bony sell : : : 3.3 | 2.10| 3.7 | 3.4 | 17 
Length of lower j jaw r from ee to sy mphysis .16.215.0(1 2.0] 65 s 
$ 5.6 | 3.8 z 
From dis to condyl La ee 3.10| 2.5 ee 
Breadth between v angles (inside) . uy . 3.9 | 1.10| 4.5 | 3.8 7 
[Breadth of ram : 2 27:012] 1-00 Seen 
Height o : : ; 2.4 | 4.6 | 4.3 2. 
"p ER EXTREMITY. 7.0 
Length of scapula al along base : -I 5l e a 
S 24 6: j 
; 2.0 
extremity ty of. spine from upper angle 4.5. 
s ppe E 13.4 |10.9 [17.0 a~ 
LI LI LI - . ^ LI 1234 10.0 1 im 
pr fe v Tc Hos [a= 10.6 
| PELVIS. 
Length d ee ; e P NOS : 3.4 | 6.0 
3.4 |2.6 | 3.7 
Breadth of pelris between spinous processes of ilia |11.5 | 9.3 oe i ; 
: 4.9 | 4.2 | 8.0 | 7- 
Length » be exit n " 9.10| 9.10/14.0 |12.0 | 
ntero-posterior diameter of pelvis from symphysis 
f base of sacrum . $ aii 5.5 | 5.0 8.0 
rse diameter of — M RM ee 4.0 | 3.5 ae 
symphysis ^. | 2.0 | 1.6 | 3.0 | 2.3 
diameter of obturator fura 1.9 | 1.7 | 2-1 | 2-2 
outside of on Ming ischii te to ; thai ofthe other | 5.8 | 6.0 5.8 
OWE; MITY. s 
wea oe uer ce MES NES UN 
: XE 9.0 | 8.5 {11.5 
bof ERTEBRUE — 12th. DORSAL, 
| Transverse diene ter mare E x 
: Antero-posterior “ ^ E g 0.9 z 
S Vertical diameter of anterior face . i ; P 9. of 
pot * ose Es 0.9 
SE hie patecior dài L * 
ro- ior iameter (ug Es PRS 0 
Transverse diameter . . . edes i 
Vertical ie . eso s 0. 
io To ee 0 


Rogerio er c PE 


Araneides of the United States. 443 


EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 


I. Head of Male, profile. In this view, are to be seen the 
imn developed inter-parietal crest and superciliary ridges, the broad 
and curved aH arches, and the expanded ramus of the lower jaw. 


Prate I. Head of Female, profile. The attr PAR crest here 
exists in a ditare condition only, and the ramu e lower jaw is 
much more narrow than in the male, but the curve ot ES zygomatie arch 
is quite acp 


Prate III. d of Mate, front view. This represents the head so 
placed dis the bea of the lower jaw is horizontal, in which position the 
cranium proper almost disappears behind the superciliary ridges. The 
occipital crest cannot be seen in this position. "The middle incisors of the 
upperjaw were missing. 

Prare IV. Fic. 1. Head of Female, front view. The teeth of 
this head are irregularly arranged i in the lower jaw; the canine of the 
right side is opposed to the lateral incisor of the upper jaw, and the right 
middle incisor is to the left of the median line. 

Fic. 2. An ideal representation of the teeth of the female. 


ART. XXXV.— DESCRIPTIONS AND FIGURES OF THE ARANEIDES 
sag THE UNITED STATES. By Nicuotas Marcerius HENTZ, Tuscaloosa, 
1 abam Bog i Kee 


[Continued from Vol. V. page 370.] 


Genus THomisus.  Walck. 


Characters. — Cheliceres small, cuneiform, fang . 
maille pointed at tip, more or less inclined over rho ; 
lip pointed at tip, wider in the middle than at base, as long 


| as, or longer than, half the length of the maxille ; eyes eight 


equal or subequal, commonly in two rows of four each, the 


_ Posterior one longest, bent from the base towards the anterior 
One ; feet, commonly the first and second pair longest, or the 
second al 


cond alone longest. : ae 
Habits. Araneides wandering after prey, making no web, | L 


444 Hentz's Descriptions of the 


but casting irregular threads, cocoon flattened, usually placed 
under leaves, watched by the mother till the young are 
hatched. 

Remarks. Well was it remarked by Walckenaer, that a 
subgenus so easily recognized as Tuomisus is nevertheless 
excessively difficult to characterize. There is not one feature 
save the small size of the cheliceres, a secondary character, 
which is not liable to vary in the different species, and yet, 
the sub-division is a natural one. Nay, the sub-genus Puiro- 
DROMAS Which seems to correspond to my first tribe, the Dz- 
PRESS, does not appear to be sufficiently characterized to be 
separated from this, at least if my Tuomisus vuLcanis can be 
referred to it. 


Secrion I. HETEROPOD.E. Four posterior legs shortest. 


Tribe I. Derressæ. Legs very long, equal in thick- 
ness, body flattened. ; 


i. THOMISUS VULGARIS. 
Plate XXIII. Fig. 1. 


Description. Pale grey, abdomen with four impressed dots, 
body flat; legs with indistinct darker rings. 

Observations. "This spider, commonly seen on fencing or 
prostrate timber, like those of the same genus, moves side- 
ways and backwards, but it is much more active than T. 
celer. When pursued by an enemy, like Arrus and EPeina, 
it leaps and hangs by a thread, which supports it in the alr. 

Habitat. United States. 


Tribe II. Caxwcmoipes. Legs very long, four anterior 
. ones largest, abdomen oval. 
2. THOMISUS ALEATORIUS. 

Plate XXIII. Fig. 2. : ue 
m. Cephalothorax greenish yellow, region ate : 


Araneides of the United States. 445 


eyes reddish with whitish lines between and before the eyes, 
trophi piceous ; abdomen yellow with six impressed dots, yel- 
low underneath ; feet, two first pair piceous, third and fourth 
greenish yellow. A small species. 

Observations. This little spider is not rare, usually found 
on plants. 

Habitat. Alabama, September. 


Tribe. IIT. Pyrironmes. Legs moderately long, abdo- 
men pyriform. 


3. THOMISUS FEROX, 
Plate XXIII. Fig. 3. 


Description. Brownish yellow ; cephalothorax with a dusky 
band each side, abdomen with four or six angular pron 
spots ; two anterior pair of feet hairy. 

Observations. 'This common species is found on plants 
With the same habits as T. celer. I have found in Alabama, 
in April, a male and a female on a bush; the male was grasp- 
ing her with his long legs. His abdomen was not truncated, 
and its marking was somewhat different from that of the 
female. This spider is apt to vary in color and marking. 

Habitat. United States. 


4. THOMISUS FARTUS. 
Plate XXIII. Fig. 4. 


— Description. Pale yellow ; cephalothorax with an amigo 

fascia in the region of the eyes; abdomen with a marginal red 

: band not reaching the apex, and five or seven impressed A 

.. the band sometimes obsolete. 

4 _ Observations. This elegant species first found on. the 

| 4 spicata in the Cambridge botanic garden, and often 

cen | since in various places, is always found on plants. It —— 
atches its cocoon, which is attached usually under a leaf, eun 


446 Hentz's Descriptions of the 


like that of a Coccinella, and remains near, till the eggs are 
hatched. It varies in marking, and I have one species with 
red spots on the back of the abdomen. It is nevertheless 
distinct from T. celer, and may be T. citreus, Règne An. IV. 


Habitat. Massachusetts, Alabama. 


5. THOMISUS CELER. 
Plate XXIII. Fig. 5. 


Description. Pale yellow, with a slight tinge of grass 
green, particularly the legs. "Two curved rows of impressed 
dots on the abdomen ; lateral eyes not borne on tubercles. 

Observations. This spider is found usually on blossoms, 
where it remains, patiently waiting for Diptere, other small 
insects, and even butterflies, which it secures with amazing 
muscular power. It moves backwards and sideways more 
commonly than forwards. Sometimes seen larger, though 
ES never attaining great dimensions. 

Habitat. Found in South Carolina, North Carolina, Mas- 
sachusetts, Alabama, Ohio, &c. : 


Tribe IV. Ocurarx. External eyes borne on tubercles, 
eyes equal, 


6. THOMISUS PIGER. 


Plate XXIII. Fig. 6. 


Araneides of the United States. 447 
è 


7. THOMISUS ASPERATUS. 
Plate XXIII. Fig. 7. 


Description. Pale, covered with short bristles ; cephalotho- 
rax, outer eyes of second row tuberculated, with two blackish 
bands, and a few longer bristles about the eyes; abdomen 
pale brown above, pale glabrous underneath ; feet, first and 
second pair with brown rings, third and fourth with fewer 
bristles. 

Observations. This spider, which is found on plants, seems 
quite distinct from any other, though the species of this sub- 
genus are very variable. 

Habitat. Alabama. September. 


8. THOMISUS PARVULUS. 


Plate XXIII. Fig. 8. 


Description. Rufous; abdomen yellowish with a trans- 
verse band black, near the apex ; third and fourth pair of legs 
greenish or yellowish ; first and second pair longer and slen- 
der in the male. 

Observations. 'The external eyes appear to be larger, on 
account of their being placed on elevations. This species is 
common, and frequently found on the blossoms of umbellif- 
erous plants, 

Habitat. The Southern States. 


Tribe V. Tusercunats. A tubercle on the abdomen, 
.— “ternal eyes larger, tuberculated. 
9. THOMISUS CAUDATUS. 

Plate XXIII. Fig. 9. 


E — Description. Dusky; abdomen with a tubercle or tail 

. behind above the apex, about six small black dots on the disk ; 
Pale beneath, with a longitudinal band, and sides blackish ; 

feet, 3 TE : | 


448 Hentz's Descriptions of the 


Observations. This species is not rare. It is sometimes 
found wandering in mid-winter. The eyes are unequal in 
size, the two lower external ones are largest, and the four ex- 
ternal ones are borne on tubercles. 

Habitat. Alabama. 


Section IJ. EQIPEDES. Four posterior legs not inva- 
riably the shortest. 

Tribe VI. Fiuurrepes. Feet slender, long, second pair 
longest, then the fourth. 


10. THOMISUS? DUTTONI. 
Plate XXIII. Fig. 10. 


Description. Pale grey ; cephalothorax with a longitudi- 
nal rufous band ; abdomen long and slender, with a like nar- 
row band, and two minute black dots near the apex; legs 
yellowish, 2. 4. 1. 3. 

Observations. ‘This singular spider was communicated to 
me by Mr. Thomas R. Dutton, who collected it in Georgia in 
1838. The alcohol in which it was preserved may have 
changed its colors. 

Habitat. Georgia. 


Tribe VII. not determined ; eyes in four rows. 


11. THOMISUS? DUBIUS. 
Plate XXIII. Fig. 11. 

Description. Pale; cephalothorax with two slender lon- 
gitudinal blackish lines edged with greenish ; abdomen with a 
similar green edged line, which bifurcates towards the base; 
and has one small black dot on each bifurcation; feet, first 
pair wanting, second very long, fourth next, third shortest. 

Observations. This singular spider was unfortunately mu- 
tilated when discovered, and the drawing was left unfinished, 

_as I hoped other specimens would occur ; none however, were 
. ever found. There is an affinity in some points between 
oe x . Habitat. North Carolina. 


Araneides of the United States. 449 


THOMISUS? TENUIS. 
Plate XXIII. Fig. 12. 

Description. 'Testaceous, downy ; cephalothorax with a 
longitudinal white band, and a tuft of hair between the eyes ; 
abdomen with two interrupted longitudinal whitish fillets, four 
long nipples; feet bristly, 2. 1.2 3. | 

Observations. 'This is undoubtedly congeneric with my 
Thomisus dubius. But knowing nothing of their webs nor of 
habits, | still refrain from making any generic distinction. 
These will probably form the type of a new sub-genus. This 
one was found enclosed in the clay nest of a Sphex. 


. Habitat... Alabama. 
Genus Crvuzriowa. Latr. 


Characters. — Cheliceres long, fang moderately long ; 
maxille parallel, wider above the insertion of the palpi, lip 
widest in the middle ; eyes eight, equal, in two rows, the 
lower one nearly straight ; feet, the fourth or the first pair 
longest ; body usually of a pale or livid color. 

_ Habits. Araneides sedentary, watching their prey, and 
Inclosing themselves in silk tubes ; cocoon orbicular. 

Remarks. This sub-genus like Thomisus, cannot be char- 
acterized with any precision, owing to the variations in the 
form of the trophi, the position of the eyes, &c. It is nev- 
ertheless a natural subdivision of Aranea. The species com- 
Posing it have nocturnal habits; little therefore, is known of 
their history. They dwell under leaves, under bark or stones, 
Where they may be found in silk tubes, from which they 
seldom issue during the day. proe e o: 

Tibet- Daxapzs. Eyes, posterior row bent toward the 
base, fourth pair of legs longest, then the second. 

: 1. CLUBIONA PALLENS. 

Plate XXIII. Fig. 13. 

white ; abdomen varied with plumbeous 


T. 


- Descri iption. Livid 


450 Hentz's Descriptions of the 


spots above, and four small dots near the apex underneath ; 
feet, 49 13 Both sexes alike. 

Observations. This spider is found in silk tubes, con- 
cealed under the bark of decaying trees, where it spends 
the winter. 'There isa spotless variety which may prove a 
distinct species. 

abitat. North Carolina, Alabama; common. : 
2. CLUBIONA OBESA. 
Plate XXIII. Fig. 14. 


Description. 'lestaceous or brownish, abdomen with a 
longitudinal more or less distinct brown band above. 

Observations. This spider, usually found concealed in 
silk tubes, was sometimes seen in the blossoms of the Mag- 
nolia seeking for prey. It is perfectly distinct from Clubiona 
inclusa. 
Habitat. . Massachusetts, North Carolina, Alabama. 


"Tribe IL Hamaprvyapes. Eyes, posterior row bent from 
the base, lip emarginate, first pair of legs longest. 
3. CLUBIONA PISCATORIA. 
Plate XXIII. Fig. 15. 

Description. Dingy rufous; eyes sub-equal, two middle 
ones larger ; abdomen pale, piceous, with a sub-obsolete spot 
near the base, four nipples, two external ones bi-articulate. 
Feet long, 1.4. 9. 3. 

Observations. The, difference between the eyes of this 
and those of my Clubiona obesa prevents my referring them 
to the same species. The pulmonary orifices are white, un- 
der a gloss. This spider made an even web like AGELENA- 
Wandering at night. 

Habitat. Alabama. 

4. CLUBIONA TRANQUILLA. 

` Plate XXIIL Fig. 16. 

„Deep rufous or piceous; abdomen greyish 
impressed | dots. 


fk with bie 


Araneides of the United States. 451 


Observations. It is difficult to learn much of the habits 
of this spider, which moves chiefly at night. A male anda 
female were found in Alabama in July, in the folds of an old 
' piece of paper, near a silk tube of extreme whiteness, which 
was probably destined to receive the eggs. Always found in 
a tube except at the approach of winter, when it is sometimes 
found wandering. 

Habitat. Common in the United States. 


Tribe IIL. Nympux. External eyes approximated, lip 
emarginate, first pair of legs longest. 


5. CLUBIONA INCLUSA. 
Plate XXII. Fig. 18. 

Description. Livid white, or pale yellow ; cheliceres, last 
joints of all the feet and of the palpi tipped with black ; a 
longitudinal dusky line beginning at base of the abdomen. 

Observations. This spider was always found in tubes of 
white silk, the female watching her cocoon, which is covered 
With a very thin coat of silk ; the eggs are loose and not glued 
together. It probably moves out only at night, as its pale 
Color indicates. The young are deeper in color even than 
the mother. 

Habitat. South Carolina, North Carolina, &c. 


Tribe IV. Fort. External eyes not touching, lip trun- 
x d at tip, fourth pair of legs longest. 


6. CLUBIONA FALLENS. 

Plate XXIII. Fig. 17. | 

Description. Yellowish or rufous; cephalothorax with 
blackish lines; abdomen pale, with two rows of sub-obsolete 
dots, and two abbreviated rows of smaller ones obscure, same 
color underneath ; feet hairy, particularly the third and fourth 
Pair, in the female, «1.23 and in the male Tras. The 
Sexes marked alike. 

_ Observations. Were it not that the eyes are differently 


459 Hentz's Descriptions of the 


placed, this might be taken for C. celer. Males and females 
were found in silk tubes constructed on leaves. A male was 
found in November, with imperfect blackish rings on the legs; 
one more distinct at the base of the antepenult joint. Isita 
variety or a distinct species? 

Habitat. Alabama. October, November. 


7. CLUBIONA GRACILIS. 
Plate XXIII. Fig. 19. 

Description. Yellowish; cephalothorax with two longi- 
tudinal bluish bands; abdomen with two longitudinal bands 
of numerous small red dots, the bands uniting towards the 
apex; feet, hairy, 4 19.3. "The sexes alike. rid 

Observations. This very active spider is often seen in mid- 
winter on a mild day apparently migrating in great numbers, 
being supported in the air by a long thread, and borne by the 


breeze. Once, many were seen in December, thus approach-: 


ing alarge tree, under the bark of which they probably "E 
tended to hibernate. A variety, perhaps a distinct species, 
was found, destitute of dots or bands; it was concealed in a 
silk tube on a leaf. 

Habitat. North Carolina, Alabama. 


8. CLUBIONA CELER. 
Plate XXIII. Fig. 20. 

Description. Pale ; cephalothorax with angular markings 
near the edge, and some lines; abdomen pubescent, with in- 
distinct dots; feet, hairy. Male resembling the female in 
every point of markings. . 

Observations. This little spider was found in December, 
suspending itself from a thread, and moving with great activity: 
A male somewhat larger than the scale was found in Alabama, 
April, wandering about at night. 

Habitat. . North Carolina, Alabama. 


vinted at tip, feet variable. 


Tribe V. Cavernosm. Eyes in two sub-par allel a 


Araneides of the United States. 453 


9. CLUBIONA? AGRESTIS. 
= Plate XXIII. Fig. 21. 

Description. Livid green ; abdomen purplish brown, with 
four impressed dots; feet, 1. 4. 2. 3. Male of a-piceous 
color. 

Observations. The male and the female were found un- 
dera stone. The female has two curved rigid shining eleva- 
tions under the vulva, forming an arch open towards the base. 
It is with some hesitation that I place this species in this sub- 
division. 

Habitat. Alabama. March. 

I0. CLUBIONA IMMATURA. 
Plate XXIII. Fig. 22. 

Description. Yellowish rufous, middle lower eyes black; 
abdomen immaculate pale green; legs with very short hairs, 
dak 9.3. 
` Observation. 'This was found in a cellar. 

Habitat. Alabama. October. 


Tribe VI. Not determined. 


11. CLUBIONA ? SUBLURIDA. 
Plate XXIV. Fig. 1. 

Description. Pale yellowish ; cheliceres very large; ab- 
domen with two obscure sub-obsolete lines, same color beneath 
With a few minute brown spots ; feet, long, slender, 1. 4. 9. 3. 
T Observations. This spider was found upon a bush, with- 
out any web, It displayed great activity and vigor. When 
t rest it had its legs spread out. 

Habitat. Alabama. July. 

12. CLUBIONA ? SALTABUNDA. 
Plate XXIII. Fig. 23. 


— Description. Pale; cephalothorax with a few obscure . 
. Marks near the edge, palpi with bristles; abdomen with two 


494 Hentz’s Descriptions of the 


rows of blackish dots, and a few minute ones towards the 
sides ; pectus with a scolloped black line on each side ; venter 
with four or five small spots, and many small dots black ; feet, 
slender, 1. very long, 4. 2. 3. à; 
Observations. This spider is found in the fields, wander- 
ing, and running with great activity. It leaps like Arrus, and 
like it too, it leaves a thread behind to secure its flight. A 
female found in November, made a tube or tent as a residence 
in the vial in which it was enclosed. ‘The male resembles the 
female. Probably congeneric with Clubiona ? sublurida. 
Habitat. Alabama. May, November. 


13. CLUBIONA? ALBENS. 
Plate XXIII. Fig. 24. 

Description. Pale bristly ; abdomen deeper in color, ven- 
ter with its base and three spots, pale green, pectus with a 
line each side, pale green, nipples, four long ones and two 
short. Feet, very long and slender, 1. 4. 2. 3. First much 

longest. i 

Observations. This is undoubtedly related to my C. sal- 
tabunda, and with it will probably constitute a new subgenus 
at some future time. 

Habitat. Alabama. 


Genus HerryLLUs. Mihi. 
SiLLIMAN's J. Vol. XXI. p. 102. 

Characters. Cheliceres moderately large, without teeth ; 
mazille parallel, wider above the insertion of the palpi, cul 
obliquely above; lip about half the length of the mavilla, 
narrower towards the point ; eyes, eight, sub-equal in two 
parallel rows of four each, both commonly bent towards the 
base; feet, the fourth pair longest, then the first, then the 
second, the third being the shortest. 

Habits. Araneides wandering after prey, making no web, 
but running about with great swiftness, and hiding under 
tones, crevices, &c. Cocoon unknown. 


T OA qu. 


Araneides of the United States. 455 


Remarks. This sub-genus, very closely related to CLusiona, 
is very well characterized notwithstanding the similarity. The 
character derived from the respective length of the legs is 
very constant, showing the property of being fast runners in 
all the species of this division. 

In habits they differ wholly from Crvsrowa, being in fact 
wandering Araneides. "The swiftness with which they run is 
truly surprising. They are not exclusively nocturnal, being 
often seen to run in the brightest sunshine. 


Tribe I. Brevirepes. Legs strong, rather short, maxilla 
long, cut obliquely above. 


1. HERPYLLUS ECCLESIASTICUS. 
Plate XXIV. Fig. 2. 


- Description. Black; cephalothorax with a whitish longi- 
tudinal band ; abdomen with an abbreviated band, and a spot 
ite. 

Observations. ‘This spider is not rare, found between 
boards and crevices in dark places ; running very fast, chiefly 
at night; I never could find its cocoon or its permanent 
dwelling-place. 

Habitat. The United States. 


2, HERPYLLUS ATER. 


Plate XXIV. Fig. 3. 
a Deseription, Deep glossy black, immaculate, feet rather 
ort, 


Observations. This species, readily distinguished from H. 
descriptus, Which has long slender legs, is found running with 
Sreat rapidity on paths and frequented places. It is diurnal, 
and when pursued it seeks shelter under stones or leaves. It 
has the same habits with H. bicolor, to which it is related. 
 "Hübitat, Pennsylvania, New England. 


456 Hentz's Descriptions of the 


3. HERPYLLUS BICOLOR. 
Plate XXIV. Fig. 4. 

Description. Rufous; abdomen bluish black, with about 
six impressed dots. Male same colors. 

Observations. This common species is found usually on 
the ground or under stones, leaves, &c., running with great 
rapidity. The female almost invariably kills the male and 
eats him, after the calls of nature are satisfied. It is related 
to H. ater. 

Habitat. North Carolina, Alabama, and probably the 
United States. 


4. HERPYLLUS BILINEATUS. 
Plate XXIV. Fig. 5. 


Description. Whitish ; cephalothorax above, and abdomen 
above and beneath with two longitudinal black bands some- 
what curved; feet yellowish. Male with the same marks. 

Observations. This spider is remarkably active, usually 
found on trees. No species of this sub-genus is more distinct, 
and invariably spotted in the same manner. It is not rare. 

Habitat. North Carolina, Alabama. 


5. HERPYLLUS ORNATUS. 
Plate XXIV. Fig. 6. 

Description. Golden. rufous ; abdomen with abbreviated 
and interrupted transverse bands blick; feet, yellowish, varied 
with black, thighs of two anterior pairs of legs black. " 

Observations. Wandering on paths, and very active, in 
woods or unfrequented places. The young usually has pri 
abdomen black, with transverse whitish bands which are 
formed by hairs. 

Habitat. North Carolina. 


6. HERPYLLUS DESCRIPTUS. 
Plate XXIV. Fig.7. 
editos Black ; abdomen with an basti longi- 


Araneides of the United States. 457 


tudinal band, golden rufous; two anterior pairs of legs with 
last three joints brownish or paler. 

Observations. There are probably several species very 
similar to this. A large specimen was found in Alabama, 
with no yellow spot on its abdomen, its legs with a few stout 
bristles, its two posterior thighs had two whitish bands above, 
and the base of its abdomen had a whitish spot, these bands 
and spot formed by short hairs. Another specimen occurred 
with the whole disc of the abdomen red, the abdomen hada 
peduncle one third the length of the cephalothorax, the chel- 
iceres were more prominent. Are these two distinct species ? 
This is closely related to H. ornatus. 

Habitat. North Carolina, Alabama. 


7. HERPYLLUS CROCATUS. 
Plate XXIV. Fig. 8. 


Description. Piceous black; abdomen darker, with a 
saffron-colored band widening towards the apex, blackish 
beneath ; feet, fourth pair hairy. 

Observations. This species inhabits houses, hiding in 
cracks, under boards, &c. It does not vary in marking, and 
55 very well characterized. 

Habitat. Alabama. November. 


8. HERPYLLUS LONGIPALPUS. 
Plate XXIV. Fig. 9. 


Description. Black ; palpi nearly as. long as the cephalo- 
lorax ; abdomen with sub-obsolete transverse white bands ; 
feet spotted with white ; immaculate black underneath. 
Observations. The spots and bands in this, as well as in 
most of the other species of this sub-genus, are produced by 
Scales or hairs which are quite deciduous, and hence there 
"I Many varieties of markings. This spider moves with the 
"apidity of lightning. 
"Habitat. Alabama. September. - 


. 498 Hentz's Descriptions of íhe 


9. HERPYLLUS MARMORATUS. 
Plate XXIV. Fig. 10. 

Description. Black, varied with whitish markings formed 
by deciduous scales; feet, 4. 1. 2. 3. Fourth pair stoutest. 

Observations. This can scarcely be the male of my H. 
longipalpus. 

Habitat. Alabama. 

10. HERPYLLUS VARIEGATUS. 
Plate XXIV. Fig. 12. 

Description. Cephalothorax ‘rufous; abdomen blackish 
with three whitish bands, the middle one as an inverted 1; 
feet, varied with piceous and rufous. 

Observations. 'This spider, drawn from a specimen col- 
lected by Prof. Peck of Massachusetts, was immersed in spirits 
ten or twelve years at least, before it was painted. The colors 
may not be correctly represented in consequence of that. A 
specimen was found in North Carolina, and also one in Ken- 
tucky, in a silk tube, which had only two bands on the abdo- 
men, and the external eyes of which were placed nearer 
together. These will probably be found to belong to another 
species. 

Habitat. Massachusetts ? 

11. HERPYLLUS CRUCIGER. 
* Plate XXIV. Fig. 11. 

Description. Gray ; abdomen with spots and dots black. 

Observations. This spider is really black, but covered 
with grey hairs or scales which ean be easily rubbed off, and 
which are arranged on the abdomen somewhat in the form of 
a cross. It moves with great celerity, and hides under 
stones, &c. 

Habitat. North Carolina. 

12. HERPYLLUS VESPA. 
Plate XXIV. Fig. 13. 


Description.  Piceous; cephalothorax with the middle 


i Araneides of the United States. 459 


lower eyes black ; abdomen usually deeper in color, with four 
impressed dots, separated from the cephalothorax by a whitish 
peduncle, utiderücdth with a pale spot over each pulmonary 
orifice, 

Observations. This spider, like other congeneric species, 
runs very fast and conceals itself under stones. It is com- 
mon. It may be that Agelena plumbea will be referred to this. 

Habitat. Alabama. 


13. HERPYLLUS ? RAMULOSUS. 
Plate XXIV. Fig. 14. 
Description; Obscure brown ; abdomen with two diverg- 
ing bands and several spots pale Sines; spotless pale beneath. 
Observations. This may be referred to Cuusrona, as it 
bears some affinity to C. celer and others. 
Habitat. Alabama. May. 
14, HERPYLLUS? PYGM(EUS. 
Plate XXIV. Fig. 16. 


Description. Piceous ; sd and palpi paler; feet, 451.3. 
A very small species. 

Observations. This species is referred to this division with 
but little hesitation. It is probably not common. It was 
found wandering. 

Habitat. Alabama. August. 


Tribe IL Lonerepes. Legs slender, long, maxilla 
short, truncated. 

15. HERPYLLUS? AURATUS. 
Plate XXIV. Fig. 15. 

Description, Bright rufous ; abdomen brilliant zy color 
above and beneath, with four ikada white lines above, 
and four on the sides towards the base, with a tinge of silvery 
Steen around the vulva in the female; feet, filiform, long and 

Z uae towards the extremity, particularly the fourth 


460 Hentz's Descriptions of the 


Observations. This beautiful slender species moves like a 
mouse, and with such rapidity, as to make it quite an arduous 
undertaking to capture it. The male and female have been 
repeatedly found with the same colors and marking. One 
specimen, soon after being inclosed in a glass tube, made a 
beautifully wrought tent like that of Arrus, open at both 
ends. It would seem that this spider has a fixed place of 
abode, from which it issues for hunting excursions, for a female 
was observed by some children, several times on the same 
plant, repeatedly escaping to the ground when pursued, until 
it was at last taken in the very same spot. A female ina 
state of gravidity was found September 30th, agreeing 1n 
every description except in having obscure bands in the form 
of an A ; about four distinct ones, near the apex. 

Habitat. Alabama. August, October. 


16. HERPYLLUS ZONARIUS. 
Plate XXIV. Fig. 17. 

Description. Brown ; abdomen piceous, with two trans 
verse white bands interrupted in the centre, unspotted beneath ; 
feet varied with brown and yellowish. A small species. : 

Observations. This little spider is probably not a variety 
of H. auratus. Its feet are not so filiform. It runs WI 
great celerity. 

Habitat. Alabama. September. 


17. HERPYLLUS TRILINEATUS. 
Plate XXIV. Fig. 18. 


Description. Rufous; abdomen with three transverse 
golden yellow lines or bands produced by hairs, rufous un- 
spotted beneath; feet, slender and long, paler towards the 
extremity, penult joint blackish, particularly of the first and 
second pair. Both sexes alike. 

Observation. This spider was found wandering- 

Habitat. Alabama. April, May. 


Araneides of the United States. 461 


18. HERPYLLUS PARCUS. 
Plate XXIV. Fig. 19. 


Description. Rufous; abdomen with some transverse sub- 
obsolete obscure bands near the apex, where the abdomen is 
covered with hair which turns pale green in a certain light, 
pale underneath ; first two pair of legs with two rows of knobs 
on which long hairs are inserted. A small species. 

Observations. This spider is usually found under logs in 
the woods. It is strongly characterized, and cannot be taken 
for any other. The hairs or bristles on the knobs of the legs 
are laid close on the leg, and are not visible to the naked eye 
on that account ; they are probably susceptible of voluntary 
Motion, for defence. ` 

Habitat. Alabama. July, September. 


19. HERPYLLUS ALARIUS. 
Plate XXIV. Fig. 20. 


Description. Cephalothorax pale rufous, with a scolloped 
Margin darker; abdomen obscure piceous with four or five 
transverse bent lines yellowish ; feet, pale, first. pair. with the 
top of the thighs and the two next joints blackish hairy, se- 
cond pair with a blackish ring on the antepenult joint. A 
small species, z 

Observation. This species was found under a board. 

Habitat. Alabama. 


Tribe III. Doubtful. 
20. HERPYLLUS? DUBIUS. 
Plate XXIV. Fig. 24. 

Description. Black; abdomen with two white spots ; feet 
rufous, thighs black. 

 VOservalions. This species, unfortunately not completely 
Painted, was found running on walls. 
Hbi South Carolina. 


469 . Hentz's Descriptions of the 


Genus 'TEcENania.. Latr. Walck. 


Characters. Cheliceres moderately long ; maaxille parallel, 
rounded, very slightly inclined towards the lip ; lip short, 
rounded at tip; eyes eight, equal, in two rows, anterior one 
composed of four eyes in a straight line, posterior one 
longer, curved towards the base ; feet, fourth pair longest, 
then the first, the other two nearly equal. 

Habits. Araneides sedentary, making in obscure corners 
an horizontal web, at the upper part of which is a tubular 
habitation where the spider. remains motionless till some in- 
sect be entangled in the threads. 

Remarks. The distinction first proposed by Latreille 
between this and the Acetena of Walckenaer should be pre- 
served. The habits of the spiders differ considerably, and 
the position of the eyes is so different as to point out the 
necessity of a separation. I would have preserved the name 
pne to this division ; but confused ideas would arise from 

ributing to a Viligims the name, which, though legitimate, 
esa more properly to the whole family of spiders. 

These make webs of slender texture in dark places without 
the addition of the strong cross threads which AGELENA adds 
to the horizontal texture. It is only at night that d can be 
seen at work in the construction of their webs. 


|. 1. TEGENARIA MEDICINALIS. 
JOURNAL or THE Acan. or Nar. Sc. Puran., II. p. 53, pl. V. fig. hs 
Plate XXIV. Fig. 21. 
Description. Pale brown ; turning to bluish black ; ceph- 
. alothorax with a blackish pii on each side; abdomen và 
with black, or plomboous and brown; feet varied with black- 
ish. 2 
Observations. This species which was described by the 
author in the Journal quoted above, is found in every — 
dark place in the country. For some time the use of its 


Araneides of the United States. 463 


asa narcotic in cases of fever, was recommended by many 
physicians in this country; but now it is probably seldom 
used. The author being absent from Philadelphia when the 
second volume of the Journal was published, a strange mis- 
take was committed. "The publishers caused a delineation of 
my Lycosa lenta to be printed instead of the original draw- 
ihg of this species, which was probably lost; and as soon as 
they were informed of the error, they caused an imperfect 
delineation of this species to be substituted, which may be 
seen on Plate V., along with some representations of crystals 
of Zircon, published by Dr. G. Troost. The palpi of the 
male of this spider are very complicated, as may be seen by 
the drawing. The colors vary much. 

On the 28th of February, I observed a male specimen of 
this species in a dark corner, apparently devouring another 
spider. On moving them with a straw I discovered that the 
other was a female of the same species, and not dead, but 
With its legs closely folded on its body, and perfectly motion- 

One of the palpi of the male was buried in the vulva 
of the female, and could not be extricated by the efforts which 
e made to avoid my intruding straw. I threw them on the 
Sround and had ceased to watch them, when suddenly I saw 
| female escaping from him, apparently in great terror. In 
the meanwhile, the male, from whose cheliceres she had 
"aped, had seized a small bit of stick as a substitute, and 
"an about with ludicrous haste, seemingly out of his senses for 
Some time. This fact may prove that the female of spiders is 
hot always the tyrant and oppressor of the other sex. | 
itat. The United States. 


2. TEGENARIA PERSICA. 
discs Plate XXIV. Fig. 23. | 
: Description, Pale gray ; cephalothorax with serrated black: 
lines; abdomen obscure, with about eight pale oblique spots, 
p ntral line blackish, upper mammule very long, obscure 
~ Sata, with indistinct markings; feet varied with many 


464 Hentz's Descriptions of the 


blackish rings. Male not differing from the female; feet, T r 
or £423. A small species. 

Observations. This is quite distinct from T. medicinalis, 
by its size, markings, and particularly by the respective length 
of the legs, the first pair of which is very frequently as long 
as, or longer than, the fourth. It makes its web on the trunk 
of trees, with a winding tube turned downward, very much 
like that of Acgrgxa. I often found it on the peach tree. It 
never was found larger than the mark on the plate. 

Habitat. Alabama. September. 


3. TEGENARIA? FLAVENS. 
Plate XXIV. Fig. 22. 
Description. Yellowish ; cephalothorax rufous; abdomen 
long and slender ; feet slender, 4. 1. 2. 3. iir 
- Observations. I do not remember where this was found, 
and it would be well to know what web it makes. It has all 
the characters of Tecenarta. It must have been some time 
hiskey, and the color may have changed. a 


Genus herme Walck. 


Characters. Cheliceres strong ; maxilla slightly inclined, 
rounded externally ; lip conical, as long as, or more than 
the length of the maille ; eyes eight, equal, two anteriorly, 
four in a row curved anteriorly, two behind the intermediate 
ones of the second line; feet, fourth pair longest, then the 
first, then the second, the third being the shortest, upper 
mammule very long. ti -- 

Habits. Araneides sedentary, making in the fields, on 
bushes or stumps a large horizontal web, with a tubular 
itation, the web connected with strong crossed threads extend- 
- Remarks. The name of Walckenaer is preserved for the 
reasons given in the remarks upon Tecenarta: = 
No spider is more common or familiar to the eye of every 


+ 


Araneides of the United States. 465 


one who rambles in the fields than the first species of this 
sub-genus. Its habitus is totally different from that of Te- 
GENARIA; it is very voracious, attains an immense size, and 
probably lives many years. 


1. AGELENA NZEVIA ? Bosc. 
Plate XXX. Fig. 1, 1a, young. 


Description. Rufous hairy, cephalothorax with two lon- 
gitudinal black bands, abdomen blackish with two longitudinal 
rows of whitish dots. Feet very hairy, with joints terminated 
by a blackish ring. 

Observations. This species, common in the United States, 
makes a large horizontal web, spread on bushes or on the 
grass, with a tubular retreat which terminates in some crevice 
in the ground, a stump, or any convenient hole to hide itself; 
Strong cross threads are attached to the bushes above the web. 
It varies very greatly in size, and is remarkably voracious. 

hen very young it makes its web on the ground, on high- 
Ways; and in the morning, when the earth is covered with 
dew, myriads can be seen in April and May. 

Habitat. Common in all parts of the United States. 


2. AGELENA? PLUMBEA. 
Plate XXX. Fig. 2. 

Description. Pale rufous; abdomen leaden color, with 
four impressed dots, the six nipples long ; same color beneath, 
one pale spot each side of the base of the abdomen, over the 
Pulmonary orifices. 

Observations. This spider was found in North Carolina 
Under a stone, in a silken tube. Another specimen was also 
found under a stone in Alabama; it was discovered watching 
à cocoon made of thin but strong white silk, containing about 
fifty or sixty eggs of a’ whitish color. As its web was not 
seen, it may not belong to this division, and may be ultimately 
referred to HenpvrLvs. 

Habitat, North Carolina, Alabama. 


31 


466 Hentz's Descriptions of the 


Genus Cyrroropnia.. Mihi. 


Characters. Cheliceres small; maille short, inclined 
over the lip ; lip wider than long, triangular ; eyes six, sub- 
equal, two very small, placed near together in the middle, 
two larger far apart placed above, and two placed each on a 
tubercle on the side; feet, fourth pair longest, then the first, 
the third shortest. 

Habits. Araneides sedentary, making a cocoon. 

Remarks. This anomalous spider appears to be related to 
Eprira. I found it in the attitude of one, suspended from a 
thread or web which I would have examined carefully, had I 
not taken it as a new species of that sub-genus. It has cer- 
tainly six eyes only ; its cephalothorax is flattened in the mid- 
dle, being deeply excavated behind ; the last joint of its palpi 
are terminated with a small nail; its abdomen is gibbous and 
rugose, covering anteriorly a great part of the cephalothorax, 
with four mammule and a cauda ; the two anterior pair of 
legs are directed forward, and the other two in the opposite 
direction, so that the sternum has a vacant place in the middle. 

The trophi are nearly those of Errira, but approach TuE- 
RIDIUM. ‘The cheliceres are very small, but capable of recip- 
rocal motion. 

CYLLOPODIA CAVATA. 
Plate XXX. Fig. 3. 

Description. Piceous ; cephalothorax deeply excavated at 
base for the reception of the abdomen; abdomen varied with 
white dots and lines, five tubercles covered with tufts of scales 
on each side above, the second from the base hornlike ; feet, 
4. 1. 2. 3. two anterior pair directed forward, the other two 
turned backwards, leaving a vacant space on the sternum. 

Observations. This was found on a twig near an ErxiRA- 


Habitat. Alabama, October. 
Sub-genus Proprpomus. Mihi. 
Characters. Eyes eight, placed near together, four in 


Araneides of the United States. 467 


front, making a straight row, two on each side, forming a 
curve with the external ones of the first row, and leaving a 
space above, external ones sub-oval, two middle ones round 
and black ; maxille triangular, wide at base, pointed at tip ; 
cheliceres very large, fangs long and bent ; feet <i 2. a. 

Observations. This new sub-genus shews some of the 
characters of Cuusrona and of Tuerripion. I hope some 
future naturalist will give its history and its location in the 
natural arrangement. I know nothing of its habits. 


PRODIDOMUS RUFUS. 
Plate XXX. Fig. 4. 


Description. Rufous ; abdomen deeper above, venter pale, 
four nipples ; feet, 22. 3. 
Habitat. Alabama, in dark cellars. 


Genus ErEina. Walck. 


Characters. Cheliceres short ; maxille parallel, short, wide 
at base, truncated at tip; lip wide, sub-triangular ; eyes 
eight, four in the middle placed in the form of a square, 
two on each side placed near each other diagonally on a 
common eminence ; feet, commonly the first and second long- 
est, the third being the shortest. 

Habits. Araneides sedentary, forming a web composed of 
spiral threads crossed by other threads departing from the 
Centre, often dwelling in a tent constructed above the web. 
vocoon of various form. 

Remarks. 1 endeavored to arrange the numerous species 
of this sub-genus according to the method of Walckenaer ; 
but the characters of Eprira are not very liable to vary, ex- 
cept by the form of its body. The middle eyes offer some 
Variations it is true, and the lateral ones are sometimes placed 
lower: than in others; but I could not avail myself of these 
characters to establish natural subdivisions. ! 

The spiders of this sub-genus are known to every observer 
of nature, Their habits, and particularly their webs, are fa- 


468 Hentz's Descriptions of the 


miliar to every one, "Their history enters into the history of 
man. If it be nota fiction, it was a spider of this section 
which, by making its web at the entrance of the cave con- 
cealing Mahomet, saved the life of the impostor. The de- 
scription of Ovid is sufficient to show that the ill-fated Arachne 
was transformed into an Errira by the Goddess Pallas, or 
rather by the observant poet of Sulmo. [Ovid’s Metamorph. 
VI. p. 141.] 


Tribe I. Ovarx Inermes. Body without spines, gen- 
erally large. 

1. EPEIRA RIPARIA. 
E. FascrATA? R. A. IV. p. 249. 
Plate XXX. Fig. 5. 

Description. Black, cephalothorax covered with silvery 
white hairs, abdomen varied with bright yellow spots and dots. 
Thighs usually bright rufous at base, except the first pair. Of 
a large size, seldom small. 

Observations. This remarkable species usually dwells on 
the margin of waters, where it makes a web of strong threads, 
in which large Libellule and Melolonthz are often caught. 
The abdomen of the female is flat in the early part of the 
season, and it is not till August, that being distended with 
eggs it assumes the oviform shape. Its cocoon is conical, as 
large as a small plum, like a pear hanging down. Whenever 
opened it was found full of young spiders instead of eggs. 
Is it viviparous? 

Habitat. The United States. 

2. EPEIRA FASCIATA? R. A. IV. 249. 
Plate XXX. Fig. 8. ; 
Description. Covered with silvery white hairs ; abdomen 
with about fifteen transverse, nearly interrupted black bands, 


and several yellow marks between; feet rufous with black 
bands, anterior thighs black. 


Araneides of the United States.. 469 


Observations. This spider should be dedicated to the 
greatest Entomologist of this age, (Latreille) if it proves not 
to be the fasciata. No doubt it is related to E. fasciata of 
Europe. (R. A. IV. 249.) It is quite rare in the Southern 
States, but common in New England, particularly in Maine. 
It abounds in meadows, near the ground, where it makes its 
web. An immaculate species was found in North Carolina, 
which may be referred to this, as its abdomen was not distend- 
ed with eggs, and the bands may become apparent when it 
is full. It was surrounded with several males four or five 
times smaller. 

Habitat. United States. 

3. EPEIRA VULGARIS. 
Plate X XX. Fig. 6. 

Description. Pale gray, abdomen piceous, with various 
Winding white marks, a middle one in the form of a cross ; 
feet with piceous rings. 

Observations. This spider is well known even to those 
Who are not attentive observers of nature. Every one 
has noticed | its regular geometrical web, which is fre- 
quently placed near the windows of our houses. It is sub- 
ject to such variations in color and marking that it is quite 
difficult to distinguish several other species from varieties of 
this species. I have once found seventeen varieties of spiders 
enclosed in the nest of a Sruex, called dirt-dauber in the 
Southern States, and each could be referred to this species, 
though they all differed more or less from each other. This 
Species seems domesticated, being seldom found far from our 
gardens. The reason probably is, that it is more secure there 
from its enemy the Sphex. 

Habitat. South Carolina. 

4. EPEIRA DOMICILIORUM. 
Plate XXX. Fig. 7. 

Description. Gray or brownish, covered with coarse white 

hairs ; cephalothorax with a blackish band near the edge; 


410 Hentz's Descriptions of the 


abdomen with many markings of black and dusky surround- 
ing a spot in the form of a cross ; thighs rufous at base, tipped 
with a blackish ring, other joints with dusky rings; abdomen 
underneath with a large black spot, near the centre of which, 
are two white dots. A large species. 

Observations. This spider is often found in dark places, 
and even in dark apartments not much frequented, where it 
makes its web. "The female is supplied with a hook over the 
vulva as in E. diadema. See Régne Animale, IV. p. 218. It 
makes a cocoon of yellow silk in the shape of a button, len- 
ticular, and attached to a solid body. 

Habitat. Alabama. July, September. 


5. EPEIRA SEPTIMA. 
Plate XXX. Fig. 9. 

Description. Rufous, spotless, hairy above ; abdomen with 
two impressed dots above, and with two angular lines yellow- 
ish beneath, thus \ 7, blackish in the centre; feet varied with 
yellowish and deep rufous. 3 

Observations. This large species is not rare, and is found 
more commonly in the Autumn, When caught it spins, 
probably for defence, a large quantity of beautiful white silk 
which it draws out by pressing its posterior feet against the 
abdomen. 

Habitat. North Carolina, Alabama. 


6. EPEIRA INSULARIS. 
Plate XXX. Fig. 10. 

Description. Cephalothorax rufous; abdomen yellow 
with many waving purplish markings ; thighs and proximate 
joints orange with rufous rings, terminal joints white, with 
black rings. A large species. ; 

Observations. This is no doubt related to E. trifolium, 
aureola, and obesa, but the rufous rings which are found x 
all the thighs of this, are wanting in those. Like E. ; 
dorum, the female has a small hook above the vulva. 


Araneides of the United States. 411 


Habitat. Found on an island of the Tennessee, Oct. 13th, 
after some frost. 

7. EPEIRA OBESA. 
Plate XXX. Fig. 11. 

Description. 'Testaceous; abdomen with obscure marks, 
nearly orbicular, feet with joints tipped with rufous. 

Observations. 'This species was found after the first frosts, 
its abdomen still filled with eggs. 

Habitat. Maine. 

8. EPEIRA TRIFOLIUM. 
Plate XXXI. Fig. 1. 

Description. Cephalothorax pale, with three longitudinal 
blackish bands ; abdomen purplish, with many spots and two 
undulated bands white; joints of feet tipped with black, 
posterior thighs with one black ring near the middle. 

Observations. This elegant species is one of those which 
it is very difficult to distinguish from others. It was found 
in houses and near dwellings. 

Habitat. Maine. 

9. EPEIRA AUREOLA. 
Plate XXXI. Fig. 2. 

Description. Pale testaceous; cephalothorax rufous; ab- 
domen orange color with white dots of various sizes; joints of 
feet tipped with rufous, posterior thighs with one rufous ring 
near the middle. 

Observations... This species certainly differs much in mark- 
ings from E. trifolium, and yet, being found after the first 
frosts, it may have changed by the cold,and prove a mere 
Variety of that species. For the present, however, I consider 
it as distinct. - 

. Habitat.. Maine. 
10. EPEIRA LABRYNTHEA. 
Plate XXXI. Fig. 3. 
Description. Reddish brown, abdomen varied with paler 


419 Hentz's Descriptions of the 


spots, and a scolloped white line above, a white longitudinal 
line edged with black, and two white dots near the apex 
beneath; feet rufous, yellowish towards the end; male the 
same, with hairy legs. 

Observations. This very distinct and common species is 
of a middling size, seldom larger than the drawing. Its web 
is very compound, for it unites together that of a Tuerrprom, 
partly that of an AcELENa, and that of an Errira. The web 
peculiar to this sub-genus is in front, then usually a tube like 
that of AcELENA leads from this to one made of crossed 
threads like that of Turnrprom, at the upper part of which is 
constructed a tent covered with dried leaves in the manner of 
shingles, under which it remains sheltered during the day. 
The cocoon is in the shape of a button or flattened cone, 
sometimes brownish above and pale gray beneath ; as many 
as five have been found in a string, one above the other. The 
young when just hatched resemble the mother. The first 
time I found this spider, I also found the first MiugTUS,; which 
had invaded the web of one of these and taken its place, so 
that for a period I thought this species a. transition to that 
sub-genus. But this has all the characters of Errina. 

Habitat. North Carolina, Alabama. 


11. EPEIRA PROMPTA. 
Plate XXXI. Fig. 4. 


Description. Pale bluish; abdomen with two indented 
lines and several spots black; base of the thighs rufous, 8 
black ring between this and the tip, and black rings on the 
other joints. : 

Observations. This very distinct species is very active 
after sunset, running with great speed, and leaping like an 
Arrus. It is motionless during the day. A small specimen 
of this species was found in Alabama, with its abdomen 
underneath, having a central whitish spot. 

Habitat. Massachusetts. Alabama. 


Araneides of the United States. 413 


12. EPEIRA STRIX. 
Plate XXXI. Fig. 5. 


Description. Rufous; abdomen yellowish, with a scol- 
loped blackish band on each side above, and about six black 
dots, a broad black spot underneath, with a yellow lunule on 
each side; feet, with joints terminated by a black band. 

Observations. The male and female were found very 
frequently near streams, where they make perpendicular webs. 
This spider during the day remains strictly concealed near its 
Web, in a dwelling which it constructs with leaves drawn 
together in the manner of a tube by means of threads. 

Habitat. Pennsylvania. Alabama. 

13. EPEIRA THADDEUS. 
Plate XXXI. Fig. 6. 

Description. Cephalothorax rufous; abdomen green, yel- 
lowish towards the base, with a black band on each side of 
the abdomen, piceous underneath, with a yellow spot in the 
centre ; feet orange, varied with rufous and blackish. A some- 
what large species. 

Observations. This species, which is sometimes whitish on 
the abdomen, is nevertheless very readily recognized. I have 
Seen some specimens larger than the delineation. Its dwel- 
ling-place is really beautiful ; it is placed above its web, and 
made of the finest white silk, shining with a satin lustre; its 
shape is that of an inverted thimble, and it is usually placed 
under a leaf bent together for the purpose of affording shelter 
and security, 

Habitat. Alabama. September, October. 

14. EPEIRA HEBES. 
Plate XXXI. Fig. 7. 

Description. Brown, abdomen with several forked lines, 
and two spots black. 

. Observations. This would appear to be an obscure species, 
And not easily distinguished from E. vulgaris ; but, being first 


414 Hentz's Descriptions of the 


described in South Carolina, then seen in North Carolina sev- 
eral years afterwards, I consider it as a distinct species. It is 
perfectly inactive in the daytime, living chiefly on coleopterous 
insects, which it binds up in a few minutes with a strong web 
of silk. 

. Habitat. Southern Atlantic States. 


15. EPEIRA MAURA. 
Plate XXXI. Fig. 8. 

Description. Rufous; abdomen oval, black, highly glossy, 
with yellow spots, underneath blackish, spotted with yellow- 
ish ; feet varied with black rings. A middle size species. 

Observations. This very distinct species was usually found 
in the vicinity of streams of water. 

Habitat. Alabama. April, May, September. 


16. EPEIRA NIVEA. 

: Plate XXXI. Fig 9. 
— Description. White above and beneath ; abdomen nearly 
orbicular, with an oval blackish spot on the disc. rae 

Observations. This spotless species is remarkable for » 
pale color, and in that respect approaches E. alba, but it dif- 
fers from it by the form of its abdomen, and by its more slen- 
der legs. 

Habitat. Alabama. July. 


17. EPEIRA? HAMATA. 
Plate XXXI. Fig. 10. 

Description. Whitish; abdomen with a blackish band 
broad at base, and terminating in a point before uem cn 
feet, (in the male) varied with blackish, with a few long hairs 
second pair with antepenult joint crooked, having one brist 
longer than the rest. 

Observations. 'The characters of this, somewhat depart 
from Errira. The web has not been observed, and the 
female is unknown. Could it be the male of E. nivea? 

Habitat. Alabama. August. 


Araneides of the United States. 415 


18. EPEIRA PRATENSIS. 
Plate XXXI. Fig. 11. 

Description. Yellow; abdomen yellowish rufous, with 
two rows of black dots approaching each other towards the 
apex. 

Observations. This spider, found in a field, was seen 
only once. 

Habitat. Massachusetts. 

19. EPEIRA PLACIDA. 
Plate XXXI. Fig. 12. 

Description. Yellowish or pale rufous; cephalothorax 
With an obscure band and darkish edge; abdomen. varied 
with whitish, brownish lines, and an angular piceous band; 
feet hairy. A small species. 

Observations. This may be distinguished from E. spicula- 
ta by its marking, but particularly by the lower middle eyes, 
Which are farther from each other than the upper ones. It 
makes a perpendicular web. 

Habitat. Alabama. April. 

20. EPEIRA SPICULATA. 
Plate X XXI. Fig. 13. 

Description. Pale or yellowish; cephalothorax ih. a 
narrow blackish band ; abdomen whitish, with a barbed pur- 
Plish black band; feet hairy, with a shade of greenish. A 
Very small species. 

Observations. -This species is very common in the woods, 
making à perpendicular web. 

Habitat. Alabama. September, October. 

21, EPEIRA FOLIATA. 
Plate XXXI. Fig. 14. 

Description. Pale brown; abdomen ovate terminating 

in a joint, with waved black lines, two external almost meet- 


E in: the apex, two internal meeting before or near the 
i 


416 Hentz's Descriptions of the 


Observations. This spider is not unfrequently found on 
weeds and bushes. When at rest it gathers some leaves 
together as a tent. It moves with amazing rapidity. lt is 
quite distinct from E. hedes. 

Habitat. Alabama. June, July. 


22, EPEIRA SANGUINALIS. 
Plate XXXI. Fig. 15. 


Description. Greenish yellow ; abdomen above crimson 
with about three central spots, and two opposed bands scol- 
loped towards the median line, white. A small species. 

bservations. This singularly marked spider was found 
in my cocoonery, suspended from a thread. ; 
i Alabama. July. 


23. EPEIRA BOMBYCINARIA. 
Plate XXXI. Fig. 16. 

Description. | Cephalothorax rufous; abdomen grayish 
above and beneath, above with two white spots near the base, 
two little dots near the middle, and two opposed scolloped 
lines blackish ; feet rufous, varied with black. 

Observations. This spider was found making its web, and 
abiding in my cocoonery. 

Habitat. Alabama. 

24, EPEIRA DISPLICATA. 
Plate XXXI. Fig. 17. 

Description. Yellowish or whitish; cephalothorax with 
two upper middle eyes much. larger than the rest ; abdomen 
with four impressed dots before the middle, and six black dots 
near the apex, each dot surrounded by a pale ring. A sm 
species. : É 

Observations. This spider is very common in the spring 
in low bushes and grass. 

itat. Alabama. May, October. 


Araneides of the United States. ATT 


25. EPEIRA RUBENS. 
Plate XXXI. Fig. 18. 


Description. Red; cephalothorax with the region of the 

eyes black ; abdomen with four impressed dots placed somewhat 
anteriorly ; feet black, except the base of the thighs, which is 
red like the palpi and the rest of the body. A small species, 
about the size of the drawing. 
. Observations. This species is not rare, both sexes having 
been found on perpendicular webs. It will be readily distin- 
guished from L. coccinea, by the form of its abdomen, which 
is nearly orbicular, by its legs, which are short, &c. 

Habitat. Alabama. June, October. 


Tribe II. Ovara Incuinata. Body sub-cylindrical, web 
horizontal. | 
26, EPEIRA HORTORUM. 
Plate XXXI. Fig. 19. 
- Description. ‘Tender green; abdomen above silvery white 
with branching blackish lines, beneath green with yellowish 
lines and an orange spot. 

Observations. This truly elegant and common inhabitant 
of gardens and fields, makes an horizontal web on bushes 
Senerally sheltered from strong winds, which would destroy 
ts slender fabric. Its web is extremely regular, and is a fair 
sample of the skill of the genus Erzira. 

Habitat. All the United States. 

27. EPEIRA GIBBEROSA. 
Plate XXXI. Fig. 20. ; 

Description. Pale yellowish green, body covered with 
round yellow dots; cephalothorax elevated in the middle ; 
abdomen yellowish above, with three longitudinal and several 

lagonal lines purplish black, and three or four transverse 
?r^nge lines, underneath greenish with blackish lines and small 
whitish spots; feet hairy, 1. 4. 2. 3. in all specimens. A 
*Pecies of moderate size. 


418 Hentz's Descriptions, &c. 


Observations. This very distinctly marked species is by 
no means common, dwelling in low grassy places, and making 
sometimes perpendicular, sometimes horizontal webs. Except 
in the respective length of its feet, it is related to E. horto- 
rum. 

Habitat. Alabama. September, October. 


Tribe III. Erowcarz Cyuinpricz. Body elongated, 
cylindrical. 

28. EPEIRA DÍRECTA. 
Plate XXXI. Fig. ?1. 

Description. Pale testaceous ; abdomen oblong, with three 
or four parallel rufous lines on eachside of a central one 
which alone reaches the base. 

Observations. This spider is found generally near water, 
where it makes a perpendicular web on low bushes. When 
approached, it drops down and remains motionless where it 
falls. Its body is very soft. The same was found in Ala- 
bama, differing only in having about four minute blackish dots 
on the second line from the central one on the abdomen. 

Habitat. South Carolina, Alabama. 


29. EPEIRA RUBELLA. 
Plate XXXI. Fig. 22. 
Description. Bright rufous; abdomen oblong, with a 
white longitudinal band ; feet slender; a very small species. 
servations. This little spider was found on a web which 
I think was perpendicular. It may prove to be the young of 
E. directa, but it is not probable. 
Habitat. Alabama. August. 
30. EPEIRA SUTRIX. 
Plate XXXI. Fig. 23. 
Description. Whitish; covered with short silvery ee , 
varied with brownish abbreviated lines, and bands on te 
feet. - 52 


Scymnus Brevipinna. 479 


Observations. This spider, found on the sea shore, has 
the talent of adding to the strength of its web, in places 
where the wind ever moves it, by adding to it strong white 
threads in a zigzag manner, just as a seamstress darns stock- 
ings. This is usually done between two of the concen- 
tric lines, and also in a circular way in the middle of the 
web. 

Habitat. South Carolina, Pennsylvania. 


^ 


ART. XXXVI. — DISSECTION OF SCYMNUS BREVIPINNA. (LEsvEva.) 
By S. KNEzLAND Jr. M. D. 


The first named shark, a female, was recently caught on 
the coast of Massachusetts ; it was 7 feet 9 inches in length ; 
weight 975 pounds; branchial orifices five on each side. 

On opening the abdominal cavity, the peritoneum was white 
and shining, its fibres running obliquely across each other. 

The first organ seen was the liver, which entirely covered 
all the other viscera ; it adhered only at the top, to the dia- 
Phragm. "There were two lobes, meeting on the median line, 
Overlapping each other by their internal thin edge, the left 
overlapping the right: the external border thick and rounded. 
Each lobe 5 feet long, 6 inches wide and 3 thick at top, 
Sradually tapering to a blunt point 4 of an inch wide. Color 
Yellowish-white, with rosy tints here and there: the interior 
of the same light color, containing very little blood. The 
gall bladder, at the top of the left lobe, dipped down under 
the right: of the shape and size of an adult human heart: it 
Was full of a thin, dark yellow bile. Two large vessels, an 
tneh Wide cut open, ran along the internal borders of the liver, 
Sving off and receiving numerous branches to and from its 


Substance, 


480 Kneeland’s Dissection of 


The heart was enclosed in a pericardiac cavity, separated 

from the abdominal cavity by the membranous diaphragm: 
the apex was not adherent. The blood is first received into 
a large sinus, with evident muscular fibres; it passes thence 
into the auricle, through an opening guarded by two valves, 
each an inch in length, having also muscular fibres. The 
auricle measured 2 inches in every diameter: the parietes 
about a line in thickness; muscular fibres numerous but del- 
icate: the auriculo-ventricular orifice cut open, measured 23 
inches, guarded by two equal valves. The ventricle was less 
capacious than the auricle ; the walls very strong and muscular, 
one third of an inch thick. The entrance into the branchial 
artery, cut open, was 12 inches. The commencement of this 
artery very thick and muscular for a length of 24 inches, the 
walls being three lines in thickness; this portion, which 
Cuvier has called “ the bulb,” measured, cut open, 12 inches. 
The bulb presents a double system of valves. 
- Cuvier, in his Comparative Anatomy, mentions the occur- 
rence of valves in the * bulbus arteriosus” of the cartilagin- 
ous fishes; but he gives no particular description of them. 
In an elaborate article by Miiller, (Abhandlungen der Akade- 
mie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1844,) it is said (page 125) 
that the higher cartilaginous fishes are distinguished from the 
osseous fishes by the occurrence in the “bulbus arteriosus” 
of three or more longitudinal rows of valves, the number o 
valves in each row varying from two to five, according to the 
species." On page 126, it is stated that in the rays and sharks 
their number is never more than fifteen, (in Raia, Myliobatis, 
Pteroplatea, Scymnus, Squatina.) 

e first system extends upwards about an inch from the 
ventricular opening ; it consists of three principal longitudi- 
nal bands of fleshy valves, resembling vegetations, with one 
or two smaller rows between each two large ones; each lon" 
gitudinal band contained four valves, one above the other , 
like the steps of a ladder, when open: numerous delicate 
fleshy bands extended from the apex of one valve to the base 


Scymnus brevipinna. 481 


of the one above; each large valve was about three lines 
square; when lying against the parietes they formed a con- 
tinuous line of prominent rough valves ; a most beautiful, and 
one would think, sufficient system. But as if this were not 
enough to prevent the reflux of blood, there is another stronger 
system immediately above it, consisting of three semilunar 
valves, nearly half an inch in depth, and set each upon a 
prominent fleshy columna, 2 of an inch in length, and j of 
an inch wide, rounded at each extremity, and fixed for its 
Whole length to the walls of the vessel; a semilunar valve 
over each longitudinal row of large valves. ‘This upper sys- 
tem of valves is just below the first branch given off to the 
branchize — the branchial artery gives off the first and second 
branches of each side close together, just at its origin from 
the bulb; an inch higher up, the third branch; two inches 
above this it bifurcates, almost at right angles ; each bifurca- 
tion runs about an inch, and then again bifurcates into the 
fourth and fifth branchial branches, the fifth being the small- 
est; the diameter of the main artery is $ an inch ; that of the 
branches, 4 of an inch. Müller (Op. citat. p. 191) states 
that the «bulb ” in the osseous fishes is no part of the active 
central organ of circulation, and does not pulsate as the 
t— while in the Selachi and Ganoids it acts as a true 
heart, or ventricular cavity, to propel the blood. | 
Müller gives no plate of the valves in the “bulb” of the 
Scymnus. His 4th fig, Pl. 5, represents them in a species of 
Lamna ; but their arrangement is different in the Scymnus: 
In the latter they appear more as in his 3d figure of the 2d 
P late, though the number of valves in each longitudinal row 
I5 less in our specimen. : 
From the branchial arteries the blood passes to the branchial 
veins, which ultimately unite above to form the “ aorta," cor- 
responding to this vessel in mammalia. T. 
‘Though the heart of fishes has but two cavities, we see 
‘at their circulating system is very different from that of the 
32 


489 Kneeland's Dissection of . 


lowest reptiles, whose heart consists also of two cavities. In 
fishes, there is no arterial heart, but only a venous auricle and 
ventricle, or the right cavities of the heart; in the Batrach- 
ians the heart is both arterial and venous — the circulation of 
fishes resembles the branchial circulation of the perenni-bran- 
chiate amphibia. 

The circulation in fishes shows that the heart is not the 
sole agent which keeps the blood in motion; its impulsive 
power cannot extend beyond the obstruction the blood must 
meet with in the extremely minute ramifications of the 
branchial capillaries and veins; it seems impossible that the 
vis a tergo, after this resistance, should send the blood through 
the whole arterial and venous system back to the heart; we 
must admit a power resident in the coats of the vessels them- 
selves. Though the system is furnished with pure arterial 
blood, the circulation must necessarily be sluggish. 

The esophagus was very short, 3 inches in length from the 
last branchial orifice to cardia; cut open, 15 inches wide; 
color white, longitudinal fibres distinct. The separation 
between it and the stomach well marked by a band of circular 

fibres, most conspicuous externally. 

The stomach contained a fish 2 feet 6 inches long, @ wolf- 
fish, (Anarrhicas lupus) doubled on itself, and partly digested ; 
with many fragments of echini and shells. The stomach was 
2 feet 9 inches long; cut open, 22 inches wide; the mucous 
membrane without wrinkles, and covered with a tenacious 
slime; in parts, much injected; parietes 4 of an inch thick. 

The spleen was attached to the lower extremity of the 
stomach, resembling an arrow-head in shape, the point down- 
wards ; it was lobulated and convoluted. Length 10 inches; 
width at top 6 inches; thickness 1 inch: there was a prolon- 
gation upwards towards the pyloric orifice, 9 inches long, at 
the top 2 inches wide, and 2 an inch thick; it presented a 
marbled appearance internally ; it contained but little blood, 

though it was dark colored. < 

The pylorus was 7 inches from the bottom of the stomach ; 


Scymnus brevipinna. 483 


its opening surrounded by circular fibres. From the pylorus 
to the anus was 5 feet 6 inches; the 
mesentery was very delicate. 

The duodenum, cut open, was 3 inch- 
es-wide. -Three inches from pylorus 
the canal was suddenly narrowed to an 
inch in width cut open, and for a length 
of five inches; it then became suddenly 
4 inches in width. This portion exter- 
nally has the same apparent size; but 
the remainder of the calibre is occupied 
by a cul-de-sac, 5 inches long, closed at 
the bottom ; so that in this portion there 
are two tubes, the largest closed at the 
bottom, but communicating freely with the intestine above, 
[as in the figure] ; when distended it may serve as a sort of 
valve. Fourteen inches from pylorus was a ccecal prolonga- 
tion (as in the figure), 11 inches long; 3 inches wide when 
cut open ; between this and the descending intestine was the 
pancreas, of two lobes, 18 inches long ; the left lobe one inch 
wide ; the right 4 an inch, gradually tapering toa point, of 
à pink color : the thin right lobe was spread on the cœcal pro- 
longation. dem 

Two feet from the anus was a second constriction 1 inch 
long, the walls being from 3 to 3 an inch thick ; immediately 
below this was arranged a series of membranous folds, which 
might be extended an inch across the intestine, arranged in a 
Spiral manner, leaving a central aperture large enough to 
admit the finger, following the axis of the intestine, though 
much larger following the area of the spiral: the spirals grad- 
ually increased in size to the middle, thence they decreased 
to their termination: they were thirty-three in number, and 
ceased about six inches from the anus. The fold was in gen- 
eral much injected; the whole surface covered with a very 
fine net work of lacteals ; the design of this fold is evidently 
to increase the extent of surface over which the digested food 


484 Kneeland's Dissection of 


passes; the purpose of the net-work to absorb its nutritive 
portions. The intestine, cut open, 5 inches wide; 18 inches 
long. 
Below the spirals, the width of the intestine becomes sud- 
denly less; in this portion, the rectum, the walls were very 
thin: at the top, cut open, 2 inches wide ; gradually becoming. 
narrower to anus. As the spiral must have been in the small 
intestine, and the part below it must have been the rectum, 
(taking the anatomy of the higher animals as the standard of 
comparison) there was in this animal no colon, and no cecum ; 
and unlike the higher animals, the small intestine was larger 
than the rectum. 

About an inch from the end of the spiral, was a hollow 
glandular organ, about an inch square; its cavity was very 
small, the walls being 4 of an inch thick; its opening into the 
rectum was 2 lines in diameter: its contents, analyzed by Dr. 
Bacon, consisted of mucus: it would seem to be a gland for 
the secretion of mucus. 
~ The kidneys extended on each side of the spinal column, 
to which they were firmly bound down; they were of a cylin- 
drical shape, 5 feet in length, 2 inches in diameter. 

The ovaries consisted of two membranous sacs, on the 1n- 
ternal border of which was a light colored tubuliform glandu- 
lar mass, filled with innumerable granules, about half the size 
of a pin’s head: each ovary had a duct about the size ofa 
crow quill, extending nearly the whole length of the spinal 
column. esa 

This fish ought to take a high rank among the sharks, from 
the shape of the upper lobe of the tail, which is not so much 
prolonged as in sharks generally ; according to Prof. Agassr 
the long upper lobe of some adult sharks is the embryonte 
condition of the higher species: this, then, should take a 
high rank. The cartilaginous fishes are said to be the vy 
fishes which have a pancreas ; which, as far as this goes; pers 
place them, low as they are, above the osseous fishes. Mil vj 
(Op. citat. 1843, p. 126,) adds in a note, that a pancreas 6 


Alopias vulpes. 485 


not peculiar to the Plagiostome fishes; it has been id in 
Esox lucius, in Silurus glanis, and in the sturgeon. 


DISSECTION OF A FEMALE FOX SHARK. (THRESHER OR SWINGLE- 
TAIL.) (ALOPIAS VULPES.) 


The specimen was quite small; total length 5 feet 1 inch, 
of which the body was 2 feet 6 inches, the upper lobe of tail 
2 feet 7 inches. 

The only difference in the heart of this fish from that of 
the Scymnus was in the valves of the branchial artery ; the 
upper system, consisting of three semilunar valves, was 3 an 
inch from the heart; the lower system consisted of three lon- 
gitudinal bands of rough valves, each band having only two 
valves, one above the other, instead of four as in the Scymnus. 
The ventricle was 1 inch in diameter; the walls nearly half 
an inch thick. 

The liver consisted of two lobes; the left 16 inches long, 
the right 9 inches ; width 3 inches. 

The principal differences were in the alimentary canal, this 
being more simple in the present fish. 

The mouth and branchial arches were quite rough to the 
finger, passed. from below upwards; but smooth in the oppo- ` 
Site direction ; thus securing their hold of their prey. 

The cesophagus was 2 inches long; cut open, 24 inches 
Wide : divided into about a dozen prominent longitudinal folds. 

The cardiac orifice was 24 inches wide, cut open ; having 
à well marked fold which would act as a valve to retain the 
Contents of the stomach. Stomach 1 foot long; 7 inches 
Wide, cut open ; in the upper half, both the longitudinal and 
Circular fibres very distinct. Pylorus opened half an inch 
from the bottom of stomach ; ; its valve well marked ; half an 
inch wide, cut open. From pylorus to anus 1 foot 10 inches ; 
from pylorus to spiral portion 9 inches ; length of spiral 9 
inches ; from end of spiral to anus 4 inches. Between the 
pylorus and the spiral portion, the intestine was only half an 
inch wide, cut open ; very thin ; its fibres running obliquely ; 


486 Whitney's Description and Analysis of 


a well marked valve between this and the spirals ; the spiral 
portion, cut open, 2 inches wide at the top; at the bottom, 
3 inches; walls three lines thick at middle part, gradually 
becoming thinner at each end; 34 spirals, covered with a fine 
net-work, injected less and less as you descend. Half an 
inch from anus, an oval pouch, 1 inch long, half an inch wide. 
Rectum, cut open, 3 inches wide, very thin. 

The ducts of the liver, spleen and pancreas opened into the 
spiral portion. 

This fish should take a lower rank in the class of sharks, 
from the shape of its tail. 


ART. XXXVII.—DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS OF THREE MIN- 
ERALS FROM LAKE SUPERIOR. By J. D. WuirNEY. 


I. WOLLASTONITE OR TABLE-SPAR. 


'Tur Wollastonite which is found on Lake Superior differs 
considerably in external characters from any known variety of 
that mineral. Indeed, its true nature could only be recog- 
nized by chemical examination. It is remarkable for. its 
excessive toughness, which quality it seems to possess ma 
higher degree than any known mineral. It is compact, with 
an uneven fracture. Its color is light flesh-red ; hardness, 6; 
Ifistre vitreous to pearly. It is readily decomposed: by acids, 
the silica separating in the form of a flocky precipitate. 

The analysis of two specimens gave the following results: 


L Osxdidin: II. 
Silica 49.09 25.51 49.06 
Lime 46.38 13.18 44.81 
Protox. of manganese 48 | ps 
Alumina 23 1.28 
Magnesia 14 2.96 
ater 2.96 90. 


three Minerals from Lake Superior. 487 


- The mineral is therefore essentially a silicate of lime, in 
which the oxygen of the silicic acid is double that of the 
lime; the formula is therefore Ca? Si*, or that of common 
table-spar. 

The amount of water in the mineral dried at 100° C. was 
found by two determinations to be 2.92 and 2.96 per cent. ; 
still the quantity seems too small to allow it to be considered 
as formfng an essential part of the mineral, especially as it 
retains all its properties unchanged after ignition. 

This mineral forms a large mass nearly afoot in thickness 
in the trap of Kewenaw Point at the Cliff mine, and also at 
Scovill’s Point on Isle Royale. 

It receives a beautiful polish. 


IL. JACKSONITE, 


Associated with the above described mineral there occurs 
at both of the localities above mentioned, a mineral, which 
was found on examination to differ in composition from any 
known silicate ; I have therefore given it the name of Jack- 
sonite, in honor of Dr. C. T. Jackson, whose name is so well 
known in connection with the Lake Superior region, and to 
Whom we are so much indebted for our knowledge of its 
mineralogy. 

The Jacksonite occurs in finely radiated, and lamellar- 
radiated masses of a white color slightly tinged with green. 
Its hardness is 6; specific gravity 2.881; lustre vitreous; 
translucent. 

The finely pulverized mineral is perfectly, though slowly, 
dissolved by chlorohydric acid, the silica separating in the 
form of a flocky powder. 

Before the blowpipe in the platina forceps it fuses very 
readily, with strong intumescence, and emits a brilliant yellow 

ht. 


A large quantity of soda dissolves it readily; if more of 
the assay be added it swells up to an infusible slag. 
It gives with borax a colorless, transparent glass; with salt 


488 Whitney's Description and Analysis of 


of phosphorus, a glass enclosing a siliceous skeleton and 
faintly tinged by iron. 
The analysis of the ignited mineral gave 
Oxygen. Ratio. . Calculated. 


Silica 46.12 23.96 3 46.17 
Alumina anda little Fe 25.91 12.09 ji 25.68 
Lime 21.03 l i 
8.14 
Soda 85 7.90 1 2 z 
99.91 


The oxygen of the silica, alumina and lime being as 

3: 12:1, or 6 : 3 : 2, the formula will be 
Ge Bi 4- dd Si 

This, it will be perceived, is the formula which is given by 
Walmstedt for Prehnite, except that it contains no water. 
The Jacksonite, dried at 100° C., was found to contain less 
than 35 per cent. of water. The ratio of the oxygen in this 
mineral is an unusual one, and had led Berzelius to adopt 
another formula for Prehnite. 
oP is se HL. CHLORASTROLITE. 

This mineral was found by Dr. C. T. Jackson on the shores 
of Isle Royale, in small rounded pebbles. It occurs in finely 
radiated, stellated masses, with a pearly lustre, and slightly 
chatoyant on the rounded sides. Hardness 5.5 to 6.; Spe 
cific gravity 3.180; color light bluish green. 

In the open tube it gives water and becomes white. 

Before the blowpipe it fuses with great facility to a greyish, 
blebby glass. It intumesces and swells up like a zeolite. 

Soda dissolves it in small quantity and gives a bead colored 
by a trace of manganese; if more of the assay be added 1t 
swells up to an infusible slag. ] = 

It is dissolved by borax readily, and in considerable quantity, 
to a transparent glass colored by iron. - 
i of phosphorus dissolves it in small quantity and give 


reaction of iron. 


three Minerals from Lake Superior. 489 


With nitrate of cobalt it gives a beautiful blue. 

It is readily dissolved by chlorohydric acid, the silica being 
entirely separated in the form of a flocky precipitate. 

The analysis gave 


Oxygen. Ratio. 
Silica 36.99 19.22 . 3.00 
Alumina 25.49 

Peroxide of iron and a little Fe 6.48 13.90 2.10 
im 19.90 

Soda 3.70 6.50 1.01 
Potash .40 

Water 1.99 6.40 -1.00 
100.18 


The ratio of the oxygen of H, R, E and Si; being 

1:1:92 : 8, the formula will be 
Ca? we: Al see B 
x. bs + 2 2 Si + 3H 

This formula would be that of Meionite with the addition 
of three atoms of water. A small portion of the iron exists 
in the mineral as protoxide, so that the analysis gives a slight 
excess of the bases R. 

This mineral was named by Dr. Jackson, in allusion to its 
Peculiar stellated structure and greenish color. It receives a 
fine polish, and would form beautiful ornaments for setting in 
jewelry could it be found in quantity sufficient for that pur- 


Nore. The Wollastonite and Jacksonite were first ob- 
tained by Dr. Jackson and myself at the Cliff mine, in the 
Summer of 1845. The analyses of the former were made in 
the laboratory of Prof. H. Rose in Berlin. The specimen of 

acksonite which was analyzed was from Isle Royale. 


490 Cabot's Remarks on 


XXXVIII.— THE DODO (DIDUS INEPTUS) A RASORIAL AND NOT A 
RAPACIOUS BIRD. By SawveL Caszor, M. D 
Cuvier took one side of this question and Prof. Owen takes 
the other. My object in this paper is to examine the merits 
of these two opinions, and also to endeavor to carry the inves- 
tigation somewhat farther, and if possible, more exactly to 
define the true position which this interesting bird occupies. 
First, I will merely state that Cuvier, after an examination 
of a head, sternum and humerus, discovered under a bed of 
lava in the Isle of France, says, that “they left no doubt in 
his mind, that this huge bird was one of the gallinaceous 
tribe." i 
Mr. Owen has, I believe, examined only the head and feet. 
His article is in No. 119, of The Annals and Magazine of 
Natural History, page 276 ; and I shall take the liberty of 
only quoting extracts here and there, as they suit my purpose. 
He says, “ the Dodo’s skull differs from any species of Vul- 
turide, or any raptorial bird, in the greater elevation of the 
frontal bones above the cerebral hemispheres, and in the sud- 
den sinking of the interorbital and nasal region of the fore- 
head; in the rapid compression of the beak anterior to the 
orbits ; in the elongation of the compressed mandibles ; and 
in the depth and direction of the sloping symphysis of the 
lower jaw. The eyes of the Dodo are very small, compared 
with those of the Vulturide or other Raptores. The nostrils 
it is true, pierce the cered, but are more advanced in position; 
this however seems essentially to depend upon the excessive 
elongation of the basal part of the upper mandible before the 
commencement of the uncinated extremity; the nostrils are 
pierced near the commencement of this uncinated part, as n 
the Vulturide, but are nearer the lower border of the man- 
dible in the Dodo.” í 
Now, in these very points in which Mr. Owen says this bird 
T Cuvier doubts the identity of the species in the Museum at Oxford with that 
represented in the painting at London. s 


the Dodo ( Didus ineptus. ) j 491 


differs from the Order with which he connects it, does it agree 
with the Columbidz. We find in the Vinago Capellei ** the 
sudden sinking of the inter-orbital and nasal region of the 
forehead ; the rapid compression of the beak anterior to the 
orbits; the elongation of the compressed mandibles, the depth 
and direction of the sloping symphysis," and the position of 
the nostrils. All the pigeons have the high forehead, some 
more than others. Then Mr. Owen omits one point, in which 
the Dodo differs from all rapacious birds, and indeed from all 
other birds, I believe, except the pigeons, and some Waders, 
viz., the bulging out of the lower mandible on its sides beyond 
the upper; we see this most strongly marked with young 
pigeons in the nest, at which time their general shape has a 
striking resemblance to that of the Dodo. According to 
Mr. Agassiz’s theory, this is what we should expect.’ 

Then, in the form of the foot, the evidence that the Dodo 
belonged to the Rasorial and not to the Raptorial order, is to 
my mind quite as strong, if not stronger, than that afforded 
by the head. We cannot compare the actual bones, having 
only casts of the head and feet of the Dodo, taken with the 
integuments still upon them ;' let us therefore take them as 
We have them, and compare them with those of some species 
of Pigeons, with the same parts still adherent to them. 

But before doing this, let us look for a moment at the gen- 
eral question, how far mere comparative anatomy, the anatomy 
of a very limited number of bones, is competent to decide a 
question of this kind? Is it not possible that there may be a 
coincidence in the forms of two tarsi from birds of very dif- 
ferent genera? This very bird answers. that question in the 
affirmative, if we admit that the function which a bone has to - 
perform has any influence on its shape; for I think no one 
Would pretend for a moment, that there was any similarity 

k The horny part of the bill appears to be gone, and this may account for the 
ril 


absence of the scale over the nostril. 
* That embryonic forms of the present epoch resemble adult forms of some for- 


492 . Cabot's Remarks on 


even, in the uses to which the tarsus of a fishing eagle (to 
which Mr. Owen compares it,) and that of the bird under 
consideration, were to be put. The one almost never walks, 
and I may say never, for it moves in hops, with very rare 
exceptions; the other has no other means of locomotion. 
The tarsus of the eagle is grooved for the reception of the 
powerful tendons whereby the talons are driven through its 
living prey; that of the Dodo is adapted for those which 
enable it to move its heavy body over the ground, its-claws 
being smaller in proportion than many pigeons. Then either 
Cuvier or Owen must be wrong. "They both judged from the 
shape of bones, and certainly Owen, though a very great and 
excellent comparative anatomist, is no better than the great 
father of the science, himself. But more than this, even Mr. 
Owen’s own words help me here. He says, in speaking of 
the main point in which the tarsus of the Dodo resembles that 
of the fishing eagle, that “this half twist of the rudimental 
hind metatarsus is feebly repeated in the Gallinæ,” a type 
allied tothe Columbide. Again, he says, “in the common 
cock, the calcaneal process more resembles that in the Dodo 
than the Vulture’s does, but it is not so broad.” 

To return to our comparison of the foot of the Dodo with 
that of the pigeon. The articulating surface resembles that 
of the pigeons except in those points in which we should 
expect it to differ ; itis more deep and strongly marked, which 
difference would be necessary on account of the much greater 
weight it has to sustain, and the much greater importance that 
no dislocation should take place, the bird having no other 
means of locomotion. The general shape and proportions of 
the foot are almost the same as those of some pigeons, 
toes being shorter and ‘stouter. The arrangement of the 
scales closely resembles that upon the foot of the Vinago 
C i. The claws are much like some of the ground 
doves, and not at all like those of any rapacious bird. is 
sole of the foot has none of the prominent roügh callosities 
which we see on the feet of all Raptores; and in this, agam 


the Dodo ( Didus ineptus. ) 493 


resembles the pigeons. "The ends of the toes have not the 
enlargement for the reception of the claws which we see in 
all rapacious birds, but are precisely like those of the pigeons. 

Some facts mentioned in the accounts of the bird, given by 
the early authors, strongly corroborate my views with regard to 
it In the account of a voyage to the East Indies by Jacob Van 
Neek and Wybrand Van Warwijk, in 1598, they say, in 
speaking of this bird, that the meat of the breast was very 
good eating, though not so good as that of turtle-doves. 

De Bry, 1601, in his Descriptio Insule Do Cerne a nobis 
Mauritius dictze, says, speaking of the Dodos, “ Their bellies 
and breasts were nevertheless of a pleasant flavor, and easy 
of mastication.” 3 

Clusius, 1605, says, “ They reported that it is covered with 
thin and short feathers, and wants wings, instead whereof it 
hath only four or five long black feathers; that the hinder part 
of the body is very fat and fleshy, wherein for a tail were four 
or five small curled feathers, twirled up together, of an ash 
color.” They also reported that they found stones in the 
stomach, speaking of which he says, “and no wonder, for all 
other birds, as well as these, swallow stones to assist them in 
grinding their meat.” Clusius considered it gallinaceous, and 
called it *« Gallinaceus Gallus peregrinus." 

In the account of a voyage made by Jacob Heemskerk and 
Wolfert Harmansz, in the years 1601, 1602, 1603, published 
in 1648, “mention is made of the Dod-eersen which had 
small wings but could not fly, and were so fat that they 
scarcely could go.” | 

Thomas Herbert, 1634, says, His body is round and ex- 
tremely fat, the slowness of his walk agrees with his cor- 
pulence. The stomach has great activity, and digests easily 
Stones and iron.” l 
— Bontius, 1658, says, “it is a slow-paced and stupid bird, and 
Which easily becomes a prey to the fowler. The flesh, es- 
Pecially of the breast, is fat, esculent, and so copious that 
three or four Dodos will sometimes suflice to fill an hundred 


- 


494 Cabot's Remarks on 


seamen's bellies. If they be old, or not well boiled they are 
of difficult concoction, and are salted and stored up for pro- 
vision of victual. There are found in their stomachs stones 
of an ash color,-of divers figures and magnitudes." 

Among those who have written upon the Dodo in more 
modern times, since its apparent extinction, M. de Blainville 
is perhaps the most full and complete in his examination of 
the question as to the place it should occupy in the animal 
kingdom ; and although he arrives at the conclusion that it 
should be classed among the Vulturidz, yet I shall quote some 
passages from his article, as they favor, I think, very strongly 
my view of the subject. In speaking of the form of the bird 
he says, “ The body in front, where it joins the neck, forms a 
sort of large swelling as if it had a crop in the interior." 
Again he says, ** And as we have seen that the stomach con- 
stantly contains stones, it is probable that this bird was pro- 
vided with a gizzard.” Still again, he says, * None of the 
authors quoted have said anything about the kind of food of 
the Dodo. The existence of stones in the gizzard would 
nevertheless lead us to suppose that they were granivorous." 
Some of the reasons which he gives for not putting them 
among the gallinaceous birds are “ the form of the bill," * the 
strength and curve of the nails,” “the strength and shortness 
of the feet," and * the scaly covering of the tarsi " and “the 
absence of spurs.” 

In summing up this evidence we see 


+ -]lst. That the flesh of the Dodo was good to eat, and some- 


times used for provisioning ships. This would not be the 
case if they were vultures. 

9d. That though entirely incapable of flight, or even of 
rapid motion, yet they were very fat; which certainly coul 
not be the case if they were Vultures or any other Rapaciov® 
bird; whose character necessarily implies that they one 
animal substances, for we cannot imagine that such an un- 
wieldy bird, requiring such a large amount of food could by 


any possibility procure sufficient animal substance for its sup- 
port. 


the Dodo ( Didus ineptus.) 495 


3d. It is evident, even by the admission of M. de Blain- 
ville, that they had gizzards, which is not the case with any 
rapacious bird. 

4th. That though M. de Blainville's objections to classing 
them among the true Gallinaceous birds may perhaps be suffi- 
cient, yet that they do not hold in classing them with the 
Columbidæ. 

Taking the historical evidences in connection with those 
drawn from the form of corresponding parts, I think it very 
clear that the Dodo was a gigantic pigeon, and that as its gen- 
eral shape, feathering, &c. resemble more strongly the young, 
than the adult pigeon, we may perhaps be allowed to sur- 
mise that it properly belongs to an earlier epoch than the 
present, and has become extinct because its time was run.’ 


the Oxford Association, in which he expresses his opinion that the Dodo belonged 
to the Pigeons, and that it was closely allied to the Fruit Pigeons. 


OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY, 1847. 


PRESIDEN ; 
John Collins Warren, M. D. 


Vice PnrsiDENTS. 


Charles T. Jackson, M. D.; D. Humphreys Storer, M. D. 


CORRESPONDING SECRETARY. 
Augustus A. Gould, M. D. 


Recorpinc SECRETARY. 
Thomas Bulfinch. 


TREASURER. 
Patrick T. Jackson, Jr. 


CURATORS. 
T. William Harris, M. D., Entomology. 
J. E. Teschemacher, Botany. 
Martin Gay, M. D., Mineralogy. 
Jeffries Wyman, M. D., Ichthyology and Herpetology. 
Nath. B. Shurtleff, M. D., Comparative Anatomy. 
Thomas T. Bouvé, Geology. 
Samuel Cabot, Jr., M. D., Ornithology. 
John Bacon, Jr., M. D., Conchology. 

LIBRARIAN. 

Charles K. Dillaway. 


CABINET KEEPER. 
Samuel Kneeland, Jr., M. D. 


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of the 


fentz’s Araneides 


I 


LW Watts Se. 


NM Hentz del 


Araneides 


Hentz's 


PL.XXXI 


1 
VOL 


N M. Hentz dol. 


ji the U 


Henizs Araneides 


Page. 

Abreeus, Leach 83 

— ———— aciculatus, Le Conte 84 

rythrocerus, j 68 

fimetarius, Le Conte 84 

—  ——— levigatus, 86 

sees Le Conte 84 

mplex, Le Conte 84 

Acacia famesiana, Willd. 216 

216 

—— irt a, Nutt. n = 
Acipenser hate chus a 

Actinella gr 2 andi a orr. & Gray 109 

—— —— linearifo ia, Do Gray 249 

v omes pavia, Torr. & Gray 241 

464 

- avia 469 

ddothopsin o sisi Göpp. 381 

— —— — —- lonchitides, Sternb. (e 


ponent. Gopp. 
— — — —— serlii, Gapp. 
Aletris aurea, Walt. - 

Algarobia glandulosa, Torr. & Gray 242 
ne whe is, Localities of 

Allium. mutabile, wc hx 
— 


re of 21 
aah amicta e & Gray uS 
= ipappus, Torr 
alysis 2 Ear bone of fish nt 
f Mastodon bones 4i 
——— of Minerals from Supe- 
eii Michx. 238 
ropogon avenaceus, 
Anemone Caroliniana, Walt. 211 
Anictangium um tum, 174 
rme, Hedw. 174 
pe oe pea Tor. & uM n 
p humilis, 
Aplopa ee ori, Nat di, o & Gra 109 
ved. soni ortifolius, Torr. y i 
Araneides of the United States, 19 
Arenaria pitcheri, Nutt. 
Argentife: galena 405 
Aristolochia longiflora, Eng. & Gray 259 
— — — — reticulata, Nutt. 260 
Arrhenopterum 182 
: : 250 


HA 


Page. 
pee cc moli Michx. 223 
Aster Drummondii, Lindl. 
p hyllole pis, der. & Gray 219 
Astero) pey r T Lindl. & Hutt. 


sept ag ut Brongn. 380 


Attus, Walck. 
audax 


auratus 
inus 


—————M 


498 
Page. 
Attus superciliosus 364 
sylvanus 364 
—— teniola 353 
—— tripunctatus 54 
— —— viridipe 362 
———- vittatus 360 
Automalite 
yres, W. O. on the identity of Cottus 


cognatus, ue with Cottus gobio `i 


Bacon, Jobn Jr. On Foai ae in 


sand from the desert of Sahar 402 
Bartramia ad Swartz 182 
——— fontana, Swartz 182 
——— longifo A 182 
gode 305 
Beinertia, G5 öpp. es 
Beli inti ia, Mich 

andie coge ‘Tor. & Gray 220 
‘Biatora placoph a, 102 


osa, 103 
idera i nudata, Torr. & Gray 220 
of Yucatan 90 
anus flaves 337 
Boerhaavia p cm Willd. 25 
Boott, cis, New North American 
Carices 12 


Boulder trains of Berkshire, Mass. — 310 


Bradburia hirtella, Torr. & Gray a 
„Brasenia peltata, e 
a AA is "ici & Gra a 
— scutellarioides, 291 
— ——— truncata, Eng. d 256 
Bryum androzynum 179 
——— argenteum, Linn. = 
cac e 1 
pum mm 180 
ciliare, Greville 180 
cuspidatum, Linn. 181 
ornum, Li 181 
marginatum, Dicks 181 
Maa. Schreb 180 
ustre, Swartz 180 
punctatum, Schreb, 181 
roseum, Schreb. 181 
rostratum, Schrad. 181 
Buchnera elongata, Swartz 227 
Bulla biplicata, Lea 286 
Buxbaumia aphylla, Linn. 182 


. and not a Raptorial bird, 470. 
Calici btile, Pe: 104 
M MA ay 104 
Torr. 110 
oni Calosoma lepidum, e Cónte 
Eyma cadia, Peay 
ym ca orr. & Gray 248 
Carex alveata, Boott 7 115 
——— boottiana, Bentham MSS 172 
ehristyana, Boott 114 
hyalina, Boott  — TI 


Index. 


Page. 
Carex miono ta, Torr. 114 
sicæformis, Boo 113 
Carices of aide eric 112 
assia chamee a, Tor, & Gray 242 
astilleja mv, Eng 255 
Castoroides 385 
tharinea, El ; 177 
Catostomus anisurus, Raf. 
ibalus, Raf. 266 
communis, Lesueur 265 
cyprinus, Lesueur 275 
duquesnii, Lesueur 268 
elongatus, Lesueur 267 
gracilis, l 265 
melano s £ 271 
iger, 267 
————— ai ad Lesueur 273 
Centaurea americana, Nutt. = 
Centrarchus fasciatus, my of e iva 
reus ceespitosus, Eng. & Gray “A 
Cetraria nivalis, 298 
Ch een teroides, D. C. 247 
cetopappa asteroide: Mo 
ema polypby lla, Michx penis 
sejun a, Bra un aA 
Cheilanthites, ‘Capp. 2 
C pening d up 418 
iien astratta; Jackson = 
Chrysopsis eon Nutt. po 
Cichla fasciata, Lesueur 
Cicindela anduhi nii, Le Conte cd 
odesta, Lea 288 
" usta, Lea pn 
rric oa Lea 22 
Cirsium i wes om Michx. 
Cladonia casptici : 
emere ce a, Ehrh. 4 
it, Sims. 211 
s cylindrica, Sim 7 
rah h icula fas Walt. : 
Eai x rtr D. C. : M 
Climacium americanum, Rich'd. 
Den aeg 449 
Club : : 
i 454 
—— —— albens 452 
celer i 
fallens Am 
gracilis ; 
immatura z 
inclusa 450 
obesa 449 
pallens : 450 
piscatoria 452 
tabu 453 
— ———— sublurida è 
tranquilla ‘ 
Cnidosculus m cere 21 
occ us D.C. 995 
Commelyna augustifolia, Miehx F 
linolie of Rocky Mountains d 
ultifida, . 


Index. 499 
Page. ge- 
Convolvulus he ener Walt. 296 | Dolomedes pa «Hes 189 
— — lobatus, Eng. & Gray MO aedi — 191 
rd eae - soo : yo 189 
Coo ndil, 237 sex ‘punctatus, "Henta 191 
Coreopsis co EEE Torr. & Gray 221 | ————— or, Hentz 190 
——— — tinctori 1 | Dolphin, foetal, Dewan of 153 
deme liti, "Tor. & Gray or Draba cuneifo li utt, 240 
ottus c 116 | Drosera brevifolia, Purs 212 
—— ob io, inn. 121, 342 um D" clavellata, "pim. 179 
scosus, Hald. 132, 342 | Dys 303 
Cristatella eros sa, Nutt. 211 Dysodia ta getoides, Torr. & etg 249 
Croton argyranthemum, Michx. 233 | Dysticus marginicollis, Le Cont 209 
Cuscuta compacta, Choisy 225 

cuspidata, Engel. 224, 251 | Ear bone of a fish, im ws of 412 
neuropetala, Engel. 223 hinacea angustifolia ¿D.C 219 
— ——- pentagona, Engel. 225 | Echinocactu Gra 293 
NE Shuttlew. NODIS cc oe “5 & G. 246 
a, Engel. 2 A | oc ame ener gra spinus, S c. & G. 246 

Cyatheites es schlotheimit Gépp. 381 | Egletes Arcans tian; 
Cylistus cylindricus, Godet 42 | Eleocharis acicularis, R. Br. 263 
Oyllopodia cavata 466 | ———— a, Torr. 237 
Cynosciadium pinnatum, D. C 218 | Engé 420 

rus ovularis, Tor 237 Engelmann s Gray. Plante Lind- 
—— tetragonus, Ell 237 heim 210 
tus 237 | Epeir in 467 
aureola 471 
Dalea aurea, Nutt 215 | ——— boeabyeasnnia 476 
Darbya umbellulata, Gray —- directa 478 
Daubentonia longifolia, D. C. 214 | — —— displicata 476 
Deane, James, Fossil footmarks 277 | ——— domiciliorum 469 
granarius, Dej. 60 | ——— fasciata 468 
nanus, Dej. 61] 4— foliata 475 
7 — — — pedicularius, Dej. 60 | ——— gibberosa 477 
~~ pulicarius, Dej. 62 hamata 474 
=~ punctulatus, Ln Conte 65 hebes 473 
T ———— rotundatus, Dej. 70 hortorum 477 
Desmanthus = beastiylobos, Benth. 243 insularis 470 
Dianthera Americana, Linn. 258 labyrinthea 471 
vocum ae 230 | ———— maura 474 
Diliptera brschíat, omo 230 nivea 474 
Dicranum 176 obesa 471 
= falcatum 177 placida 475 
— — —- flagellare 177 | ——— pratensis 475 
glaucum 176 | ——— prom 472 
7 — — heteromallum, Linn 177 | — — riparia 468 
~ longifolium 177 | ——— rubella 478 
—— rugosum, Dill. Hoffin 177 | —— rubens _ 477 
— —— scoparium, Hedw. 77 | ——— sanguinalis ye 
~———strictum, Schleicher. 177 | ——— septima 470 
——— w. 177 spic 475 
Didus " I 490 Strix 473 
Didymodon capill hrad 176 | —— med pe 
Ie purpure 176 thaddeus $ 

Diodia tri ni y 247. | ee vifion 471 
Diphyscium foliosum, Mohr. 175 | ——— ris 469 
Diplazites longifolius, Göpp 380-| Ephebe p 104 
thus cili 230° Epibiemum, H Hentz 266 
: Torr. & |———— faustum, Hentz 367 
Gray dieron, Hentz 366 
——— linearis, Torr. & Gray 258 emia Erichson 61 
z. — nudiflorus, Eng. & G. 229 nigrellus, Le Conte 62 
Discopleura capillacea, D.C. 218 Erichs. 62 
CNN 490 Erigeron scaposum, D. C. 219 


500 
age 
Erigonum multiflorum, Eme 259 
Eriogonum —€— Nut 2: 
Eryngi atum, Torr. & Gray 218 
Esox estor, 339 
— atus 340 
Etheostoma calliura, Raf. 28 
Eubrazoria, Eng 5 
Eupatorium A m t. 219 
——— ndifolium, Linn. 219 
Euphorbia Bái ANC 260 
=- arcansana, Eng. & e 261 
bicolor, rn. & 233 
sm geyeri, Eng 260 
———— riai, Nutt. 260 
margi 261 
n russellianum, Don a 
urpurea oe 
Feriti Erieg 254 
hirsuta, Nutt 226 
prota iom, Eug. & Gray 253 
rictiflora, A g. & Gray 253 
iia painin S A arh. 97 
Exoglossum du biun, Fiir. 272 
Fishes of the Ohio river 21 
Fontinalis antipyretica, Linn. 183 
illac M 184 
—— — —- squamosa, 184 
subulata, Pal. de Beauv. 184 
Forestiera acuininata, 262 
Fors, J. B. On the habits of mf 
Fossil 2 
370 
485 
237 
Funaria hygrometrica 178 
Gaillardia mma rg Gay 221 
a, Michx. 221 
re A 221 
Galium virgatum, t. 247 
Gaura drummondii, Torr. Gray 
lindheimeri, Eng. & Gray 217 
longiflora, h 244 
—— —— parviflora, Dou: 245 
sinuata, Nutt. 217 
Geisel dulosa, *- 233 
Gerardia spiciflora, Enge 
sued ~i On a new cien of sal- 
89 
Gi ‘coronopifolia, Pers. 223 
306 
rote ium purpureum, L. 222 
Gonolobus cynanchoides, Eng. & Gr. 251 
americ 230 
A. A., on shells from the coast 
290 
254 


a sphzerocarpa, Ell. 
Um. mr = the Compositæ of the - 
Mountains and Upper Cali- 
a 


Index. 


Page. 
ice — , Tum 176 
GER A ra, Pal. de Beauv. 175 
a, Smith 176 
Grindelia nilo Willd. 48 
a, Torr. & Gray 219 
Gymnadenia niv 236 
agen, ceri focile 174 
— ima Hedw. 188 
————— pri e, Hedw 174 
rante a Hoffm. 174 
Habranthus texanus, Herb 263 
Halea ludoviciana, Torr y 248 
Hall, James. Natu ie strata 
and geographical distribution of the 
Organie Remains in the older for- 
mations O ue ited on or va 
On the geological position of the 
cra gts of Castoroides Ohioensis 385 
Hamilton group 10 
Hedeoma a drummondii, Benth. 259 
Hedyotis boscii, D. C 218 
Helderb rg meer 9 
Helenium tenuifolium, Nutt 
Helianthemum capitatum, Nutt. 212 
Helianthus angustifolius, Liun. 221 
erifolius, Torr. & G. 221 
-serratus, Martens 249 
lenticularis, Doug 248 
maximiliani, Schrad 249 
occidentalis, Torr. & Gr. 221 
, Eng. & 221 
—————- rigidus, Dest. oe 
Heliotropium e curassavic cum, L. 20 
undatum, Swartz. ci 
Hemitelites gigantéus, Gopp. e] 
evirani, Gópp. 261 
cocco penina otzsc. 
Hentz, N. M. Araneides of € e S, 443 
ted s 
n 
Herpestis monniera, Humb. 
2d nig ns, Benth. roi 
Herpyll : 
alarius j 
ater ; 
—— ———-— auratus : 
icolor : 
bilineatus 1 
crocat 3 
—— ——— cruciger ; 
descriptus $ 
du bius 499 
ecclesiasticus A51 
longipalpus A5S 
marmoratus 456 
atus 1 
parcus ; 
pys 459 
ramulosus 460 
trilineatus 458 
variegatus 7 
M 
zon 5 
Heterotheca scabra, D. C sig 


eulandite 
Hippurites kupini; Lind. & Hutt. 


Hister, Linn 
-—— abbre Vet uel 


qualis, S: 
alternatus, DM 
ambiguus, Dej. 
americanus, Payk. 
anthracinus, Dej. 

rcuatus, Say 
assimilis, Payk. 

— —— bimaculatus, Linn 
binotatus, Lat. 

ifidus 

— —— biplagiatus, Dej. 
carolini, k. 
civilis, E : 

—— cognatus, Le Conte 
conformis, Dej. 


leevigatus. 
vi 


meii ici: 
pusillus, Payk. 
us, Bey 


Fabr. 
— Sedecimstriatus Say 
imanus, Dej. 


Da 15, 
pennsylvanicus, Payk. 


. 


Index. 


Page. 
305 


2 


) 


3x Cn C4 O6 «Ten 
16 


a 


Kw SUPE SO U IIS 


T4 Cn Ch C5 4x ud On C 


Is OA AA naTel.utTds 


M c5 8 eo CA 


Hister stygious, Dej. 


Tüsterüides. of ‘North America 


Hololepta, Payk 

———— æqualis “ay 
depressa, Payk. 

——— Recte Say 
luci 


go 
Hymenopappus ariemisifolius, D. C. 
Hyodon clodalus, Les 


[91] 
© 
- 


z 
"a 
o 


TUN PONENS 


tergissu 338 
Hypericum g rosea. P rd & Gr. 212 
atum 241 
Hypnum abbreviat tum | 187 
alopecu Ann 185 
— boscii, deb abet. 186 
catenu 186 
—— cordifolium, 157 
crista-castrensis, Linn. 188 
— ———— cupressiforme, Linn. 157 
curvifolium, Muhl. Hedw. 187 
licin 188 
fluitans, Lin 187 
imponens, Muhl. Hedw. 188 
inut 186 
—— ——- molluscum, Hedw. 188 
———— valentin? Wahl. 187 
antha, Hooker 135 
pea Linn 186 
reptile, Mici 188 
———— riparium, Li 185 
rutabulum, Linn 186 
salebrosum, Hoffm 185 
n i 186 
serpens, Linn 186 
———— — serrulatum, Muhl. Hedw. 187 
——— re Pal. de Beauv. ice 
Cuan trum, Linn. -187 
——— undulatum, Linn. 156 
myra avem 235 
wi s Engel. 235 
Hyptis Hyptis radiata, 228 
cow fera le tosepala, Nutt. 214 
seat ts of the United States 203 
De sagittata ; 226 
Iresine —Ó -230 
MUN: Tor. & 248 
Torr. & d. el 248 
Jackson, T. Chemical and Miner- 
alogical fragments 
Jackson, J. B. S. Dissections of Cet- 
aceans - 137 
Jacksonite, Analysis of 457 
Juncus heteranthos, Nutt. 236 
Ju decurre Oi 217 
i Nutt. 245 


502 Index. 
Page Pag 
mee J. P. Fishes of the e stodon bones, analysis a: 407, 409 
21, 265, 330 Me Mocastó viridescens, Nut 293 
ond, S. Jr. Dissections of Sharks Micrommata, Latr. 192 
9, 485 C; rolinensis, Hentz 194 
Koeleria truncata, Torr. ' 2 ———— xod ‘Hentz 193 
Krameria lanceolata, Torr. 212 uas Hentz 93 
——— S Hentz 192 
Labeo cyprinus, Cuv 275 | Mikan a Melde ns 2 219 
Labrax Salilana, Cuv. 21 Minn. strigillosa, a, Torr. & Gray 216 
Lamia bellii, € Conte 209 | Mitreola petio ner oo Ton. & Gray 218 
à SÉ cmi of marine inium — 181 
shells of t cd. S. Coas a 181 
Lechea Atin, aoa & Gray 212 iiai aristata, Nutt. 229 
Lecidea so: a" Ma 10: heimeri, Eng. & Gray 228 
Le Cont L. On North American p e Fn Linn. 228 
roi ien of the Uni- 264 
ted States 3 Monoptilon bellidiformis, = = Gr. 106 
Ledererite usci of eastern Massa 172 
Leidy, Joseph, Anatomy of Littorina 
gulifera 344 | Nama jamaicensis, Linn. 226 
Lepomis pallida, Re Raf. 98 | Nassa elata, Gould 293 
tus met 218 turbinea, Gould 292 
Leptochloa mucronata, Kunt 239 | Nasturtium tanacetifolium 241 
— brachyopoda, I & Gr. 299 | Neckera cladorhizans 183 
sse ire 184 | ———— pennata 153 
attenuata, Schreb. 185 og 183 
—— compressa 184 | Nemostylis, Nut 235 
— —— gracilescens 185 | Neptunia lutea, "Benth. 216 
— —— imbricatula 185 | Neuropteris, Unger 382 
polyca r. 185 gigantea, Sternb. ~~ 
Leuciscus diplemia, Raf. 276 | New York — 8 
Sean 274 | Niagara group 336 
b- UNUM : 26 gea s fase M à = 
—_ 30 ucula bicuspl ta * Goul 
Leucodon brachypus 183 BE 
Liatris 218, 219 eve brardii, Unger Ui 
— elegans, Willd, 2 ummondii, Hook 2 
T HIMOI € D.C e i 218 - nito í NN ada um 
—— —- pycnostachya, Mic 219 | — rhombipetala, Nutt. 
Lichens of New England 93 ala, Torr. & Gray M 
nite 305 | ———— —— speciosa, Nu E 
Dindheimer, F. Plants of Texas 210 | Old Red Sandstone 13 
Linguatula armillata, Wyman 295 | Oinalodes, aic AL 
— clavata, Wyman 296 | ————— —_ Le Come 44 
Linum Berendieri ? Hooker 13 ii, Le Con E 
Lithosperm: — Eng. & G. 252 Onthophias ‘Leach Le Conte 82 
ut 926 | —————— rnatus us, Le 
Littorina e i 344 sla nodatus Le Conte i 
~ — costatus, Le Conte 104 
Lobelia glandulosa, Walt. Opegrapha a bo Pos 
Localities of rare minerals 297 Opltbeca Bari floridana, "N utt. pt 
Ludwigia hirtella, Raf. 217 ia fi = Nutt. 246 
sen 217 | ———- i 117 
Lupinus subcarnosus, Hook. 242 | Orang, New. Osteology of 236 
Luxilus Kentnckiensy ow. Raf. 27 | Orchis nivea, Nat dis- 
Lygodesmia hane orr. & Gray 250 | Organic remains of "United States, 1 
Lyssomanes, Hent 197 | tribution of 179 
————- viridis, Hentz 98 | Orthotricum reme a Schrad. 179 
Lythrum alatum, ‘Torr. & Gray 216 rispum xd 179 
Malva drummondii, T: hutehinse 13 
Malvaviscus ii . & G. 214 saxa 
Mammilaria similis, Eng. & G. 246 ic in 
= sukata, Eng. & G. 246 | Ottrelite 259 
Marshallia cæspitosa, Nutt. 222 | Oxybaphus pilosa - 


Index. 


Page. 
Oxyopes, Latr 195 
— astutus, Hentz 19 
salticus, Hentz 196 
cse Hentz 196 
viridans, Hentz 195 
Palafoxia hookeriana, Torr.& G. — 24 
— texana, 22 
m hirtellur Miche. 238 
Parmelia aleurites, "Ach 98 
ambig ud, I 98 
detonsa, Fries 99 
—— —— hvpoleuc 99 
731 — — — incurva. Pers 98 
——-—— lanuginosa 99 
murorum, Hoffm. 100 
oculata, Dicks 100 
rubiginosa, Thunb 99 
straminea 100 
verrucosa 100 
Paromalus, Erichs. 66 
——— eequalis, Le Conte 66 
aflini is, Le Conte 67 
zl t bistriatus, Erichs 67 
— — complanatus, Erichs. 67 
conjunctus, Le Cont 68 
Eric 68 


chs. 
Paronychia cetacea, Torr. & Gray 213 
di , Nutt. 24 
drummondii, Torr. & Gr. 213 
Pecopteris abbreviata, Gópp. 381 
arbo ns, Brongn. 382 
borealis, Gópp. 381 
cistii, 381 
— cyathea, Brongn. 381 
gigantea, Brongn. 381 
— co Brongn. 
ongifolia, . 
loschii, Gópp. - 381 
———- co ie rongn. vj 
Peltigera tie 97 
Pentstemon eraat Nutt 227 
murrayanum, Hook. 254 
Perca mph Raf. 21 
ns, Mitchill 337 
ionis vltra. Nutt. 215 
7—— —— obovatum, Torr. & 215 
- phleoides, Torr & Gr. 215 
; violaceu : 215 
Phacolite 297 
Phascr p od cmm 
; subulatum, Linn. 7 
Phlox drummon dii, Hook. 252 
Phoczena communis, Linn. 167 
——— 
gm M anc Cuv. a 
285 
Phyllanthus Me. Nutt. 234 
Phyllite 301 
Physalis pubescens 227 
Physostegia intermedia 257 


; Polyp 


Ficus € Cabot 


tensis, vieil 


Pilinophytuti capitat 


Pimelodus cæru ulesce 
— catus 


—————- ulosus, 
Plante lind! heimeria ane: 


ona dubiis re tt. 
Plants of Texa 
Platirostra edentula, Les. 
Platysoma, Leac 
———— ra Le C 


linum, Le oo 


Plegaderus, "Erichs. 

—— — — pusillus, Le Conte 
——- transversus, Le Conte 

Boa on capitata, Nutt, 

Polla, Bridel 

Poly: MER phite 

Polygala alba, ym 


nea mat 


———— lep 
Pol ygonella ericoides 


Pol p Munasa P & Gray 
M E um ron I 
amia in Sahara sand 
Polytrichum an 


Poly thala 
- commune, Linn. 


pennsylvanicum 
e: Schreb, 
————- atum 
Pontederia lancifolia, re 
Potamogeton diversifolius 

i — n pers 
Prodidomus 


us 
Prunus Laer gg 


Shia fi lina, Gould 
peor obtusa Torr. & 
rhombifolia, Torr. & 

Ptelea trifoliata, Torr x Gr. 
Pterocaulon virgatum, D. C. 
ph 3 nt Morini C 
inianus, D. C. 
PP, grandifioras, Natt, 


Pyrrhula raptor 


Gr. 
Gr. 


mavis ae & Gr. 
230, 


lindheimeri Eng. & Gr. on 
af, 332 


Bogugusesee segs SSS SESE ees! 


CS pad 
Q0 
~ 


SEEEELED EEEE 


CDELEIdS 


sBESEEREEEE 


Index. 


504 
Page. 
Pyrrocoma foliosa, Torr. & Gray 108 
Quercus cinerea, Michx. 262 
———- virens, Ait. 234 
Ranuneul n tifoli 231 
— ew nsis, Engel. 21 
————— cliyspermus, Eng. 211 
Rhamnus Saroia, Wal 24 
anceolatus, Pursh 24 
Rhynchosia menispermoidea, D-C6. —314 
nima, 214 
-Mirina a portulaccoides, Ne utt. 259 
d W. B. On tus 
boulder ‘trains f ef Berkshire 
` 810 
Rudbec beckia RE Torr. & Gr. 220 
Soppa maritima, 237 
Russell, J. L. Musc: bot "Eastern Mas- 
sachusetts 172 
Rutilus plagyrus, Raf. 26 
Sabbatia calycosa, Pursh 223 
campestris, Nutt 22 
Sagittaria simplex, Purs 34 
stolonifera, Eng. & Gr. 234 
Salamandra melanosticta, Gibbes 89 
Salmo fontinalis, habits 412 
icus, 198 
Salvia azurea , Lam 228 
Samolus ebracteatus, ERE 230 
Sand of xamination of 402 
348 


Saprinus Eie vat 


Pre 
— ese PT ev ner, Le Cont 


roides, Le Con 


Savage, T. S On Troglodytes gorilla 41 


Scarites affinis, Le Co 


Scirpus Friend d. 
wird 


1, A 


g i5, Les. 
Scutellaria cardiophy lla. Benth & Gr. 


— ondii, 
A Jev vipiing 
Sedum sparsiflorum, Natt. 
Semotilus diplem ia, Raf. 
———— ee is, Raf. 
Senec ullaceus, ge 
Sentera martii Reic. 
Shel Eos S. coast 


Sida lisdheitnest, Eng. & Gr. 
Silene — M inn. 

zevigata, Lind. 
Silphium irm os imum, Ell. 


satyrus 


Sisymbrium c meme emu Nutt. 
milax dances ta, Liun 

Solanum mammosum 

e, Eng. & Gray 

Solidago angustifolia 

———- boottii, 


oe Bu 
Sphasus, Walck. 


Serin dubuissonis, Unger 


enhorstii Brongn. 


—  — pasc 
Sticta glomerulifera, Light 
Stillingia Mic 


Synemosyna, Hen 
ara pipa Hentz 
a, Hentz 


Sysirinchin d Eng. & Gr. 
Xe. ysi of 


Tooth of the 
Tegenaria 


leptocpal, 1 Torr. & Gr. 


eee 
gssesk 


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Index. 


Page. 
462 


Tegenaria sea ries 
om 463 
214, 241 

214 


pers 
Tephrosia onobrychoides, 1 — 


virginiana 
Teretrius us picipes 
Seon es E. O 
Beryl locality at ce ne 
its elocactus vir 
593 On the fossil vegetation 
merica, 370. 
Tetraphis pellucida 175 
Ji ie cubense, 228 
Tex lants of 210 
Thali une Fraser 236 
443 
rioei 
asperatus 447 
caudatus 447 
celer 446 
dubi 448 
duttoni 448 
— fart 445 
ferox 445 
arvulus 447 
piger 446 
ics 449 
vulga 444 
Thysanella fimbriata, A. Gr. 232 
Tortula unguiculata, Hook. is 
se 


gia brevispica, Eng. & Gr. 262 
æfolia, Michx. 234 
Tribalus, 63 
anus, Le Conte 64 

Trichostemma deiola um,L. . 
richostom Kee palid — 176 

s strictum, Swartz 17 
Trifolium reflexum, Linn 215 
Tripsacum cylindricum, Michx. 

E 3 


niger 
LI e E. Lichens of New Eng- 


505 
Page. 
Ulmus crassifolia, Nutt. 262 
Ulota, Mohr. 179 
Umbilicaria te t Linn. 103 
iola gra cilis. M 38 
Uranidea aa, "DeK y 132 
Uranium, at Ackworth, N. H 87 
Urtic e scens, Nutt. 234 
Usnea longissima 97 
Utric dicun personata, Le Conte 259 
a, Linn 230 
Vaccinium arboreu 223 
Verbena Des 257 
ea ant 229 
— stri 229 
Vernonia a angl Torr, &Gr. 218 
Vesicaria auric eme & Gr. 240 
Vicia ludo herpes Nat 214 
Vigna gla 214 
Vitis bipinnata, Torr. & Gr. 214 
Washingtoni 308 
Weissia acuta, Hedw. 175 
dira iris ersa, Hedw 175 
Tangda ata 175 
175 
Whale, sperma ceti T DI of 138 
hitney, J. D. Analysisof minerals 486 
Wollastonite, analysis e 486 
Wyman, Jefiri -On Lin tulæ, 294. 
MT ces —ÓÓ of cranium 
Castoroides Ohioensis, 385. 
eulogy of Teoplodyiee pie 417. 
meg at ome pee —€— Lam. 213 
Xyris bulbosa, 235 
carolinian ae Walt. 235 
——- torta, Smi! 263 
Yttro-cerite 300 
Zapania nodiflora, Lam. 229 
Zinnia multiflora, Linn. 220 


ATURAL 


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s 


JOURNAL OF 


D 


CONTAINING 


F 


A 


IC 


NI 
otural 


MMU 


t 


ietn - 


'APERS AND CO 


Boston Sot 


En. CONTENTS ORNO 


„Asr: E Nar re-of the Strata, and Geographical Distribution of the, Or 
"ovo rabie Remains i in us older Formations of the United States. By date T 
all : 


ib — Descriptions of the Fishes of ile Ohio River. aod: its "Tuis 
By! Jared P. Kirtland, M. D. (Continued from Vol. IV. page 308.) 


eps ar e By John 


ART. = of & New Species of aleman = 
Gibbes, of —— and CHE in the 


CONTAINING * 


‘PAPERS AND COMMUNICATIONS, ` 


Hu Uer p READ BEFORE THE : T 


Boston Society of Natural History, 


# x 


AND PUBLISHED BY THEIR DIRECTION. 


> tance e 


: . CONTENTS OF NO. II. 


ArT. XI.—Dissection of a S Whale and three other Cetaceans. 
.By J. B. S. Jackson, M. D. 


Arr. XII.—Musci of Eastern Massachusetts. By John Lewis M 
A. A. 8. 


Azr. XIII. cM: and Ficeres of the Araneides of the United 
States. By Nicholas Marcellus iom Te Alabama. nt 
tinued from Vol. IV. page 396.) 

Arr. XIV. — Descriptions of some New and Interesting set nha 
iting the United States. By John L. Le Con 

Art. XV.—Plante Lindheimeriane; an Enumeration of the Plants col- 
lected in IM and distributed to Subscribers, by F. Lindheimer, with 
Remarks, and Descriptions of New Li seen &c. By George = 
mann and Asa Gray. 


Arr. XVL eain of the Fishes of Lake Erie, the Ohio River, and 
ir ies. hy Jar 


“Arr. XVIL. iios of Po Fossil ne By James Deane, M. D. 


ART. XVIII. — Descriptions of some New Species of Marine Shells, In- 
habiting the Coast of the United States. -By — C. Lea, E 
phia. 


Arr. XIX SOMME OS of Shells from the Coast of vm Dy Au- 
gustus A. Gould, M. D: . 


T. XX.—Note on reus Ria viridescens, Nutt. i inest Tor. 
isi Gr. By J. E. Teschemacher . 


Arr. XXI. —Notice of E Species of Lingus. LE TUM wy- n 
man, M Bag 


b» "n 


í* 


wed P. Kirtland, M. D. apu from . 


189 


qr mtes am rene rog ntt qr Ra a 


O 


I 


L MAP IRAE HA WI ES BS rtg 


S 


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IC 


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C 


RS AN 


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P 


CONTENTS OF NO. IIT. 


Arr. XXIL—Notices of New Loéalities of Rare Minerals, and — la 
uniting several supposed Distinct Species. By Francis Alger. 


Art. XXIIL.—An Account of two Remarkable Trains of Angular P: : 


X 

Blocks, in mec im Main bniens with an Attempt at an Explana 

of the ar nomena. By Prof. Henry D. Te um He e" D 
gers 


Arr. XXIV.—Descriptions of the Fishes of Lake scs the — bases and a 
y Tributaries. By Jared P. Kirtland, M. D. . m 


ArT. XXV.—Anatomical Description c the EUM of ps A 
Lam. By Joseph Leidy, M. D. 


Art. or a ES LE of a Pa Genus = enin " the ss — 
By Asa Gray. : 


Art. XXVIIL— Descriptions and Figures of the Araneides x ud ia 
: Sta tates. By. Nicholas Marcellus Hentz, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 


XVII —On the Fossil Sesion of Anma. e = E. Teche 


Cas- 
| a of the -— of tbe 
By np Esq, one = the New York State 


B Jeffri i IRA. M.D., 
ttn ae - 


TRIX Ne 
toroides Masses 
—.* Geologists. Also & 

* An Anatomical Deseriptio on of the Same. 

. Anat. and ‘Phys. in NAE Tore | descr x 


CONTAINING 


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(nei M. D. Corresp. Memb. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.; Ostealogy of 
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Uni j